CN108615671B - 一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法。该方法将硫酸铜、硫酸锌、硫酸亚锡和氢氧化钠混合均匀,烧结球磨后得到复合氧化物纳米墨水,将其旋涂在钼基底上得到氧化物预制层薄膜,将氧化物预制层薄膜和硫粉置于管式炉中退火处理,得到铜锌锡硫光电薄膜。本发明的制备方法制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的致密均匀,颗粒粒径约为1μm左右,光吸收系数高,吸收层带隙宽度接近理论值,适宜用于做薄膜太阳能电池;另外,本发明的制备方法成本低,工艺简单。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于薄膜太阳能电池技术领域,具体涉及一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法。
背景技术
铜锌锡硫薄膜材料具有直接带隙(约1.5eV)与太阳辐射匹配性好、光吸收系数高(大于104cm-1)、稳定性好、无光致衰减效应、原料在地壳中储量大、价格便宜和环境友好等诸多优良特性,是一种较理想的光电转换材料。铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法较多,如溅射法,电沉积法,溶胶凝胶法,纳米墨水法,溶液法等。与其他制备方法相比,纳米墨水法易实现制备材料的掺杂和改性,不需要真空条件可在不同形状、不同材料的基片上成膜。目前纳米墨水的制备分为纳米晶、纳米溶液墨水和纳米球磨等方法。纳米球磨法是将铜、锌、锡、硫单质或相应金属硫化物和硒化物为原料,加入有机分散剂研磨。这种方法极为简易,但由于研磨后的颗粒,颗粒尺寸较大,导致墨水中的元素分布不均,薄膜易形成其它杂相,不利于薄膜性能的提高。
发明内容
针对现有制备技术的缺陷和不足,本发明的目的是提供一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,解决了现有的制备方法制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜吸收层的颗粒尺寸较大、光吸收系数低的问题。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用如下技术方案予以实现:
一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,该方法将硫酸铜溶液、硫酸锌、硫酸亚锡和氢氧化钠按照质量浓度比为2:1:1.5:1的比例进行混合,分离得到复合沉淀;
将复合沉淀烧结得到复合氧化物纳米颗粒,将复合氧化物纳米颗粒、乙醇、甲基纤维素和PVP混合球磨,得到复合氧化物纳米墨水;
将复合氧化物纳米墨水旋涂在钼基底上得到氧化物预制层薄膜,将氧化物预制层薄膜进行硫化退火处理,得到铜锌锡硫光电薄膜。
进一步的,具体包括以下步骤:
步骤1,将硫酸铜、硫酸锌、硫酸亚锡和氢氧化钠按照质量浓度比为2:1:1.5:1进行混合均匀,加入含有PVP的去离子水,在40~55℃下调节pH值为7~11,在该温度下静置1.5~2h,洗涤过滤分离得到复合沉淀;
步骤2,将复合沉淀真空干燥后在480~550℃下烧结0.5~2h,得到复合氧化物颗粒;
步骤3,将复合氧化物颗粒、乙醇、甲基纤维素和PVP混合球磨,得到复合氧化物纳米墨水;
步骤4,在预热后的钼基底上旋涂复合氧化物纳米墨水,旋涂温度为200~300℃,得到氧化物预制层薄膜;
步骤5,将氧化物预制层薄膜与硫粉置于管式炉中在520~600℃下保温时间0.5~1h,得到铜锌锡硫光电薄膜。
进一步的,所述步骤1中,所述的PVP的添加量为去离子水质量的0.1%~2%。
进一步的,所述的步骤1中,硫酸铜的质量浓度为12~60g/L,硫酸锌的质量浓度为8~35g/L,硫酸亚锡的质量浓度为8~40g/L,氢氧化钠的质量浓度为10~35g/L。
进一步的,所述的步骤3中,甲基纤维素的添加量为乙醇质量的0.2%~4%,PVP的添加量为乙醇质量的0.2%~4%;
进一步的,所述的球磨工艺参数为:在400~750r/min下球磨4~8h。
进一步的,所述的步骤4中,钼基底玻璃片的预热温度为30~60℃。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
本发明的制备方法制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的致密均匀,颗粒粒径约为1μm左右,光吸收系数高,吸收层带隙宽度接近理论值,适宜用于做薄膜太阳能电池;另外,本发明的制备方法成本低,工艺简单。
以下结合实施例对本发明的具体内容作进一步详细解释说明。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜吸收层的平面形貌图(a)和端面形貌图(b)。
图2为实施例1制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的吸收系数图(a)和带间隙宽度图(b)。
图3为实施例1制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜电池的I-V特性曲线。
图4为实施例2制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的XRD图谱。
图5为实施例3制备的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的XRD图谱。
具体实施方式
本发明公开了一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,具体包括以下步骤:
步骤1,将将硫酸铜、硫酸锌、硫酸亚锡和氢氧化钠按照质量浓度比为2:1:1.5:1混合均匀,加入含有PVP的去离子水,在40~55℃下调节pH值为7~11,在该温度下静置1.5~2h,洗涤过滤分离得到复合沉淀;
其中,PVP的添加量为去离子水质量的0.1%~2%。硫酸铜的质量浓度为12~60g/L,硫酸锌的质量浓度为8~35g/L,硫酸亚锡的质量浓度为8~40g/L,氢氧化钠的质量浓度为10~35g/L。
步骤2,将复合沉淀真空干燥后置于管式气氛炉中,在450~700℃下烧结0.5~4h,得到复合氧化物颗粒;
步骤3,将复合氧化物颗粒加入乙醇中,再加入甲基纤维素和PVP混合球磨4~8h,球磨转速为400~750r/min,得到具有一定粘度的复合氧化物纳米墨水;
其中,甲基纤维素的添加量为乙醇质量的0.2%~4%,PVP的添加量为乙醇质量的0.2%~4%。
步骤4,将钼基底玻璃片在30~60℃下预热,在匀胶机上进行旋涂处理,在钼基底玻璃片上先低速再高速旋涂复合氧化物纳米墨水,旋涂温度为50℃-350℃,得到氧化物预制层薄膜;其中,钼基底玻璃片与薄膜太阳能电池具有良好的欧姆接触。
步骤5,将氧化物预制层薄膜与硫粉置于管式炉中在350~650℃下保温时间0.2~1.5h,得到铜锌锡硫光电薄膜。
其中,硫粉过量,对于实验室制备过程中,硫的加入量可根据钼基底玻璃片的大小来确定,一般对于尺寸为1.5cm×1.5cm~3cm×3cm的正方形钼基底玻璃片,硫粉的加入量为0.5~1g。
以下给出本发明的具体实施例,需要说明的是本发明并不局限于以下具体实施例,凡在本技术方案基础上做的等同变换均落入本发明的保护范围。
实施例1
取质量浓度为32g/L CuSO4、16g/L ZnSO4、21.5g/L SnSO4和16g/L NaOH混合,倒入含有PVP的去离子水中,其中PVP添加含量为去离子水质量的0.5%,在40℃下调节溶液的pH=9.5,在该温度下静置陈化2h,过滤,并用去离子水和乙醇各洗涤三次得到混合氢氧化物沉淀,铜、锌和锡的沉淀率均达到95%以上;
将以上所得混合氢氧化物沉淀置于管式气氛炉高温煅烧,控制温度为550℃,保温时间为2h,得到复合氧化物颗粒,铜、锌和锡的回收率达到98%以上。取铜锌锡复合氧化物1.5g分散在30ml的乙醇中,另外添加占乙醇质量1%的甲基纤维素和占乙醇质量1%的PVP在行星球磨机中控制球磨6h,转速为600r/min,混合均匀后超声分散30min,得到均匀分散的复合氧化物纳米墨水,该墨水可在空气中保持2周以上;
将以上所得纳米墨水旋涂到提前预热温度为40℃的钼基底玻璃片上,控制旋涂温度为270℃,得到铜锌锡氧化物预制层薄膜。将预制层薄膜和1g的硫粉置于双温区管式气氛炉中通入氩气退火,控制退火温度580℃,保温时间0.5h得到铜锌锡硫薄膜。
所制备的铜锌锡硫薄膜的形貌如图1所示,从图中可以看出,退火后薄膜形貌变得较为致密,大颗粒尺寸在1um左右。对铜锌锡硫薄膜的性能进行测试,得到其载流子浓度为8.9×1018cm-3,吸收系数达到2.2×104cm-1,如图2(a)所示。从图2(b)中可以得到其带隙宽度为1.30eV,与理论带隙接近。
按glass/Mo/锌锡硫光电薄膜/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al/Ag结构制作电池器件,图3为铜锌锡硫光电薄膜太阳电池的I-V曲线。该电池器件的光电转换效率为1.12%,开路电压、短路电流密度和填充因子分别为317mV、8.54mA/cm2和41.34%。
实施例2
取质量浓度为16g/L CuSO4、8g/L ZnSO4、8g/L SnSO4和10g/L NaOH混合,倒入含有PVP的去离子水中,其中PVP添加含量为去离子水质量的0.1%,在55℃下调节溶液的pH=8.5,在该温度下静置陈化2h,过滤,并用去离子水和乙醇各洗涤三次得到混合氢氧化物沉淀;铜、锌和锡的沉淀率均达到85%以上;将以上所得混合氢氧化物沉淀置于管式气氛炉高温煅烧,控制温度为480℃,保温时间为1h,得到复合氧化物颗粒,铜、锌和锡的回收率达到88%以上;称取铜锌锡复合氧化物1.5g添加到20ml的乙醇中,另外添加0.2%的甲基纤维素和0.2%的PVP球磨7h,转速为450r/min,混合均匀后超声分散30min制得成分均一具有一定粘度的复合氧化物纳米墨水;
将以上所得纳米墨水旋涂到提前预热温度为60℃的钼基底玻璃片上,控制旋涂温度为200℃,得到铜锌锡氧化物预制层薄膜;将预制层薄膜和1g硫粉置于双温区管式气氛炉中通入氩气退火,控制退火温度520℃,保温时间1h得到铜锌锡硫薄膜。
所制得的铜锌锡硫薄膜的形貌与实施例1相似。图4所示为铜锌锡硫薄膜的XRD图谱,从图中可以看出,有单晶Cu2ZnSnS4的生成,对铜锌锡硫薄膜的性能进行测试,其吸收系数达到1.8×104cm-1,载流子浓度为5.7×1018cm-3,吸收层带隙宽度为1.20eV。
实施例3
取质量浓度为60g/L CuSO4、35g/L ZnSO4和40g/L SnSO4的混合,加入到质量浓度为35g/L的NaOH中,控制pH=10,温度为50℃,PVP添加含量为1%,反应结束后陈化2小时后过滤,并用去离子水和乙醇各洗涤三次得到混合氢氧化物沉淀;铜、锌和锡的沉淀率均达到98%以上;将混合氢氧化物沉淀置于管式气氛炉高温煅烧,控制温度为600℃,保温时间为0.5h,得到复合氧化物颗粒,铜、锌和锡的回收率达到98%以上。
称取铜锌锡复合氧化物1.5g添加到60ml的乙醇中,另外添加0.5%的甲基纤维素和0.5%的PVP球磨6h,转速为650r/min,混合均匀后超声分散30min制得成分均一具有一定粘度的复合氧化物纳米墨水。
将纳米墨水旋涂到提前预热温度为30℃的钼基底玻璃片上,控制旋涂温度为300℃,得到铜锌锡氧化物预制层薄膜。图4所示为煅烧得到铜锌锡氧化物预制层薄膜的XRD图谱,从图中可以看出,主要包括Mo、CuO、ZnO、SnO2和Zn2SnO4。
将以上所得预制层薄膜和1g硫粉置于双温区管式气氛炉中通入氩气退火,控制退火温度600℃,保温时间1h得到铜锌锡硫薄膜。所制得的铜锌锡硫薄膜的形貌与实施例1相似,对铜锌锡硫薄膜的性能进行测试,其吸收系数达到1.9×104cm-1,载流子浓度为6.1×1018cm-3,带隙宽度为1.27eV。
Claims (5)
1.一种铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,具体包括以下步骤:
步骤1,将硫酸铜、硫酸锌、硫酸亚锡和氢氧化钠按照质量浓度比为2:1:1.5:1进行混合均匀,加入含有PVP的去离子水,在40~55℃下调节pH值为7~11,在该温度下静置1.5~2h,洗涤过滤分离得到复合沉淀;
步骤2,将复合沉淀真空干燥后在480~550℃下烧结0.5~2h,得到复合氧化物颗粒;
步骤3,将复合氧化物颗粒、乙醇、甲基纤维素和PVP混合球磨,得到复合氧化物纳米墨水;甲基纤维素的添加量为乙醇质量的0.2%~4%,PVP的添加量为乙醇质量的0.2%~4%;
步骤4,在预热后的钼基底上旋涂复合氧化物纳米墨水,旋涂温度为200~300℃,得到氧化物预制层薄膜;
步骤5,将氧化物预制层薄膜与硫粉置于管式炉中在520~600℃下保温时间0.5~1h,得到铜锌锡硫光电薄膜。
2.如权利要求1所述的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤1中,硫酸铜的质量浓度为12~60g/L,硫酸锌的质量浓度为8~35g/L,硫酸亚锡的质量浓度为8~40g/L,氢氧化钠的质量浓度为10~35g/L。
3.如权利要求1所述的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述步骤1中,所述的PVP的添加量为去离子水质量的0.1%~2%。
4.如权利要求1所述的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤3中,球磨工艺参数为:在400~750r/min下球磨4~8h。
5.如权利要求1所述的铜锌锡硫光电薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述的步骤4中,钼基底玻璃片的预热温度为30~60℃。
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