CN108514079B - 一种纳豆冻干粉制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及纳豆食品领域,特别涉及一种纳豆冻干粉制备方法,使用的保护剂溶液中各组分与溶剂去离子水的质量比分别为:脱脂乳粉:去离子水=1:10,蔗糖:去离子水=1:20,L‑抗坏血酸:去离子水=1:200,甘露醇:去离子水=1:50;使用上述保护剂溶液生产纳豆冻干粉的制备方法包括如下步骤:将新鲜纳豆从‑20℃的低温保存箱中取出,室温解冻,添加上述保护剂溶液,放入超低温保存箱内,设定超低温保存箱的温度为‑80℃,在该温度下保持2h,获得冻干样品,然后将冻干样品置于冷冻架中进行冷冻干燥,冻干结束后获得纳豆冻干粉。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及纳豆食品领域,特别涉及一种纳豆冻干粉制备方法。
背景技术
纳豆(Natto)是日本一种历史悠久的传统大豆发酵食品,因为纳豆是以大豆为原料经过浸泡、蒸煮再接种纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵后制成,所以纳豆的各项营养成分和价值都高于大豆。纳豆不仅具有很高的营养价值,而且含有多种生理活性物质,如纳豆激酶、纳豆菌等,赋予纳豆多种保健功能,如溶血栓、抗肿瘤、降血压等作用,而且发酵过程中产生如淀粉酶、糖化酶、纤维素酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等多种酶类,这些酶可以将纳豆中的蛋白质分解成小分子多肽或者氨基酸,易于人体的吸收和利用,因此纳豆是一种极易消化的植物性高蛋白食品,开发纳豆食品,会带来良好的经济效益和社会效益。
冷冻干燥是目前保持蛋白质等活性物质生物活性的一种有效的方法,纳豆冻干粉具有保存容易,食用方便等优点,但是,冷冻干燥过程中会造成细胞的损伤及酶的损伤、变性,损失大,产品酶活参差不齐,在冷冻干燥时加入适宜的保护剂和保护剂配比,可以在很大程度上减轻或避免冷冻干燥对细胞及酶等生物大分子带来的损伤,可以在一定程度上提高纳豆激酶酶活保持率和纳豆菌活菌存活率,但目前现有的纳豆冻干粉生产方法中加入的保护剂和配比使得酶活保持率和活菌存活率还是较低。
发明名称为《一种纳豆干粉生产方法》,公布号为CN106551271A的专利申请公开了一种纳豆干粉生产过程中使用的复合保护剂配方,并给出了各保护剂的最佳配比,但其最终生产酶活保存率仅可以达85%以上。
发明内容
本发明为了弥补现有技术的不足,提供了一种纳豆冻干粉制备方法。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
一种纳豆冻干粉制备方法,使用的保护剂溶液中各组分与溶剂去离子水的质量比分别为:脱脂乳粉:去离子水=1:10,蔗糖:去离子水=1:20,L-抗坏血酸:去离子水=1:200,甘露醇:去离子水=1:50;
使用上述保护剂溶液生产纳豆冻干粉的制备方法包括如下步骤:
将新鲜纳豆从-20℃的低温保存箱中取出,室温解冻,然后将纳豆平铺在培养皿上,添加上述保护剂溶液,其中纳豆与添加的保护剂溶液中的去离子水质量相等,然后用玻璃棒搅拌均匀后,放入超低温保存箱内,设定超低温保存箱的温度为-80℃,在该温度下保持2h,获得冻干样品,然后将冻干样品置于冷冻架中进行冷冻干燥,并确定冷阱温度为-44℃,冻结物料厚度10mm,冷冻干燥时间为18-24h,真空度为0.12-0.15mBar,冻干结束后获得纳豆冻干粉。
本发明选用脱脂乳粉作为保护剂成分是由于在冷冻干燥过程中,脱脂乳粉可固定冻干酶类,在菌体细胞外形成的蛋白膜对菌体加以保护,并可为冻干的纳豆芽胞杆菌菌体提供一种轻而多孔的结构,增强了菌体的复水性,对菌体具有保护功能,从而提高了菌体的冷冻干燥存活率;选用的L-抗坏血酸是水溶性强抗氧化剂,能减少纳豆芽胞杆菌菌粉冻干过程中环境中氧气对冻干菌粉的影响,在冷冻干燥过程中对菌体蛋白质起到一定的保护作用;选用蔗糖是因为其是低分子的糖类保护剂,它可与菌表面自由基联结起来,避免菌体暴露在介质中,还可与蛋白形成氢键以取代水,保证了蛋白质的稳定性,在溶液中它们易结合水分子,发生水合作用,减少了游离水的含量并增加了溶液的粘性,从而减缓晶核的生长过程,使形成的冰晶较细小,以达到保护细胞的目的;本发明选用甘露醇作为保护剂的有效成分之一,其原理为在纳豆芽胞杆菌菌体冻干过程中的水分子与菌体蛋白质极性基团形成的氢键被甘露醇所具有的多羟基取代了,能够作蛋白质的冻干保护剂,从而起到保护菌体的作用。本发明将上述有效的保护剂成分进行合理的配比,找到其组合的最佳配比,使用的保护剂溶液中各组分与溶剂去离子水的质量比分别为:脱脂乳粉:去离子水=1:10,蔗糖:去离子水=1:20,L-抗坏血酸:去离子水=1:200,甘露醇:去离子水=1:50,用此保护剂溶液在本发明条件下制作的纳豆冻干粉的酶活保持率和活菌存活率均可达90%以上
本发明首次综合考查了酶活保持率和活菌存活率,通过适宜的保护剂获得了制备高酶活保持率和活菌存活率的纳豆冻干粉方法。
具体实施方式
以下给出本发明的具体实施例,需要说明的是本发明并不局限于以下具体实施例,凡在本申请技术方案基础上做的等同变换均落入本发明的保护范围。
实施例:
本发明纳豆冻干粉的制备方法如下:新鲜纳豆从-20℃的低温保存箱中取出,室温解冻至黏着拉丝,电子天平称取解冻后的纳豆12.5g,然后将纳豆平铺在培养皿上,添加保护剂溶液后用玻璃棒搅拌均匀,放入超低温保存箱内,设定超低温保存箱的温度为-80℃,在该温度下保持2h,使样品充分的进行冷冻,获得冻干样品,然后将冻干样品置于冷冻架中进行冷冻干燥,并确定冷阱温度为-44℃,冻结物料厚度10mm,冷冻干燥时间为18h-24h之间,真空度为0.12-0.15mBar,冻干结束后获得纳豆冻干粉。
上述添加的保护剂溶液由脱脂乳粉、蔗糖、L-抗坏血酸、甘露醇和去离子水组成,其中去离子水为溶剂,上述添加的保护剂溶液中其中去离子水12.5ml,脱脂乳粉1.25g,蔗糖0.625g,L-抗坏血酸0.0625g,甘露醇0.25g。
将使用不同保护剂溶液制备的纳豆冻干粉的酶活保持率和活菌存活率与本实施例进行对比,其中:
酶活保持率=冻干后总酶活/冻干前总酶活×100%
活菌存活率=冻干后总菌数/冻干前总菌数×100%
对比实验分为三大组,分别命名为A组、B组、C组,其中,
A组:保护剂溶液为去离子水;
B组:保护剂溶液中各组分与去离子水的质量比分别为:脱脂乳粉:去离子水=1:10,蔗糖:去离子水=1:20,L-抗坏血酸:去离子水=1:200;
C组:保护剂溶液中各组分与去离子水的质量比分别为:脱脂乳粉:去离子水=1:10,蔗糖:去离子水=1:20,L-抗坏血酸:去离子水=1:200,甘露醇:去离子水=1:50,即为本实施例的保护剂溶液配比。
A组、B组、C组仅是使用的保护剂溶液不同,其余制备条件一样,现将多次测得的A组、B组、C组的酶活保持率和活菌存活率数据列于表1,
表1 不同保护剂溶液制备的纳豆冻干粉酶活保持率和活菌存活率对比数据
现将上述冻干前后的总酶活和总菌数计算方法举例如下:
冻干前总酶活和总菌数的计算:
冻干前总酶活计算:
取新鲜纳豆12.5g,加入40mL生理盐水,置于松源华兴 SL-Ш 数控层析柜4℃下在其林贝尔 KB-3-D盘旋混合仪上混合4h,用Heal Force Neofuge 18R台式高速冷冻离心机离心20min,其中转速12000 rpm,然后取上清备用,将剩余沉淀加35mL生理盐水,重新溶解离心30min,取上清,将两次离心后的上清混合,得到上清混合溶液,酪蛋白法测冻干前12.5g新鲜纳豆的总酶活,即为冻干前总酶活。酪蛋白法为本领域的比较成熟的测酶活的一种测试方法,对其测试方法和原理这里不再赘述。
冻干前总菌数计算:
将上述两次离心后的上清混合溶液用生理盐水使用连续稀释法稀释为原来的10-6比例浓度,然后将稀释后的10-6比例浓度的上清混合溶液进行平板涂布,37℃下培养18h后数菌落数,计算12.5g新鲜纳豆总菌数,即为冻干前总菌数。
冻干后总酶活和总菌数的计算:
冻干后总酶活的计算:
称取12.5g新鲜纳豆制备的纳豆冻干粉样品,将其溶于250mL生理盐水,置于松源华兴 SL-Ш 数控层析柜4℃下在其林贝尔 KB-3-D盘旋混合仪上混合4h后,用Heal ForceNeofuge 18R台式高速冷冻离心机在转速12000rpm下离心20min取上清,得到冻干粉上清溶液,同样用酪蛋白法测12.5g新鲜纳豆制备的纳豆冻干粉样品的总酶活,即为冻干后总酶活。
冻干后总菌数检测
取上述冻干粉上清溶液,用生理盐水使用连续稀释法稀释为原来的10-6比例浓度,然后将稀释后的10-6比例浓度的冻干粉上清溶液进行平板涂布,37℃培养18h后数菌落数,计算12.5g新鲜纳豆制备的纳豆冻干粉样品的总菌数,即为冻干后总菌数。
A组、B组和C组均按上述方法测得酶活保持率和活菌存活率。
用上述方法分别计算的A组、B组和C组的纳豆冻干粉酶活保持率和活菌存活率的对比数据可知,对比数据见表1,其通过本发明方法制备的纳豆冻干粉的酶活保持率和活菌存活率均高于90%以上,可见甘露醇对酶活保持率和活菌存活率具有明显的贡献作用,达到了一个显著的效果,除此之外,脱脂乳粉、蔗糖、L-抗坏血酸和甘露醇在保护剂溶液中所占配比也对最后的酶活保持率和活菌存活率起着至关重要的作用,本实施例综合考查了酶活保持率和活菌存活率,通过本实施例的保护剂溶液获得了制备高酶活保持率和活菌存活率的纳豆冻干粉方法。
以上所述的实施例,只是本发明较优选的具体实施方式的一种,本领域的技术人员在本发明技术方案范围内进行的通常变化和替换都应包含在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (1)
1.一种纳豆冻干粉制备方法,其特征为:使用的保护剂溶液中各组分与溶剂去离子水的质量比分别为:脱脂乳粉:去离子水=1:10,蔗糖:去离子水=1:20,L-抗坏血酸:去离子水=1:200,甘露醇:去离子水=1:50;使用上述保护剂溶液生产纳豆冻干粉的制备方法包括如下步骤:将新鲜纳豆从-20℃的低温保存箱中取出,室温解冻,然后将纳豆平铺在培养皿上,添加上述保护剂溶液,其中纳豆与添加的保护剂溶液中的去离子水质量相等,然后用玻璃棒搅拌均匀后,放入超低温保存箱内,设定超低温保存箱的温度为-80℃,在该温度下保持2h,获得冻干样品,然后将冻干样品置于冷冻架中进行冷冻干燥,并确定冷阱温度为-44℃,冻结物料厚度10mm,冷冻干燥时间为18-24h,真空度为0.12-0.15mBar,冻干结束后获得纳豆冻干粉。
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