CN108472724A - 金纳米颗粒及生态型制造方法 - Google Patents
金纳米颗粒及生态型制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108472724A CN108472724A CN201780007320.1A CN201780007320A CN108472724A CN 108472724 A CN108472724 A CN 108472724A CN 201780007320 A CN201780007320 A CN 201780007320A CN 108472724 A CN108472724 A CN 108472724A
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- flavonoids
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Abstract
本发明涉及金纳米颗粒及其医疗和化妆应用。本发明还涉及由植物提取物和金盐的水溶液制造所述纳米颗粒的生态型方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及金纳米颗粒及其医疗和化妆应用。本发明还涉及由植物提取物和金盐的水溶液制备所述纳米颗粒的生态型方法。
使用本发明的方法能够获得的纳米颗粒可以用于多种应用,特别是医疗或化妆领域,例如,用作催化剂、传感器、电子显微镜用标志物、基因治疗、有效成分载体、诊断、放疗、热疗治疗和成像等。
背景技术
纳米颗粒越来越多地用于医药和化妆品。其在本质上可以是金属或不是金属,且其尺寸不超过数百纳米。纳米颗粒的性质提供了下文的具体性质。
金纳米颗粒在纳米医药中非常受人关注。其提供了具有独特的表面等离子体共振的优点,这使其在医药(诊断、治疗和研究等)方面特别令人关注。而且,金纳米颗粒不会氧化,具有惰性和生物相容性。金纳米颗粒也可以与如抗体、肽或其他等生物分子甚至无机分子结合。
传统上,金属纳米颗粒通过化学方法合成,试剂或其反应产物可能具有毒性。一般使用的还原剂为柠檬酸盐(Turkevich,1951)。为了尝试消除毒性试剂,这些方法要求洗涤纳米颗粒。由于这些纳米颗粒的合成方法之故,其可能造成稳定性、反应性和生物相容性问题,甚至在合成试剂使生物分子失活的情况下使其不适合与生物分子缀合。
必须开发更加环境友好并且改善金纳米颗粒的生物相容性、稳定性和反应性的新合成方法。
因此,从现有技术已知有使用植物提取物来还原金盐的环境友好的方法。
专利申请WO2005/095031记载了一种合成不同形状和尺寸的单金属和双金属纳米颗粒的方法,其通过金属盐与各种植物部位的还原性提取物在15℃~100℃的温度反应来进行。该专利申请中的植物例如为肉桂、柠檬、茉莉、洋甘菊和玫瑰等的品种。
专利US8333994记载了使用富含多酚或富含类黄酮的植物提取物或植物化学反应性化合物来稳定化的生物相容性金纳米颗粒。该方法是环境友好的。在该专利中,将含有金盐的水溶液与富含多酚或富含类黄酮的植物提取物混合。金盐溶液与例如红茶、姜黄或肉桂混合。
现有技术的缺点
需要化学产品的方法具有环境不友好的缺点,所获得的金纳米颗粒可能呈现稳定性、反应性、毒性或生物相容性的问题,特别是在其后续注入体内的过程中出于使其在溶液中稳定化的(毒性)分子的解离的原因。这些分子可能随后导致所观察到的副作用。
使用植物提取物的现有技术的方法主要导致产生在水溶液中不稳定的球状金颗粒。已知纳米颗粒的形状直接影响纳米颗粒到达肿瘤微环境的能力以及随之而来的治疗功效(Stylianopoulos等)。纳米颗粒的形状和尺寸受到植物提取物的抗氧化剂组成的影响。三个因素决定纳米颗粒的尺寸和形状:多酚的还原能力、其在提取物中的浓度以及稳定化试剂的性质或浓度(Elia等,2014)。极其常见的是,生态型提取方法导致不同种类的多酚类药剂(酚酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、花青素类黄酮、单宁等)的聚集,这使得不能实现纳米颗粒在溶液中的长期稳定性(Krishnaswamy等,2014)。
为了增加这些纳米颗粒的功效,从其到达靶细胞的能力以及改善其功效的观点出发,必须找到能够得到更有效产生热疗(hyperthermia)的单分散、稳定的金纳米颗粒的环境友好的方法,所述金纳米颗粒生物相容并且具有受控且均一的形状。
本发明提供的解决方案
本发明旨在通过制备生物相容且稳定的金纳米颗粒的生态型方法来克服现有技术的缺陷,所述方法由使用至少一种富含类黄酮的植物提取物、特别是Hubertiaambavilla或Hypericum lanceolatum的提取物来还原金属盐的步骤组成。如此获得的金纳米颗粒与现有技术的纳米颗粒相比具有改善的性质。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的涉及一种制备生物相容且稳定的金纳米颗粒的生态型方法,其包括:
a.制备至少一种富含类黄酮的植物提取物
b.将至少一种所述植物提取物与至少一种金盐的水溶液混合
其特征在于,所述富含类黄酮的植物提取物是Hubertia ambavilla或Hypericumlanceolatum的提取物。Hubertia ambavilla是留尼汪岛和毛里求斯特有的物种。这种小型灌木在留尼汪岛特别丰富,在那里主要见于海拔1000米至2000米之间。这种植物在留尼汪岛传统医学中作为草药茶用于治疗婴儿的肠胃炎或作为汤剂用于治疗皮肤问题(热痱、湿疹、烧伤、瘙痒、伤口和炎症等)。这种植物还被认为具有抗胃溃疡的性质和针对疱疹和脊髓灰质炎病毒的抗病毒特性。
Hypericum lanceolatum是一种原产于留尼汪岛的圣约翰草(St.John's wort)的乔木状物种。它也被称为黄花。它也见于非洲,从赤道几内亚到坦桑尼亚。这种植物的花的精油用于草药。这种植物在留尼汪岛传统医学中以草药茶的形式用于减轻胃灼伤、抵抗泌尿系感染、缓解和调节痛经或防止发烧。其抗自由基和抗氧化性能已得到证实。
根据本发明的备选实施方式,富含类黄酮的植物提取物可以为所述植物的全粗提取物或所述植物的总类黄酮,特别是:
-Hubertia ambavilla的全粗提取物。
-Hypericum lanceolatum的全粗提取物。
-Hubertia ambavilla的总类黄酮。
-Hypericum lanceolatum的总类黄酮。
有利的是,所述植物提取物包含选自芦丁、槲皮素、金丝桃苷和异槲皮素的类黄酮或其中至少两种的组合。
根据一个具体实施方式,所述植物提取物包含芦丁和槲皮素。有利的是,包含芦丁和槲皮素的所述植物提取物是总类黄酮。包含芦丁和槲皮素的总类黄酮是由Hypericumlanceolatum提取的总类黄酮。
根据另一个实施方式,所述植物提取物包含金丝桃苷和异槲皮素。有利的是,包含金丝桃苷和异槲皮素的所述植物提取物是总类黄酮。包含金丝桃苷和异槲皮素的总类黄酮是由Hubertia ambavilla提取的总类黄酮。
有利的是,当本发明的制备金纳米颗粒的方法涉及将金盐溶液与由Hubertiaambavilla或Hypericum lanceolatum提取的总类黄酮混合时,类黄酮与金盐的摩尔比为21。
在优选实施方式中,用于制备金纳米颗粒的方法的富含类黄酮的植物提取物为Hubertia ambavilla或Hypericum lanceolatum的粗提取物。
本发明的方法快速。在纳米颗粒形成后,所述植物提取物和总类黄酮还充当纳米颗粒的稳定剂。因此,其包括有限数量的阶段。在得到所述植物提取物后,本方法在一个阶段中以不到1分钟完成。这比现有技术的化学方法快得多(Frens等,1973,Zhao,2013)。举例而言,虽然在其他的植物物种中观察到季节性的变化,Hubertia ambavilla的粗提取物的化学组成保持高度稳定(金丝桃苷/异槲皮素=30)。主要化合物是具有稳定比例的分子对,因此其在不添加稳定剂的情况下参与纳米颗粒的稳定化。
使用本发明的方法能够得到的纳米颗粒的直径为5nm~100nm,有利地为10nm~50nm。
取决于制备方法中所用的所述植物提取物的性质,得到了两种纳米颗粒。
通过将植物总类黄酮与至少一种金盐的水溶液混合而得到的纳米颗粒为球状。有利的是,这些球状纳米颗粒的直径为15nm。
通过将全粗植物提取物与至少一种金盐的水溶液混合而得到的纳米颗粒为各向异性且具花状(flower-shaped)。有利的是,这些花状的纳米颗粒的直径为40nm~80nm。
按照本发明的方法得到的两种纳米颗粒与现有技术中记载的纳米颗粒相比具有改善的性质。
本发明的第二目的涉及各向异性的花状的金纳米颗粒,其包含金与Hubertiaambavilla或Hypericum lanceolatum的粗提取物的混合物。
这种特定的“花”状由多酚在溶液中的聚合所引起,多酚同时是金盐的还原、纳米颗粒在空间中沿三个轴x、y、z(换言之,三维)成核和生长以及其稳定化的原因。本发明人已示出,这些花状的纳米颗粒在受到红外辐射时所产生的热量大于现有技术中记载的球状纳米颗粒产生的热量,也大于应用作为本发明的目的的方法制造的球状纳米颗粒产生的热量。这种性质必然导致自入射光束与花状的纳米颗粒的不同表面等离子体的电磁相互作用,从而能使释放的热量增加。因此,对于相同剂量的照射,这些花状的纳米颗粒的功效增加。其与现有技术的纳米颗粒相比增加的反应性表明了更好的治疗功效。而且,这些纳米颗粒是稳定且单分散的。本发明人还研究了其生物分布,初始结果显示其能够在不同器官中聚集,特别是在肝、肺和肾中。
不同于通过化学方法得到的现有技术中记载的纳米颗粒,通过绿色化学方法得到的本发明的花状的纳米颗粒具有不含有任何痕量的毒性颗粒的优点。
如前所述,当所述植物提取物是Hubertia ambavilla或Hypericum lanceolatum的粗提取物时,这些花状的纳米颗粒使用本发明的方法获得。
本发明的第三目的涉及按照本发明的方法能够得到的纳米颗粒在化妆、诊断和治疗应用中的用途。
如实验部分中所述,通过本发明的方法得到的纳米颗粒特别具有反应活性,是热疗的介导物,并为诊断和治疗应用提供有意义的生物分布。
在化妆品中,其可以包含在用于皮肤、头发和指甲的化妆产品的配方中。
而且,使用作为本发明的目的的方法能够得到的纳米颗粒可溶于水并且具有纳米治疗诊断用途,即,其可以用作诊断剂和/或治疗剂。
使用本发明的方法能够得到的纳米颗粒呈现于可能发展癌症的某些组织中。因此其可以用于医学或兽医学成像技术以及用于医学或兽医学治疗方法,例如通过光疗的热疗。
有利的是,在这些成像或诊断方法中靶向的细胞是肝、肺和肾的细胞。
由于其性质,使用作为本发明的目的的方法能够得到的纳米颗粒特别适合于治疗癌症。
一般来说,金纳米颗粒是生物相容的,并且具有允许其用于医疗领域的光学性质(Jabeen F等,2014;Jiang Y.等,2015;Shanmugam V.等,2014)。在使用超声波的体内成像过程中使用纳米颗粒的可能性已被证实(Arifin DR等,2011)。纳米颗粒还可用作经由红外辐射的癌症热疗法的一部分;这种方法的价值在于其极微创性及其易于实施(Song J.等,2016)。
使用光热作用和成像进行了测试,以获得纳米治疗诊断用纳米颗粒,特别是通过将金纳米壳与聚合物组合或者再与乳酸组合(Ke H等,2014)。目前,所有形状和尺寸的金纳米颗粒因其与等离子体共振有关的感光性而常用于热疗(Huang,X等,2011)。在癌症治疗上利用了这种性质。对位于肿瘤位点的纳米颗粒施加激光引起热量的局部增加。这造成紧邻纳米颗粒的周围环境中的蛋白和细胞膜的变性,导致癌症细胞死亡(Shibu ES等,2013)。
在癌症组织的热疗中使用金纳米颗粒的进展与金属响应于红外线吸收和随后发射的能力有关。为了实施这种治疗方法,必须研究治疗的肿瘤的环境,从而限定适合的辐射以及必需和允许的温度。近来已致力于将纳米颗粒在细胞和组织中的光热效应在数学上进行建模(Nabil,M等,2015;Peeters,S等,2012)。观察到的作为所关注的纳米颗粒的函数的温度范围的变化导致对阿伦尼乌斯方程的修改(Li,D等,2014;Clark,CD.等,2011)。这允许更好地选择纳米颗粒尺寸和辐射波长以诱导适合的热疗。
本发明的纳米颗粒可能特别适合治疗癌症。实际上,这些金纳米颗粒源自不包含任何毒性化合物的所谓的合成“绿色化学”方法。而且,按照作为本发明的目的的方法得到的金纳米颗粒在其中不具有任何痕量的毒性产物。因此,不同于其他纳米颗粒,注入这些纳米颗粒不会伴随在体内注入(即使是痕量的)毒性物质。因此其非常安全。
与目前的纳米治疗诊断剂(其不专门针对癌症靶标)不同,按照作为本发明的目的的方法得到的金纳米颗粒优先见于肺、肝和肾(这是癌症常见的组织),特别是在肝中。而且,如已经提出的,可以使用对关注的癌组织的抗原靶标具有特异性的抗体将这些金纳米颗粒功能化(Xu L.等,2017)。其也可以由对靶标组织不具有特异性但促进纳米颗粒定位到所述靶标组织上的分子来功能化;这些非特异性分子特别是可以为所述靶标组织的细胞的特定代谢中所包含的分子。
最后,按照作为本发明的目的的方法得到的金纳米颗粒显示出高热疗潜力,这由于递送的照射剂量将成比例地变少而是有利的。
由于所有这些性质,按照作为本发明的目的的方法得到的金纳米颗粒是抗肿瘤应用的重要候选物。
因此,在一个具体实施方式中,本发明涉及使用作为本发明的目的的方法能够得到的纳米颗粒用以治疗癌症的应用。有利的是,使用这些纳米颗粒治疗的癌症可为肝、肺和肾的癌症。
在另一个实施方式中,作为本发明的目的的纳米颗粒可以通过允许其在器官、组织或特定细胞类型中靶向的任何种类的分子来功能化,特别是借助于蛋白(特别是抗体)、聚合物或糖。
本发明还涉及包含以下阶段的诊断和/或治疗方法:
-施用使用作为本发明的目的的方法能够获得的纳米颗粒
-用适当剂量的电磁辐射(例如红外线)照射靶细胞或组织
-检测和/或破坏引入所述纳米颗粒的被照射细胞或组织。
有利的是,靶细胞或组织为癌症细胞或癌症组织。
有利的是,这些方法中使用的纳米颗粒是各向异性且花状的。
使用该方法得到的纳米颗粒是单分散的。其可以施用于人类或动物,例如口服或经由静脉内途径。其可以被标记或功能化以改善对靶细胞或组织的定位。其可以与涉及电磁波的技术(如CT扫描、MRI和SERS RAMAN)结合来检测和/或治疗和/或监控包括各种癌症在内的各种疾病的进展。
参照以下实施例,将更好地理解本发明。
附图说明
图1显示了基于Hubertia ambavilla的叶的全粗提取物还原的金盐按照本发明的方法得到的金纳米颗粒通过透射电子显微镜拍摄的照片。得到的纳米颗粒的直径为40nm,并且是各向异性且花状的。其是单分散的。
图2显示了基于Hubertia ambavilla的花的总类黄酮还原的金盐按照本发明的方法得到的金纳米颗粒通过透射电子显微镜拍摄的照片。得到的纳米颗粒的直径为15nm,并且为球状。其是单分散的。
图3显示了基于Hypericum lanceolatum的花的全粗提取物还原的金盐按照本发明的方法得到的金纳米颗粒通过透射电子显微镜拍摄的照片。得到的纳米颗粒的直径为40nm并且是各向异性且花状的。其是单分散的。
图4显示了使用本发明的方法得到的金纳米颗粒的UV光谱。
图5显示了使用本发明的方法合成的金纳米颗粒的扫描。
图6在(A)中显示了具有施加的胶体纳米颗粒(某些吸收聚集体标有圆圈)的载玻片的光学图像(光场)。使用激光靶向(A)和(B)中箭头所示的聚集体(9.5mW/μm2持续5秒)。在(B)中,以纳米颗粒水平形成微泡。然后将激光聚焦在X(无胶体)标识的位置;在此情况下未形成气泡。
图7显示了在聚焦在涂布于玻璃并被水包围的纳米颗粒的小聚集体上的过程中得到的Raman光谱(λ激发=660nm,P=2mW/μm2,积分时间5秒)。坐标(y)表示的是以脉冲/分钟计的强度,横轴(x)表示的是波数(cm-1)。
图8至12显示了来自已接收金纳米颗粒的小鼠的组织切片通过TEM拍摄的照片。纳米颗粒表现为黑点形式。
图8:(A)未用纳米颗粒处理的肝;B)用纳米颗粒处理的肝(17mg;24h)。
图9:(A)未用纳米颗粒处理的肝(27mg;24h;(B)用纳米颗粒处理的肝(37mg;24h)。
图10:(A)未用纳米颗粒处理的肺;(B)用纳米颗粒处理的肺(7mg;24h)。
图11:(A)未用纳米颗粒处理的肾(7mg;24h);(B)用纳米颗粒处理的肾(27mg;24h)。
图12:用纳米颗粒处理的肾(37mg;24h)。
实施例
实施例1:制备Hubertia ambavilla和Hypericum lanceolatum的植物提取物
两种植物物种用于本发明。第一种是Hubertia ambavilla,其是留尼汪岛特有的灌木。第二种是Hypericum lanceolatum,其是原产于留尼汪岛的圣约翰草的乔木状物种。这些植物均特别富含类黄酮,包括芦丁和槲皮素(在Hypericum lanceolatum的情形中)以及异槲皮素和金丝桃苷(在Hubertia ambavilla的情形中)。
a)制备全粗植物提取物
将新收获的植物在去离子水中洗涤。将3克与50mL去离子水混合,然后将混合物在60℃加热5分钟,这通过植物细胞的裂解而释放出生物材料。然后将上清液冷却至环境温度,然后置于冰上10分钟。随后将冷却的上清液在2级孔径滤纸上过滤。
当原料为Hubertia ambavilla时,得到的提取物为绿色。
当原料为Hypericum lanceolatum时,得到的提取物为褐色。
在此制备中未使用有机溶剂。
b)分离植物总类黄酮
使用的提取法为冷浸渍法。将植物在孔径为10mm的筛网上粉粹,然后在环境温度在150rpm搅拌下浸渍20小时。将等份数的水和乙醇的混合物以1:20的固体/溶剂比添加到混合物,以获得酚类化合物的最高可能收率(Cujic N等)。在提取后,将浸渍液过滤,于低压干燥(最大浴温:45℃,压力50巴~150巴),然后冻干48h。
在这些条件下的Hubertia ambavilla的提取收率接近50%。
实施例2:通过与Hubertia ambavilla和Hypericum lanceolatum植物提取物混合来制备金纳米颗粒
a)使用全粗提取物制备花状金纳米颗粒
在顶端装有回流冷凝器并遮光的两颈圆底烧瓶中将50mL的1mM氯金酸(HAuCl4)水溶液在剧烈搅拌下回流。当小液滴出现在壁上时,极快地加入20mL的全粗植物提取物的水溶液。溶液然后在1分钟内快速地变为深蓝。然后将圆底烧瓶移出油浴,并将溶液在剧烈搅拌下再保持15分钟。最后将溶液在4℃遮光保持。
如此获得的纳米颗粒的直径如以下段落c)中所述测量。
得到的纳米颗粒的通过TEM测量的直径为约40nm。
b)使用总类黄酮制备球状金纳米颗粒
在顶端装有回流冷凝器并遮光的两颈圆底烧瓶中将4mL的总类黄酮的水溶液在剧烈搅拌下回流。当小液滴出现在壁上时,极快地加入4mL的HAuCl4水溶液。溶液然后在1分钟内快速地变为红褐色。然后将圆底烧瓶移出油浴,并将溶液在剧烈搅拌下再保持15分钟。最后将溶液在4℃遮光保持。
如此获得的纳米颗粒的直径如以下段落c)中所述测量。
得到的纳米颗粒的通过TEM测量的直径为约15nm。
试剂间的特定摩尔比使其能够得到球状金纳米颗粒。此比率如下:
n(类黄酮)/n(HAuCl4)=21
c)表征取决于制备方法得到的纳米颗粒
·纳米颗粒的直径
按照上面段落a)和b)中所述的方法得到的纳米颗粒的直径通过透射电子显微镜法(TEM)、动态光散射(DLS)和原子力显微镜法(AFM)测量。
对于TEM分析,在工作在100kV的加速电压–碳和干燥环境温度在JEOL JEM1011显微镜上记录电子显微镜图像。对于DLS分析,在DLS粒径分析仪(90Plus Particle SizeAnalyzer,Brookhaven Instruments Corporation)上记录粒径和分布。对于AFM分析,样品通过具有用于“采集模式”的MAC扩展的Molecular Imaging PicoScan II表征。
TEM获得的图像显示两种颗粒:使用总类黄酮提取物得到的直径为15nm的球状个体颗粒和使用全粗植物提取物得到的非球形的花状的颗粒。使用Hubertia ambavilla或Hypericum lanceolatum的全粗提取物得到的后一种花状的颗粒的直径为40nm至80nm。观察到其由直径15nm的非常个体化的颗粒形成。最小的颗粒用总类黄酮合成。
两种合成物之间观察到的差异表明,粗提取物由多酚构成,多酚在螯合阶段期间在溶液中进行空间上的多向聚合,从而产生花状结构。
通过DLS得到的数据显示两组主要的纳米颗粒。第一组由个体颗粒构成,所述个体颗粒可以在溶液中聚合而形成第二组(二聚体)。DLS得到的结果显示,平均纳米级粒径大于使用TEM和AFM方法所得。这些差异总体上报道于文献中(Elia,2014)。这是由于DLS方法通过考虑生物分子(多酚)包围颗粒的进程来测量流体力学体积所致。
对通过AFM得到的图像进行处理得到花状的纳米颗粒的平均尺寸为约33nm。个体纳米颗粒的平均尺寸为约15nm。
使用不同方法测量的各种纳米颗粒的尺寸归纳在表1中。
AuNP@EBHA=使用Hubertia ambavilla的粗提取物得到的金纳米颗粒(AuNP)。AuNP@EBHL=使用Hypericum lanceolatum的粗提取物得到的AuNP。
AuNP@F2HA=使用Hubertia ambavilla的总类黄酮得到的AuNP
表1:按照所用测量方法的纳米颗粒尺寸。
·纳米颗粒的形状
图1至3显示金纳米颗粒实际上使用本发明的方法获得。而且,当使用全粗植物提取物时,纳米颗粒为各向异性且花状的,而当使用总类黄酮时,金纳米颗粒为球状且更小。使用此方法得到的纳米颗粒是单分散的。
对Hypericum lanceolatum提取物、通过金盐与Hypericum lanceolatum提取物的反应得到的纳米颗粒以及使用Turkevich传统方法得到的纳米颗粒的UV光谱进行了比较。图4在a中显示使用Hypericum lanceolatum提取物得到的光谱,在b中显示通过Hypericumlanceolatum提取物的反应得到的纳米颗粒获得的光谱,在c中显示按照Turkevich方法的反应制备的纳米颗粒得到的光谱。在光谱b中,在568nm处出现谱带,确认了花状的各向异性的金纳米颗粒的存在。
·通过扫描仪研究的纳米颗粒的对比度
使用本发明的方法得到的纳米颗粒通过扫描仪(CT扫描)进行检测的可行性通过断层摄影术来确认。为此,将三种样品通过计算机辅助断层摄影术扫描:
-l号样品:一滴按照Turkevich所述由柠檬酸盐制备的金纳米颗粒。
-2号样品:上清液(植物提取物本身)
-3号样品:一滴由Hypericum lanceolatum的粗提取物制备的金纳米颗粒
扫描显示了一滴由金盐和Hypericum lanceolatum提取物合成的纳米颗粒(3号样品)。在超速离心之后,2号和1号样品没有显示出对比度的任何显著差异。另一方面,3号样品在显示标记对比度的超速离心管的底部显示黑色沉积(图5)。此3号样品在80kVp的放射对比度为621UH,而对于6mg Au/Kg的浓度的上清液(2号样品)为仅仅25,即比Boote等(数据未示出)的小15倍。
Boote等显示了在金纳米颗粒浓度与放射对比度(以HU表示)之间存在线性关系。在他们在体外进行的测试中,20nm的金纳米颗粒对于90mg Au/Kg的浓度在80kVp显示约10HU的放射对比度。对小鼠进行的实验显示肝中有金纳米颗粒的主要聚集体,在肝组织中对比度的波动为80kVp处的+22.3HU(吸收的每mg Au/1cm3)和140kVp处的+26.7HU(吸收的每mg Au/1cm3)。脾脏的数据显示HU值的波动为80kVp处的+9.7HU(吸收的mg Au/1cm3)和140kVp处的+10.1HU(吸收的mg Au/1cm3)。另一个团队(Chanda等)显示,对于0.016M[Au]的浓度(即约1.54g Au/Kg),放射对比度在80kVp为45HU。
其他团队得到的结果(上文所给出)与本发明的纳米颗粒得到的结果的对比表明,由使用作为本发明的目的的方法得到的纳米颗粒获得的放射对比度明显大于之前记载的。因此本发明的纳米颗粒特别适合成像。
·合成收率
采用来自同一植物的全粗植物提取物或总类黄酮提取物使用本发明的方法得到的金纳米颗粒的合成收率提供在下表2中:
Hubertia ambavilla | Hypericum lanceolatum | |
全粗提取物 | 5g/L | 2.5g/L |
总类黄酮 | 25g/L | 30g/L |
表2.使用不同植物提取物的金纳米颗粒的合成收率。
使用Hubertia ambavilla的全粗提取物进行的合成显示出比使用Hypericumlanceolatum的全粗提取物进行的合成更好的收率。
使用Hypericum lanceolatum的总类黄酮的金纳米颗粒的合成收率略大于使用Hubertia ambavilla的。
使用总类黄酮的金纳米颗粒的合成收率高于使用全粗提取物。
将使用总类黄酮得到的收率与使用单一类黄酮得到的收率进行比较。Hubertiaambavilla的总类黄酮主要含有金丝桃苷和少量异槲皮素。通过在本发明的方法中使用Hubertia ambavilla的总类黄酮,得到了球状的稳定的金纳米颗粒。相反,金盐与单独的异槲皮素或与单独的金丝桃苷的反应导致合成出不稳定的金纳米颗粒和20g/L的收率,小于使用总类黄酮获得的收率。因此在金丝桃苷和异槲皮素之间存在协同作用。
Hypericum lanceolatum的总类黄酮主要含有芦丁和少量槲皮素。通过在本发明的方法中使用后者,得到球状的稳定的金纳米颗粒。相反,金盐与单独的芦丁或单独的槲皮素的反应不能合成出金纳米颗粒。因此在芦丁与槲皮素之间存在协同作用。
实施例3:体外研究金纳米颗粒的光热作用
在体外研究纳米颗粒在红外照射下放热的能力。本实验中使用的AuNP通过与Hubertia ambavilla的总类黄酮混合得到。
已知金纳米颗粒提供了通过热疗治疗肿瘤的高潜力。不过其功效将取决于其尺寸、形状和表面状态。
为了评价在使用的纳米颗粒的等离子体共振周围的样品的激光照射功率以及实现对于细胞的光热处理足够的温度所需的曝光时间,按照Baffou等(J.Phys.Chem.C2014,118,4890)所述研究了在对波动的连续光照下微气泡的产生,开始产生气泡所需的局部温度为约220℃。
结果
纳米颗粒的小聚集体通过使用80X、0.75NA镜片的光学显微镜而可视化。在明场中观察到的小黑点可能对应于尺寸为约200nm的聚集体(图6A)。由于衍射限制,无法定位个体纳米颗粒。在激光关闭下记录第一光学图像之后,将激光(激发=660nm)聚焦在聚集体上固定时间。然后在中断激光之后记录第二光学图像。如图6B所示,由5秒曝光和9.5mW/μm2的照射形成微气泡。在类似尺寸的其他聚集体上将同一实验重复5次,总是导致在相同激光照射的情况下2至5秒的曝光时间形成微气泡。更大的照射产生更大的气泡。
还在激光聚焦远离纳米颗粒聚集体时进行负测试;无气泡形成(图6A中的位置X)。在NP水平产生气泡,这是由于NP的等离子体吸收所致。而且,用5mW/μm2照射类似聚集体30秒并不产生任何微气泡。气泡形成阈值(T约220℃)为5mW/μm2~9.5mW/μm2的激光照射。由于阈值在高温存在,可以推定诱导细胞死亡所需的温度以及随之而来的功率应当较低。对于之前在固定化细胞上提供的光热测量选择>6mW/μm2的激光照射。使用2mW/μm2持续5秒可以由NP聚集体检测到弱Raman信号(无定形碳在-1300和-1550cm-1的宽谱带)(图7)。在形成气泡后(即加热后)信号仍然存在,不过具有低得多的背景。
本发明的金纳米颗粒的等离子体谱带定位在600nm~700nm,相对于溶液中的个体纳米颗粒偏移超过100nm。这种偏移可能是由于两种现象。第一组对应于纳米颗粒内化过程中的环境变化。在此情况下,纳米颗粒可能被蛋白或其他生物分子覆盖,这将引起等离子体共振的红移。第二种现象对应于纳米颗粒在细胞介质中的聚集,确认了暗场显微镜的观察结果。纳米颗粒的等离子体共振与被认为是能量更低、因此对活生物破坏性更小的最长照射波长(808nm)相接近。
实施例4:金纳米颗粒的体内生物分布的研究
装置和方法
动物模型:本实验方案中使用的小鼠为从R.Janvier获得的体重20g至30g、6周龄的雄性Swiss小鼠。
金纳米颗粒的合成:按照本发明的方法生态型合成纳米颗粒,并通过TEM、DLS和AFM表征。将金纳米颗粒(AuNP)经静脉注入小鼠以进行生物分布研究。所有AuNP均在离心后施用;其被稳定在水溶液中。
实验方案描述:经由静脉内途径进行200μL不同溶液的注射。对重约24g的小鼠施用200μL。
按照Boote等,2010和Chanda等,2014已经记载的方案注射以下溶液:
-NaCl(6只小鼠)
-产品1(AuNP@EBHL=使用Hypericum lanceolatum的粗提取物得到的AuNP)
组A(6只小鼠)=单次注射7mg/ml
组B(6只小鼠)=单次注射2mg/ml
-产品2(AuNP@EBHA_A=使用Hubertia ambavilla的粗提取物得到的AuNP)
组A(6只小鼠)=单次注射7mg/ml
组B(6只小鼠)=单次注射2mg/ml
-产品3(使用Hubertia ambavilla的总类黄酮得到的AuNP@F2HA)
组A(6只小鼠)=单次注射7mg/ml
组B(6只小鼠)=单次注射2mg/ml
即,总计42只小鼠。
然后针对每种产品的每种浓度,将这些小鼠分成3组。
第一组在6h后处死(每种产品和每种浓度3只小鼠,即,总计27只小鼠),第二组在24h后处死。
最后,采集不同器官的样品(肝、脑、脾、肺和心脏),以研究不同产品的生物分布。
结果
在经由静脉内途径注射AuNP后,通过TEM分析器官提取物,以定位纳米颗粒。
发现纳米颗粒在以下器官中积聚:肺、肾和肝。对应于用产品3注射的小鼠的结果示于图8至12。使用产品1和2得到类似的生物分布(数据未示出)。
这些结果显示,不同器官中发现的AuNP的数量与施用量成正比。
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Claims (15)
1.一种制备生物相容且稳定的金纳米颗粒的生态型方法,其包括:
a.制备至少一种富含类黄酮的植物提取物
b.将至少一种所述植物提取物与至少一种金盐的水溶液混合,其特征在于,所述富含类黄酮的植物提取物是Hubertia ambavilla或Hypericum lanceolatum的提取物。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述富含类黄酮的植物提取物是所述植物的全粗提取物或所述植物的总类黄酮。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述植物提取物包含选自芦丁、槲皮素、金丝桃苷和异槲皮素的类黄酮或其中至少两种的组合。
4.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述纳米颗粒的直径为5nm~100nm。
5.如上述权利要求中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述纳米颗粒为球形,其中,所述纳米颗粒通过将植物总类黄酮与至少一种金盐的水溶液混合而获得。
6.如权利要求1~5中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述纳米颗粒是各向异性并且是花状的,其中,所述花状的金纳米颗粒通过将全粗植物提取物与至少一种金盐的水溶液混合而获得。
7.各向异性的花状的金纳米颗粒,其包含金和Hubertia ambavilla或Hypericumlanceolatum的粗提取物的混合物。
8.如权利要求7所述的纳米颗粒,在通过透射电子显微镜测量时,其直径为40nm~80nm。
9.如权利要求7~8中任一项所述的纳米颗粒,其中,通过蛋白、特别是抗体、聚合物或糖使所述纳米颗粒功能化。
10.权利要求7~9中任一项所述的纳米颗粒,或通过权利要求1~6中任一项所述的方法能够获得的纳米颗粒,其作为医药产品使用。
11.如权利要求所述10的纳米颗粒,其如权利要求10所述使用以治疗癌症。
12.如权利要求所述11的纳米颗粒,其如权利要求11所述使用,其中,所要治疗的癌症选自肝癌、肺癌和肾癌。
13.权利要求7~9中任一项所述的纳米颗粒或通过权利要求1~6中任一项所述的方法能够获得的纳米颗粒作为诊断或成像工具的应用。
14.一种诊断和/或治疗组合物,其包含权利要求7~9中任一项所述的纳米颗粒或通过权利要求1~6中任一项所述的方法能够获得的纳米颗粒。
15.一种化妆品组合物,其包含权利要求7~9中任一项所述的纳米颗粒或通过权利要求1~6中任一项所述的方法能够获得的纳米颗粒。
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CN113020616A (zh) * | 2021-03-22 | 2021-06-25 | 扬州大学 | 一种用槲皮素绿色合成纳米金的方法 |
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AU2022209357A1 (en) | 2022-09-29 |
CN108472724B (zh) | 2021-09-14 |
AU2017208782A1 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
CA3008332A1 (fr) | 2017-07-27 |
ES2763230T3 (es) | 2020-05-27 |
JP6839196B2 (ja) | 2021-03-03 |
AU2022209357B2 (en) | 2024-06-20 |
JP2019505682A (ja) | 2019-02-28 |
US20190022234A1 (en) | 2019-01-24 |
EP3405304B1 (fr) | 2019-10-02 |
DK3405304T3 (da) | 2020-01-06 |
BR112018014963A2 (pt) | 2019-01-08 |
EP3405304B8 (fr) | 2019-11-20 |
ZA201805440B (en) | 2019-06-26 |
WO2017125695A1 (fr) | 2017-07-27 |
EP3405304A1 (fr) | 2018-11-28 |
FR3046949A1 (fr) | 2017-07-28 |
PT3405304T (pt) | 2019-12-13 |
IL260677B (en) | 2020-09-30 |
KR20180103910A (ko) | 2018-09-19 |
US11583585B2 (en) | 2023-02-21 |
CA3008332C (fr) | 2023-10-17 |
BR112018014963B1 (pt) | 2022-05-03 |
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