CN108421811A - Sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste categorised collection ecological utilization method - Google Patents
Sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste categorised collection ecological utilization method Download PDFInfo
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- CN108421811A CN108421811A CN201810237799.4A CN201810237799A CN108421811A CN 108421811 A CN108421811 A CN 108421811A CN 201810237799 A CN201810237799 A CN 201810237799A CN 108421811 A CN108421811 A CN 108421811A
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- waste
- categorised collection
- biogas
- fermentation
- sanitary
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- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000002921 fermentation waste Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010849 combustible waste Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010893 paper waste Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 241000256602 Isoptera Species 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000014347 soups Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002101 Chitin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001828 Gelatine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000003278 egg shell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000291 postprandial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000004974 shell Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 210000002700 urine Anatomy 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 claims 1
- 241000238557 Decapoda Species 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010806 kitchen waste Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 3
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000143060 Americamysis bahia Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000017166 Bambusa arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000017491 Bambusa tulda Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000082204 Phyllostachys viridis Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000015334 Phyllostachys viridis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011425 bamboo Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019504 cigarettes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000006063 cullet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010985 leather Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002916 wood waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000000249 Morus alba Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000008708 Morus alba Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000000231 Sesamum indicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003434 Sesamum indicum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000098338 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000009754 Vitis X bourquina Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012333 Vitis X labruscana Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000006365 Vitis vinifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014787 Vitis vinifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000012149 noodles Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004681 ovum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000003071 parasitic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000009966 trimming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B5/00—Operations not covered by a single other subclass or by a single other group in this subclass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
- C12P5/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons acyclic
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/20—Waste processing or separation
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention is a kind of sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste categorised collection ecological utilization method, and sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste are divided into the combustible waste three categories of the non-recovery value suitable for biogas fermentation waste, reclaimable waste, bio-refractory.The key facility handled using biogas engineering as waste, categorised collection are used for biogas engineering fermentation process suitable for biogas fermentation waste, reach environmental sanitation requirement, while recycling a large amount of biogas, natural pond fertilizer.Categorised collection reclaimable waste, respectively processing utilize.The combustible waste of the non-recovery value of categorised collection bio-refractory, is used for burning disposal, institute's quantity of heat production is for power generation or heat supply.Whole wastes are able to deal carefully with utilization.Excrement is collected with separating dry space from moist space waterless closestool and collects diet and kitchen wastes with swill bucket and cleans the measures such as kitchen utensil greasy dirt with waste paper, a large amount of wastes is avoided and enters water body, and the sanitary sewage diameter self-purification in 24 hours of discharge, water quality is made to be better than first discharge standard.Mian Jian sewage treatment plants and dirt collection pipe network.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of sanitary wastes and plantation livestock waste categorised collection recycling ecological utilization method.
Background technology
Now to the processing of sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste, does not occur one yet and more improve mature system.Landfill
There are landfill yards for method to the polluting of surrounding air, passively recycle landfill gas, percolate processing is difficult, land occupation area is big etc. asks
Topic；That there are resource recoveries is low for burning method, operating cost is high, easily leads to the problems such as ecosystem degradation；The processing of sanitary sewage
Technology relative maturity, but first polluting waste is discharged in water, then by building septic tank, Domestic sewage collecting pipe network, sewage
Treatment plant takes out pollutant from water, this leads to the huge waste of social resources；Run generate a large amount of sludge so far still without
The method properly disposed.
Invention content
The task of the present invention is provide a set of more perfect sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste categorised collection recycling
Not only ecological environmental protection but also the complete scheme of low-carbon not only of ecological use.
It is difficult suitable for biogas fermentation waste, reclaimable waste, biology that sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste are divided by the present invention
The combustible waste three categories of the non-recovery value of degradation.Biogas engineering is built, categorised collection is used for natural pond suitable for biogas fermentation waste
Gas engineering fermentation process, produced biogas, natural pond fertilizer recycle.Suitable for biogas fermentation waste include livestock and poultry manure, diet and kitchen wastes,
The low various crop materials of pericarp core, pure cellulose waste, degree of lignification, leaf, flowers and plants etc..With the anhydrous horse of separating dry space from moist space
Bucket collects night soil, and excrement is used for biogas engineering fermentation process, and urine goes to apply fertilizer to crop or vegetation through pipeline or tank car conveying.With
The food soup that swill bucket is collected rice washing water, outwelled, for pig feeding or biogas engineering fermentation process.When cleaning kitchen utensil, first
The greasy dirt being attached on kitchen utensil is wiped with toilet paper or used useless napkin paper, then is cleaned with clear water, the waste paper for sticking greasy dirt is used
In biogas engineering fermentation process.It is forbidden to use the amenities containing chemical fibre, pure cotton, pure paper amenities is used instead, is collected after
For biogas engineering fermentation process.The construction scale of every biogas engineering is calculated as 0.05~0.15m by the population serviced3/ people
Fermentation pool capacity, the organic loading based on the fermentation raw material being collected into are 2~5kgTS/m3·d；40 DEG C ± 3 DEG C of fermentation temperature.Point
Class collects conventional reclaimable waste：Clean waste paper, clean waste plastics, cullet, old metal, refuse battery, useless light bulb, useless electricity
Device, waste and old furniture, respectively processing utilize；The high biomass waste of categorised collection degree of lignification is used for the cultivation of edible mushroom, gives up
Bacterium bag is cultivated for termite, also can be directly used for termite cultivation, and utilize；Postprandial bone, eggshell, shell are collected, for extracting
Gelatine and calcareous；Shrimp and crab shells are collected for extracting chitin；Rotten potsherd, rotten brick and tile piece are collected, is stacked together with building waste
For use.The combustible waste of the non-recovery value of categorised collection bio-refractory：Bamboo and wood waste, shuck, scrap rubber, dirty modeling of giving up
Material, waste containing chemical fibre, waste leather, hair, nail, cigarette butt, if having wet or waste with water should air-dry or dry moisture content it
Afterwards, it is used for burning disposal, institute's quantity of heat production to be for power generation or heat supply.
The present invention has the positive effect that：
(1) various waste separations are collected, and be can avoid different waste and are mutually polluted, improve the rate of recovery and exploitation value of waste
Value；
(2) it uses separating dry space from moist space waterless closestool to collect night soil, and first cleans the measure of kitchen utensil greasy dirt, limit with waste paper
It has made a large amount of pollutants and has entered sewer, the sanitary sewage COD of discharge is made to be less than 80mg/L, ammonia nitrogen is less than 5mg/L, without any
Artificial treatment, by self-purification in 24 hours, the sanitary sewage COD of discharge was less than 30mg/L, and ammonia nitrogen is less than 3mg/L, is better than one
Grade discharge standard.
(3) livestock and poultry manure can kill potential pathogen and parasitic ovum, reach ring after 40 DEG C of biogas fermentation
Border hygienic requirements is conducive to the prevention and control of disease.
(4) the natural pond fertilizer generated by abundant biogas fermentation is completely decomposed, can be directly used for applying fertilizer, crops can be improved
Photosynthetic efficiency enhances resistance, increases yield, improves quality, can be used for producing the fertilising of organic farm products.
(5) present invention is seldom for the waste of burning disposal, and calorific value is higher, is conducive to the utilization of the energy.
(6) domestic water 30% can be saved by implementing the present invention.
(7) implement the present invention not having to build refuse landfill, incinerator special, sewage treatment plant, sewage collecting pipe network, only
Biogas engineering is built, more than half is reduced investment outlay.
(8) operation of the entire waste treatment system of the present invention is, it can be achieved that the energy recycles only.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is to collect the general flow chart to ferment by biogas engineering suitable for biogas fermentation waste separation.
Fig. 2 is that reclaimable waste categorised collection handles recycling general flow chart respectively.
Fig. 3 is that the combustible waste categorised collection of the non-recovery value of bio-refractory is used for the general flow chart of power generation by waste combustion.
Specific implementation mode
The biogas engineering to match with service population and service range is built, processing sanitary waste takes 0.1m3/ people fermentation vat
Hold, processing plantation livestock waste presses organic loading 3kgTS/m3D determines scale.Categorised collection is suitable for biogas fermentation waste：People
The low crop material of feces of livestock and poultry, diet and kitchen wastes, pure cellulose waste (pure tissue waste), pericarp core, degree of lignification is (main
To be straw, wheat straw, corn stalk etc.), leaf, flowers and plants etc., ferment for biogas engineering, 40 DEG C ± 2 DEG C of fermentation temperature, produced natural pond
Gas, natural pond fertilizer recycle.Night soil is collected with separating dry space from moist space waterless closestool, excrement ferments for biogas engineering, and urine passes through pipeline
Or tank car conveying goes to apply fertilizer to crop or vegetation；It is used for (including noodle soup etc.) with swill bucket collection rice washing water, the food soup outwelled
Pig feeding or biogas engineering fermentation；When cleaning kitchen utensil, is first wiped with toilet paper or used useless napkin paper and be attached to kitchen utensil
On greasy dirt, then cleaned with clear water, stick the waste paper of greasy dirt for biogas engineering fermentation；The health containing chemical fibre is forbidden to use to use
Product use pure cotton, pure paper amenities instead, are collected after and are used for biogas engineering fermentation process.Categorised collection routine reclaimable waste：
Clean waste paper, clean waste plastics, cullet, old metal, refuse battery, useless light bulb, waste electric appliance, waste and old furniture handle utilization respectively；
The high biomass waste of categorised collection degree of lignification：Cotton stalk, soybean stalk, Rape Straw, sesame stalk, grape stalk, mulberry tree stalk, trimming
Under various branches etc., be used for the cultivation of edible mushroom, the bacterium bag discarded after culturing edible fungus is used for the cultivation of termite, also can be without
Edible fungus culturing is directly used in termite cultivation, and utilizes；Postprandial bone, eggshell, shell are collected for extracting gelatine and calcareous；
Shrimp and crab shells are collected for extracting chitin；Rotten potsherd, rotten brick and tile piece are collected, is launched into building waste for use.Collect biology
The combustible waste of non-recovery value difficult to degrade：Scrap rubber, give up dirty plastics, waste containing chemical fibre, waste leather, bamboo and wood waste, nut
Shell, hair, nail, cigarette butt etc. (if having wet or waste with water that should air-dry or dry moisture content) are burned for coal-burning power plant
Power generation or heat supply.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of sanitary waste and plantation livestock waste categorised collection ecological utilization method, it is characterised in that by sanitary waste and kind
Plant the combustible waste three for the non-recovery value that livestock waste is divided into suitable for biogas fermentation waste, reclaimable waste, bio-refractory
Major class；Biogas engineering is built, categorised collection is used for biogas engineering fermentation process, produced biogas, natural pond fertilizer suitable for biogas fermentation waste
It recycles；Categorised collection reclaimable waste, and processing utilizes respectively；What the non-recovery of categorised collection bio-refractory was worth can
Waste is fired, is used for burning disposal, institute's quantity of heat production is for power generation or heat supply.
2. categorised collection is suitable for biogas fermentation waste according to claim 1, it is characterized in that being received with separating dry space from moist space waterless closestool
Collect night soil, excrement is used for biogas engineering fermentation process, and urine goes to apply fertilizer to crop or vegetation through pipeline or tank car conveying.
3. categorised collection is suitable for biogas fermentation waste according to claim 1, it is characterized in that collecting rice washing water with swill bucket, falling
The food soup fallen, for pig feeding or biogas engineering fermentation process.
4. categorised collection first uses grass suitable for biogas fermentation waste it is characterized in that when cleaning kitchen utensil according to claim 1
Paper or used useless napkin paper wipe the greasy dirt being attached on kitchen utensil, then are cleaned with clear water, and the waste paper for sticking greasy dirt is used for natural pond
Gas engineering fermentation process.
5. categorised collection is suitable for biogas fermentation waste according to claim 1, it is characterized in that being forbidden to use the health containing chemical fibre
Articles for use use pure cotton, pure paper amenities instead, are collected after and are used for biogas engineering fermentation process.
6. construction biogas engineering according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the scale of every biogas engineering is by being serviced
Population is calculated as 0.05~0.15m3/ human hair ferment pool capacity, the organic loading based on the fermentation waste being collected into are 2~5kgTS/m3·
D, 40 DEG C ± 3 DEG C of fermentation temperature.
7. categorised collection reclaimable waste handles utilization respectively according to claim 1, it is characterized in that collecting degree of lignification
High biomass waste is used for the cultivation of edible mushroom, and waste mushroom packet is cultivated for termite, also can be directly used for termite cultivation, and profit
With.
8. categorised collection reclaimable waste handles utilization respectively according to claim 1, it is characterized in that collecting postprandial bone, egg
Shell, shell, for extracting gelatine and calcareous.
9. categorised collection reclaimable waste handles utilization respectively according to claim 1, it is used for it is characterized in that collecting shrimp and crab shells
Extract chitin.
10. the combustible waste of the non-recovery value of categorised collection bio-refractory according to claim 1, it is characterized in that encountering
After wet or with water waste should air-dry or dry moisture content, it is used further to burning disposal, institute's quantity of heat production is for power generation or heat supply.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810237799.4A CN108421811B (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2018-03-22 | Ecological utilization method for classified collection of domestic waste and planting and breeding waste |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810237799.4A CN108421811B (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2018-03-22 | Ecological utilization method for classified collection of domestic waste and planting and breeding waste |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108421811A true CN108421811A (en) | 2018-08-21 |
| CN108421811B CN108421811B (en) | 2022-03-22 |
Family
ID=63159232
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810237799.4A Active CN108421811B (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2018-03-22 | Ecological utilization method for classified collection of domestic waste and planting and breeding waste |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
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| CN (1) | CN108421811B (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN111996020A (en) * | 2020-08-06 | 2020-11-27 | 上海工程技术大学 | Biomass waste coupling wet garbage multi-state co-production comprehensive utilization system and process |
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