CN102329157B - Method for processing human excrement by utilizing black solider flies to prepare organic fertilizer - Google Patents
Method for processing human excrement by utilizing black solider flies to prepare organic fertilizer Download PDFInfo
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- CN102329157B CN102329157B CN201110189668.1A CN201110189668A CN102329157B CN 102329157 B CN102329157 B CN 102329157B CN 201110189668 A CN201110189668 A CN 201110189668A CN 102329157 B CN102329157 B CN 102329157B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000003895 organic fertilizer Substances 0.000 title abstract description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 210000003746 feather Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 241001481656 Stratiomyidae Species 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 102000002322 Egg Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 21
- 108010000912 Egg Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 21
- 210000004681 ovum Anatomy 0.000 claims description 21
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 abstract 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000019735 Meat-and-bone meal Nutrition 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 11
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000019219 chocolate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000009965 odorless effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009571 larval growth Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019750 Crude protein Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000709785 Hermetia illucens Species 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010794 food waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000257159 Musca domestica Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010034719 Personality change Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036983 biotransformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002361 compost Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019784 crude fat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001418 larval effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000021049 nutrient content Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000050 nutritive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015099 wheat brans Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/20—Fertilizers of biological origin, e.g. guano or fertilizers made from animal corpses
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- Fertilizers (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for processing human excrement by utilizing black solider flies to prepare an organic fertilizer, which belongs to the technical field of environmental protection. The method comprises the following steps: filtering excrement dregs through a mesh screen with an aperture of 2-10 cm, and then, adding auxiliary materials to the filtered excrement dregs to prepare the mixture into a culturing material, inoculating ova of the black solider flies on the surface of the culturing material, culturing the ova at 25-35 DEG C for 20-30 days, collecting the culturing material, drying the culturing material, and preparing the culturing material into the organic fertilizer, wherein the auxiliary materials are feather powder, meat and bone meal, saw powder and straw powder. The method provided by the invention has strong processing capability, less occupied field and low energy consumption in a processing process; in the processing process of the human excrement dregs, a biological organic fertilizer and the biologic proteins of maggots of the black solider flies are obtained synchronously; the resource utilization of the human excrement dregs is achieved; waste is changed into valuable articles; not only is the environmental sanitation improved, but also the organic fertilizer and the biologic proteins are produced simultaneously; and the method has quite good application foreground.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to dejecta treatment method, belong to field of environment protection, be specifically related to a kind of method of utilizing black soldier flies handler ight soil to prepare fertilizer.
Background technology
Every day, each big and medium-sized cities are all extracted a large amount of human excrement slags out from the septic tank of communal bathroom, otherwise these human excrement slags have the environmental risk of overflowing behind full pond, but the subsequent disposal of so a large amount of human excrement slags becomes a hang-up of puzzlement municipal sector.At present, to the main processing mode of city human excrement slag, be that dehydration or air-dry post-tensioning remove refuse landfill landfill.A small amount of human excrement slag is used to microorganism fermented manure.
Although the method treatment technology of landfill is simple, convenient, processing cost is higher, the time is long, and takies a large amount of soils.
Black soldier flies (Hermitia illucens), English name Black soldier fly, claiming again hermetia illucens, is a kind of insect of Diptera Stratiomyidae, and larva is sought saprophytic property, take food scope very extensive, heavy, strong stress resistance, is the important step in nature detrital food chain, be common near the swinery hen house in rural area, take food fresh pig manure and chicken manure.Research finds that black soldier flies is completely harmless to the mankind, very safe to environment, and can effectively control wild housefly population, is the good species of processing organic waste.
Professor Sheppard of georgia ,u.s.a university has set up a fowl and animal excrement treatment system, make black soldier flies larva directly take food fresh chicken manure and complete growth, experimental data shows, black soldier flies can be converted into 42% crude protein and 35% fat with 8% transformation efficiency by chicken manure (dry weight), can digest about 50% stool weight, and in ight soil about 62% nitrogen nutrition (referring to city, Anxin etc., black soldier flies is processed the present Research of livestock waste, Environmental science and technology, the 3rd phase in 2010,113 ~ 116).
Chinese patent application 201010203400.4(publication number 101889629, an open day 2010.11.24) a kind of method and material formula that utilizes black soldier flies larva to process changing food waste disclosed, that food garbage is added to auxiliary material after crusher coarse crushing, obtain black soldier flies larva culture material, again at surface access black soldier flies ovum, the larval feeding culture material of black soldier flies ovum hatching, makes rubbish be processed and remove.
About the technology of utilizing black soldier flies handler ight soil, have not been reported.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to the above-mentioned deficiency according to prior art, a kind of method of utilizing human faecal mass to prepare fertilizer is provided.Utilize black soldier flies to carry out bio-transformation to city human excrement slag, remove the pollution of human excrement slag, output black soldier flies maggot bioprotein and high-quality biological organic fertilizer simultaneously, realizes the recycling of city human excrement slag, and becoming " give up " is treasured.
The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions above-mentioned purpose:
Utilizing black soldier flies handler ight soil to prepare a method for fertilizer, is that after the mesh screen that is 2 ~ 10cm by ight soil slag through aperture filters, interpolation auxiliary material is prepared into culture material, at culture material surface seeding black soldier flies ovum, cultivate 20 ~ 30 days for 25 ~ 35 ℃, collect culture material, dry, be prepared into fertilizer.Described auxiliary material is the mixture of feather meal, meat meal tankage, sawdust and straw powder.
Select the mesh screen of 2 ~ 10cm can filter out bulk foreign material, obtain purer human excrement slag raw material, stir and be prepared into after culture material with auxiliary material, excrement material appearance character changes, and from thick semisolid, becomes loose, moistening solid state, and stink also reduces in a large number.
Above-mentioned auxiliary material is common countryside wastes, and wide material sources are cheap, can change excrement slag character after being joined in excrement slag raw material, makes it be more suitable for black soldier flies larval growth, obtains higher product worm amount, improves the quality of the fertilizer of output simultaneously.The part by weight of feather meal, meat meal tankage, sawdust and straw powder is preferably 1 ~ 5:1 ~ 3:1 ~ 15:1 ~ 15.As more preferably scheme of one, the part by weight of feather meal, meat meal tankage, sawdust and straw powder is 1 ~ 3:1 ~ 3:10 ~ 15:10 ~ 15.The mass percent of ight soil slag is preferably 60 ~ 80%, and all the other are auxiliary material.Too much or the very few growth that is all unfavorable for black soldier flies larva.The effect that the selection of these auxiliary materials is processed human excrement to black soldier flies larva has played crucial effect.If it is improper not add auxiliary material or auxiliary material to choose, black soldier flies larval growth is slow, produces worm amount and declines, and the fertilizer quality of output declines, and local anaerobically fermenting easily occurs production process simultaneously, produces unpleasant foul smell.And the selected auxiliary material of the present invention is the optimized choice obtaining after test of many times is groped, culture material sedimentation is increased, good permeability, nutritive ingredient is applicable to black soldier flies larval growth, and producing worm amount increases, and the fertilizer nutrient of output is high, quality better.
In the temperature range of 25 ~ 35 ℃, black soldier flies ovum just can be hatched into larva on the 2nd day in inoculation, starts to transform culture material.In the process of black soldier flies larval growth, also fermentation calefaction gradually of culture material, needs suitably to keep the skin wet during this time, prevents from heating up too high.Through taking food of black soldier flies larva 20 ~ 30 days, culture material becomes chocolate, moisture is reduced to 20 ~ 60%, material loosening, odorless, after drying, detect its organic content, total nutrient (N, P, K total content), moisture and five heavy metal content etc., all reach the relevant art index of national biological organic fertilizer.Now, black soldier flies larva has reached aging state, climbs out of one after another culture material, and searching is dry, pupate in dark place.
The inoculum density of described black soldier flies ovum is preferably every kilogram of culture material inoculation black soldier flies ovum 0.2 ~ 2g.
The thickness of described culture material is 4 ~ 10cm.
As a kind of preferred version, can around culture material, spread dry bran powder, for collecting black soldier flies maggot.Black soldier flies maggot, within aging first 2 days, carry out this operation, black soldier flies larva reaches after aging state, climbs out of one after another culture material and enters into dry bran powder, and culture material finally becomes chocolate, material loosening, odorless, dry or dry after can be prepared into biological organic fertilizer.The black soldier flies maggot of simultaneously reclaiming can be made the insect bioprotein of high-quality.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect:
Method processing power of the present invention is strong, speed is fast compared with microorganism compost; Occupied ground is few, reusable, does not change land used character; Treating processes power consumption is low, and discharge is few; In the treating processes of human excrement slag, obtain biological organic fertilizer and black soldier flies larva bioprotein simultaneously, realized the recycling of human excrement slag, become " giving up " into precious; Processing cost is low, and produced simultaneously biological organic fertilizer and bioprotein can increase profit.
After treatment, human excrement slag capacity reduces 10 ~ 30%, free from extraneous odour, and the biological organic fertilizer nutrient content obtaining reaches all technical of national biological organic fertilizer; In the high-quality insect bioprotein obtaining, crude protein content is about 40%, and crude fat content is about 35%; The a collection of human excrement slag of every processing, only needs 20 ~ 30 days; All can process the human excrement slag being cleared out by septic tank the same day every day; 10 tons of human excrement slags of every processing, can produce approximately 4 ~ 6 tons of commodity biological organic fertilizers, approximately 1 ~ 2 ton of fresh black soldier flies maggot.
Embodiment
embodiment 1
By septic tank, extracted out after human excrement slag, the grid sieve that is 2 centimetres by barrel hole size filters out foreign material, adds appropriate amount of auxiliary materials (in Table 1), stirs, and is mixed with culture material.Culture material is poured in corresponding container, and the high 4cm of culture material, and at the appropriate black soldier flies ovum of culture material surface access, connects ovum density and is: 0.2g black soldier flies ovum/kg culture material.Culture temperature is set as 30 ℃, and black soldier flies ovum is hatched into larva in 2d, starts decomposition and inversion culture material.In culturing process, suitably keep the skin wet, prevent from heating up too high.At 18d, at culture vessel, overlap again a larger container outward, and be sprinkled into therein dry bran powder, to facilitate, collect aging black soldier flies maggot.Through 20 ~ 25d, black soldier flies larva has reached aging state, climbs out of one after another culture material and falls in larger container, and culture material finally becomes chocolate, material loosening, and odorless, makes biological organic fertilizer after drying.
By this formula, produce, 10 kilograms of human excrement slags of every processing, can obtain approximately 1.1 ~ 1.3 kilograms of fresh black soldier flies maggots, 7 ~ 8 kilograms of output fertilizers (water content approximately 25%).
Table 1: human excrement slag culture material formula
| Material name | Mass percent (%) |
| Human excrement slag | 68 |
| Feather meal | 1 |
| Meat meal tankage | 1 |
| Sawdust | 15 |
| Straw powder | 15 |
embodiment 2
By septic tank, extracted out after human excrement slag, the grid sieve that is 6 centimetres by barrel hole size filters out foreign material, adds appropriate amount of auxiliary materials (in Table 2), stirs, and is mixed with culture material.Culture material is poured in corresponding container, and the high 6cm of culture material, and at the appropriate black soldier flies ovum of culture material surface access, connects ovum density and is: 0.6g black soldier flies ovum/kg culture material.Culture temperature is 25 ℃, and black soldier flies ovum is hatched into larva in 2d, starts decomposition and inversion culture material.In culturing process, suitably keep the skin wet, prevent from heating up too high.At 20d, at culture vessel, overlap again a larger container outward, and be sprinkled into therein dry bran powder, to facilitate, collect aging black soldier flies maggot.Through 25 ~ 30d, black soldier flies larva has reached aging state, climbs out of one after another culture material and falls in larger container, and culture material finally becomes chocolate, material loosening, odorless, dry or dry after can be made into biological organic fertilizer.By this formula, produce, 10 kilograms of human excrement slags of every processing, can obtain approximately 2.1 ~ 2.3 kilograms of fresh black soldier flies maggots, 7 ~ 8 kilograms of output fertilizers (water content approximately 25%).
Table 2: human excrement slag culture material formula
| Material name | Mass percent (%) |
| Human excrement slag | 70 |
| Feather meal | 3 |
| Meat meal tankage | 2 |
| Sawdust | 15 |
| Straw powder | 10 |
embodiment 3
By septic tank, extracted out after human excrement slag, the grid sieve that is 8 centimetres by barrel hole size filters out foreign material, adds appropriate amount of auxiliary materials (in Table 3), stirs, and is mixed with culture material.Culture material is poured in corresponding container, and the high 8cm of culture material, and at the appropriate black soldier flies ovum of culture material surface access, connects ovum density and is: 0.8g black soldier flies ovum/kg culture material.Culture temperature is set as 27 ℃, and black soldier flies ovum is hatched into larva in 2d, starts decomposition and inversion culture material.In culturing process, suitably keep the skin wet, prevent from heating up too high.At 18d, at culture vessel, overlap again a larger container outward, and be sprinkled into therein dry bran powder, to facilitate, collect aging black soldier flies maggot.Through 20 ~ 30d, treat that black soldier flies larva has reached aging state, climb out of one after another culture material and fall in larger container, culture material finally becomes chocolate, material loosening, odorless, dry or dry after can be made into biological organic fertilizer.By this formula, produce, 10 kilograms of human excrement slags of every processing, can obtain approximately 2.5 ~ 3.0 kilograms of fresh black soldier flies maggots, 6 ~ 7 kilograms of output fertilizers (water content approximately 25%).
Table 3: human excrement slag culture material formula
| Material name | Mass percent (%) |
| Human excrement slag | 75 |
| Feather meal | 2 |
| Meat meal tankage | 3 |
| Sawdust | 10 |
| Straw powder | 10 |
embodiment 4
Take embodiment 2 as contrast.Except human excrement slag adds auxiliary material (in Table 4) difference, other are as embodiment 2.Because initial stage nutrition intake is inadequate, poor growth, and easily there is collective's escaping phenomena, and causing producing worm amount and fall sharply, larva is reaching aging state (three ages) i.e. escape before, and the yield of mature larva is 0.Culture material can not be by fly maggot biological degradation, causes treating processes failure.
Table 4: human excrement slag culture material formula
| Material name | Mass percent (%) |
| Human excrement slag | 70 |
| Mushroom residue | 15 |
| Bran powder | 15 |
embodiment 5
Take embodiment 2 as contrast.Except following accessory formula (as table 4) difference, other are all according to embodiment 2.
Table 5: human excrement slag culture material formula
| Material name | Mass percent (%) |
| Human excrement slag | 70 |
| Sawdust | 10 |
| Bran powder | 2 |
| Wheat bran | 8 |
| Straw powder | 7 |
| Yeast powder | 1 |
| EM liquid | 1 |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 0 |
| White lime | 1 |
Because the nutrition of human excrement slag is abundant not as good as changing food waste, if with this production of filling a prescription, black soldier flies maggot is because initial stage nutrition intake is inadequate, poor growth, and easily there is collective's escaping phenomena, cause producing worm amount and fall sharply, larva is reaching aging state (three ages) i.e. escape before, and the yield of mature larva is 0.Culture material can not be by fly maggot biological degradation, causes treating processes failure.
Claims (3)
1. a method of utilizing black soldier flies handler ight soil to prepare fertilizer, after the mesh screen that to it is characterized in that ight soil slag be 2 ~ 10cm through aperture filters, interpolation auxiliary material is prepared into culture material, at culture material surface seeding black soldier flies ovum, cultivate 20 ~ 30 days for 25 ~ 35 ℃, collect culture material, dry, be prepared into fertilizer;
Described auxiliary material is feather meal, meat meal tankage, sawdust and straw powder; The part by weight of described feather meal, meat meal tankage, sawdust and straw powder is 1 ~ 5:1 ~ 3:1 ~ 15:1 ~ 15;
The mass percent of described ight soil slag in culture material is: 60 ~ 80%;
The inoculum density of described black soldier flies ovum is every kilogram of culture material inoculation black soldier flies ovum 0.2 ~ 2g.
2. method according to claim 1, the thickness that it is characterized in that described culture material is 4 ~ 10cm.
3. method according to claim 1, is characterized in that described culture material spreads dry bran powder around, for collecting black soldier flies larva.
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| CN201110189668.1A CN102329157B (en) | 2011-07-07 | 2011-07-07 | Method for processing human excrement by utilizing black solider flies to prepare organic fertilizer |
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Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN104291894A (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2015-01-21 | 中山大学 | Method for organic fertilizer special for producing tobacco through biotransformation of pig manure and fertilizer special for tobacco |
| CN104145879B (en) * | 2014-07-16 | 2017-02-22 | 中山大学 | Method for biologically treating inapplicable fresh tobacco leaves through hermetia illucens larvae |
| CN104926017B (en) * | 2015-05-15 | 2017-07-18 | 吴伟浩 | The method that kitchen waste sewage is disposed using black soldier flies |
| CN105859332A (en) * | 2016-04-01 | 2016-08-17 | 刘德江 | Excrement biological treatment method for livestock and poultry breeding farm |
| CN109095736A (en) * | 2018-08-13 | 2018-12-28 | 浙江强恩生物科技有限公司 | The method for realizing biochemical sludge recycling treatment using raising black soldier flies |
| CN109731910B (en) * | 2018-12-29 | 2021-03-02 | 华南农业大学 | Method for restoring soil by utilizing detoxification effect of hermetia illucens larvae |
| CN110452026A (en) * | 2019-08-15 | 2019-11-15 | 自然创造(北京)科技有限公司 | The method of chitin bio-bacterial manure preparation |
| CN111742889A (en) * | 2020-06-24 | 2020-10-09 | 汕头安芮洁环保科技有限公司 | Breeding method of hermetia illucens |
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| CN101889629A (en) * | 2010-06-13 | 2010-11-24 | 中山大学 | Method for processing food waste by using black soldier fly larvae and material formula |
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| CN102083305A (en) * | 2008-07-01 | 2011-06-01 | 绿色科技株式会社 | Method for rearing soldier flies |
| CN101889629A (en) * | 2010-06-13 | 2010-11-24 | 中山大学 | Method for processing food waste by using black soldier fly larvae and material formula |
| CN101978823A (en) * | 2010-11-25 | 2011-02-23 | 广东省昆虫研究所 | Method for artificially feeding black soldier flies |
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| D. Craig Sheppard et al..A value added manure management system using the black soldier fly.《Bioresource Technology》.1994,第50卷(第3期),第275-279页. |
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