CN108401634B - Nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for greenhouse fresh-eating tomatoes - Google Patents
Nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for greenhouse fresh-eating tomatoes Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for fresh-eating tomatoes in a greenhouse, which comprises the following steps of: (1) the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of the tomato represents the nitrogen content of the overground part of a tomato plant, a critical nitrogen concentration dilution model under the drip irrigation condition of the greenhouse tomato is established, and the critical nitrogen concentration value of the tomato in a certain growth period is determined according to the model; (2) when the measured value of the nitrogen concentration is equal to or greater than the critical nitrogen concentration value in the period, the plant nitrogen nutrition is sufficient or excessive, and nitrogen application is not needed or reduced; in contrast, increased application of nitrogen fertilizer is required. (3) Calculating the optimum fertilizing amount of the tomatoes before the growth period and (4) the recommended nitrogen application change amount of the next stage according to a formula. Compared with the prior art, the method disclosed by the invention is simple and rapid, low in cost, accurate in determination result and high in recommendation, and the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer in unit area in the production process of tomatoes can be obviously reduced by implementation in production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for fresh-eating tomatoes in a greenhouse, and belongs to the technical field of plant nitrogen nutrition diagnosis.
Background
Tomatoes are important vegetables cultivated in facilities at present, and the problem of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer commonly exists in the production process, so that a series of serious problems of fertilizer waste, quality reduction, plant resistance reduction, soil salinization, eutrophication of peripheral water bodies and the like are caused.
Diagnosis of the nitrogen nutrition status of crops is one of the important methods to solve the problem of over fertilization. Chemical analysis of plant tissue nitrogen is still the classical method of diagnosing the nutritional level of crop nitrogen at present. At present, a number of reports on the diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition of tomato exist. These studies often diagnose nitrogen nutrition in tomato by correlation between the spectral characteristics of the leaf and the level of nitrogen application. The problems with these spectroscopic diagnostic methods are: 1) the instrument is expensive and difficult to popularize. 2) The critical nitrogen concentration of tomato leaves (leaf nitrogen concentration which is increased by applying nitrogen fertilizer continuously and does not increase plant biomass) is not a fixed value in the whole growth period and gradually decreases along with the delay of the growth period (so-called dilution curve), and the research only uses the spectral data of a certain stage of tomato growth as a general diagnosis standard of the whole growth period and cannot accurately judge the nitrogen nutrition condition of the whole growth period. There are also many reports on studies on the dilution model of tomato critical nitrogen concentration. However, some of the studies take processed tomatoes as research objects (the variety type and the cultivation method are different from those of fresh tomatoes), some of the studies adopt substrate cultivation or pot culture tests, the obtained results cannot directly guide greenhouse production practices, and the important defects are that the measurement of the nitrogen concentration of the overground part of the tomatoes needs to be carried out by taking each part of plant stems, leaves, fruits, flowers and the like, the whole plant needs to be damaged, the steps are complicated, and the measurement results are not accurate enough.
At present, no report about a critical nitrogen concentration dilution model and a nitrogen nutrition index model is provided for fresh-eating tomatoes which are cultivated in a drip irrigation mode in a greenhouse.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: aiming at the technical problems, the invention provides a nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for greenhouse fresh-eating tomatoes, which is simple and quick, low in cost, accurate in measurement result and high in recommendation.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for fresh tomatoes in a greenhouse comprises the following steps:
(1) the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of the tomato represents the nitrogen content of the overground part of a tomato plant, a critical nitrogen concentration dilution model under the drip irrigation condition of the greenhouse tomato is established, and the critical nitrogen concentration value of the tomato in a certain growth period is determined according to the model;
(2) when the measured value of the nitrogen concentration is equal to or greater than the critical nitrogen concentration value in the period, the plant nitrogen nutrition is sufficient or excessive, and nitrogen application is not needed or reduced; when the measured value of the nitrogen concentration is smaller than the critical nitrogen concentration value in the period, the plant nitrogen nutrition is insufficient, and a nitrogen fertilizer needs to be applied;
(3) the optimal fertilizing amount of the tomatoes before the growth period is set as X, and the calculation formula is as follows:
X＝(C/A)×R
wherein C represents the critical nitrogen concentration value, A represents the measured value of the nitrogen concentration, and R represents the actual nitrogen amount before the growth period;
(4) the recommended nitrogen application change for the next stage is set as D, which is calculated as follows:
D＝(R-X)
if D is positive, the recommended nitrogen application of the next stage should be decreased by D, and if D is negative, the recommended nitrogen application of the next stage should be increased by D.
The establishment method of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution model comprises the following steps:
(1) comparing and analyzing the aboveground biomass sampled each time of different nitrogen level tests and corresponding nitrogen concentration values, and classifying the nitrogen application level of whether the crop growth is influenced by nitrogen according to the result of variance analysis;
(2) carrying out linear fitting on the relation between the biomass of the overground part and the nitrogen concentration value of the nitrogen application level of the crops, wherein the growth of the crops is influenced by nitrogen;
(3) for nitrogen application levels where crop growth is not affected by nitrogen, the average of aerial biomass is used to represent maximum biomass;
(4) the theoretical critical nitrogen concentration value for each sampling is determined by the ordinate of the intersection of the linear curve obtained in (2) and the perpendicular line with the maximum biomass as the abscissa.
The growth period is selected from the group consisting of 1 st inflorescence anthesis period, 1 st inflorescence fruiting period, 2 nd inflorescence fruiting period and 3 rd inflorescence fruiting period.
The 6 th leaf of the tomato is counted from the growing point downwards to spread out the leaves.
The consistency of the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of the tomato and the nitrogen concentration of the overground part of the whole plant is high, the correlation coefficient is more than or equal to 9.38, and the extremely significant level is achieved.
The method for measuring the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of the tomato comprises the following steps:
respectively sampling at leaf base, leaf middle part and leaf tip (avoiding large vein), grinding the dried sample, sieving with 60 mesh sieve, and sieving with H2SO4-H2O2And (4) digestion, namely measuring the total nitrogen content in the digestion solution of each organ by adopting an ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
Tomatoes are important vegetables cultivated in facilities at present, and the problem of excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer commonly exists in the production process, so that a series of serious problems of fertilizer waste, quality reduction, plant resistance reduction, soil salinization, eutrophication of peripheral water bodies and the like are caused. The conventional spectral diagnostic method in the literature is greatly influenced by the environment, the accuracy is difficult to guarantee, and a spectral measuring instrument is expensive and is not easy to be generally applied in production. The light splitting and light dividing used in the method is a conventional instrument with low price, and common basic soil and fertilizer stations are equipped with the light splitting and light dividing method.
The technical effects are as follows: compared with the prior art, the method disclosed by the invention is simple and rapid, low in cost, accurate in measurement result and high in recommendation, the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer in unit area in the production process of tomatoes is obviously reduced, the cost of farmers is reduced, the plant health degree and the product quality are improved, the environmental pollution is reduced, and good economic and social benefits are expected to be obtained.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the nitrogen concentration dilution curve of the biomass of the aerial parts of tomatoes according to the method of the invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions of the present invention are further described in detail by the following specific examples, but it should be noted that the following examples are only used for describing the content of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Examples
First, basic experimental setup and method
The implementation place is as follows: eight bridge test park in Gaoyou city of Yangzhou university.
Tomato variety: su fen No. 14.
The type of facility: 8m plastic greenhouse.
Planting time: sowing and raising seedlings in 2016, 12 months and 10 days, selecting plug seedlings with consistent sizes and 5-leaf 1-heart stage for field planting in 2017, 3 months and 1 day, and finishing harvesting in 6 months and 25 days.
Furrow width: 0.8 m.
Width of the groove: 0.4 m.
Depth of the trench: 0.3 m.
And the line spacing is large. 80 cm.
Small line spacing: 40 cm.
Plant spacing: 30 cm.
Determining the number of plants per mu: 3700
The fertilizer water application method comprises the following steps: drip irrigation and fertilizer and water are integrated, and the surface of a furrow is covered by a 0.02mm transparent mulching film after the drip irrigation pipe is laid.
Physical and chemical properties of greenhouse soil:
TABLE 1 soil chemistry at test sites in different years
Table 1Soil chemical properties of experimental plots in two years
TABLE 2 physical properties of soil at test sites in different years
Table 2SOIL physical properties of experimental plots in two years
The dosage of the base fertilizer: applying decomposed thin cow dung 45m in a cow farm per hectare3In which N is 32.84kg, P2O564.92kg，K2O 80.42kg。
The local agricultural department recommends nitrogen fertilizer dosage: 361.22kg hm-2. The dosage of the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is as follows: p2O5176.77kg·hm-2，K2O 467.88kg·hm-2. (the NPK dosage is calculated according to the expected yield, the nutrient absorption amount of each ton of tomatoes, the NPK content of soil, the nutrient utilization efficiency and the like).
The fertilizer form and the use proportion in each growth period are as follows: the nitrogen fertilizer is supplied in the form of urea, the phosphate fertilizer is supplied in the form of calcium superphosphate, and the potassium fertilizer is supplied in the form of potassium sulfate. The phosphate fertilizer is applied once when soil preparation is carried out in the form of base fertilizer. Since tomatoes require different fertilizers at various stages in the growth process, the whole growth period is divided into three stages: applying 20% N after planting for 0-40 days; applying 40% N and 40% K for 40-80 days; the remaining 40% N and 60% K were applied for 80 days to the end. The fertilizer is uniformly applied along with the drip irrigation water during each fertilization.
Irrigation quantity: 284mm, with drip irrigation every 4 days.
Second, nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for fresh-eating tomatoes in greenhouse
2.1 establishing a tomato critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model, comprising the following steps:
(1) comparing and analyzing the aboveground biomass sampled each time of different nitrogen level tests and corresponding nitrogen concentration values, and classifying the nitrogen application level of whether the crop growth is influenced by nitrogen according to the result of variance analysis;
(2) carrying out linear fitting on the relation between the biomass of the overground part and the nitrogen concentration value of the nitrogen application level of the crops, wherein the growth of the crops is influenced by nitrogen;
(3) for nitrogen application levels where crop growth is not affected by nitrogen, the average of aerial biomass is used to represent maximum biomass;
(4) the theoretical critical nitrogen concentration value for each sampling is determined by the ordinate of the intersection of the linear curve obtained in (2) and the perpendicular line with the maximum biomass as the abscissa. The tomato critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model thus obtained.
As shown in FIG. 1, the dilution curve of biomass nitrogen concentration in the overground part of tomato is shown, wherein the curve of% Nc is the critical dilution curve of nitrogen concentration of tomato.
TABLE 1 Nitrogen level settings for different years
TABLE 2 influence of Nitrogen application levels on the dynamic accumulation of biomass in the aerial parts of tomato
Note: data in the table are mean ± sem, and data with identical letters in the same row of data indicate that no significance test was achieved between treatments (p <0.05).
2.2 it was determined that tomato leaf 6 (counting from the growing point downwards, in terms of spread leaf count) has high consistency with the nitrogen concentration of the whole plant, and the correlation coefficient reaches 9.38, which reaches a very significant level. Thus, the nitrogen content of the aerial parts of tomato plants can be represented by the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of tomato.
2.3 determination method of nitrogen content of 6 th leaf of tomato: mainly refers to the soil agricultural chemical analysis method [ M]Beijing: chinese agricultural press, 2000: 308-312 "method. Sampling was carried out at the basal part, the middle part and the apical part of the leaf (avoiding the large veins) respectively by using a punch. Grinding the dried sample, sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, and H2SO4-H2O2And (4) digestion, namely measuring the total nitrogen content in the digestion solution of each organ by adopting an ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
2.4 according to the above tomato critical nitrogen concentration dilution curve model, the critical nitrogen concentration values of 6 th leaves of the tomatoes in the 1 st inflorescence flowering phase, the 1 st inflorescence fruiting phase, the 2 nd inflorescence fruiting phase and the 3 rd inflorescence fruiting phase after the fixed planting of the tomatoes are respectively 4.38%, 3.64%, 3.09% and 2.60% (by taking the dry weight of the leaves as the mass fraction of the denominator). When the measured value of the 6 th leaf nitrogen concentration in a certain growth period of the tomato is equal to or more than the critical value in the period, the plant is indicated to have sufficient or excessive nitrogen nutrition, and nitrogen application is not needed. When the measured value of the 6 th leaf nitrogen concentration in a certain period is smaller than the critical value of the period, the plant is indicated to have insufficient nitrogen nutrition and need to be applied with nitrogen fertilizer.
2.5 when the nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, the ratio a (nitrogen nutrition index) of the measured value of the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of the tomato to the critical value can be used for calculating the recommended nitrogen application. This ratio indicates that the deficiency (1-a). times.100% of the nitrogen application prior to this stage, compared to the optimum nitrogen application, should be appropriately supplemented in the subsequent fertilization management.
The specific method for calculating and recommending the actual nitrogen amount is as follows:
the optimal fertilizing amount of the tomatoes before the growth period is set as X, and the calculation formula is as follows:
X＝(C/A)×R
wherein C represents the critical nitrogen concentration value, A represents the measured value of the nitrogen concentration, and R represents the actual nitrogen amount before the growth period;
the recommended nitrogen application change for the next stage is set as D, which is calculated as follows:
D＝(R-X)
if D is positive, the recommended nitrogen application of the next stage should be decreased by D, and if D is negative, the recommended nitrogen application of the next stage should be increased by D.
Third, tomato nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen result
First measurement and fertilization correction: measurement value: 4.82. before this period, 23 kg.hm of nitrogen fertilizer is applied in the field-2. Assuming that the optimum amount of fertilizer applied to the tomatoes before this stage is x, then according to the calculation method of our invention: 23-20.9-2.1 kg-hm, x is 4.82/4.38, and the nitrogen is added in the stage-2. Nitrogen application should be reduced by 2.1 kg-hm at a later stage-2。
And (3) measuring for the second time and correcting fertilization: measurement value: 4.63. the fertilizer is applied by 62kg hm between the first measurement and the second measurement-2. Assuming that the optimum amount of fertilizer applied to the tomatoes before this stage is x, then according to the calculation method of our invention: 62-48.7-13.3 kg-hm, x is 48.7, and the nitrogen is applied in this stage-2. Nitrogen application should be reduced by 13.3 kg-hm at a later stage-2。
And (3) measuring for the third time and correcting fertilization: measurement value: 3.91. the fertilizer of 74kg hm is applied between the second measurement and the third measurement-2. Assuming that the optimum amount of fertilizer applied to the tomatoes before this stage is x, then according to the calculation method of our invention: 74-48.5-25.5 kg-hm, x is 48.5, and the nitrogen is applied in the stage-2. Nitrogen application should be reduced by 25.5 kg-hm at a later stage-2。
Fourth measurement and fertilization correction: measurement value: 3.33. 76kg hm of fertilizer is applied between the third measurement and the fourth measurement-2Assuming that the optimum amount of fertilizer applied to the tomatoes before this stage is x, then according to the calculation method of our invention: 76 ═ 3.33/2.60 x, x ═ 59.3, the nitrogen amount applied in this stage should be 76-59.3 ═ 16.7kg hm-2. Nitrogen application should be reduced by 16.7 kg-hm at a later stage-2。
The effect is as follows: actual yield 118.6 t.hm-2. And the expected yield is 120 t.hm-2The difference was not significant. But the application amount of the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 24.5 percent and about 57.6 kg.hm-2Compared with the originally recommended fertilizing amount, the fertilizing amount is reduced by 15.9 percent.
Claims (6)
1. A nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method for fresh tomatoes in a greenhouse is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of the tomato represents the nitrogen content of the overground part of a tomato plant, a critical nitrogen concentration dilution model under the drip irrigation condition of the greenhouse tomato is established, and the critical nitrogen concentration value of the tomato in a certain growth period is determined according to the model;
(2) when the measured value of the nitrogen concentration is equal to or greater than the critical nitrogen concentration value in the period, the plant nitrogen nutrition is sufficient or excessive, and nitrogen application is not needed or reduced; when the measured value of the nitrogen concentration is smaller than the critical nitrogen concentration value in the period, the plant nitrogen nutrition is insufficient, and a nitrogen fertilizer needs to be applied;
(3) the optimal fertilizing amount of the tomatoes before the growth period is set as X, and the calculation formula is as follows:
X＝(C/A)×R
wherein C represents the critical nitrogen concentration value, A represents the measured value of the nitrogen concentration, and R represents the actual nitrogen amount before the growth period;
(4) the recommended nitrogen application change for the next stage is set as D, which is calculated as follows:
D＝(R-X)
if D is positive, the recommended nitrogen application of the next stage should be decreased by D, and if D is negative, the recommended nitrogen application of the next stage should be increased by D.
2. The greenhouse fresh-eating tomato nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method according to claim 1, wherein the establishment method of the critical nitrogen concentration dilution model is as follows:
(1) comparing and analyzing the aboveground biomass sampled each time of different nitrogen level tests and corresponding nitrogen concentration values, and classifying the nitrogen application level of whether the crop growth is influenced by nitrogen according to the result of variance analysis;
(2) carrying out linear fitting on the relation between the biomass of the overground part and the nitrogen concentration value of the nitrogen application level of the crops, wherein the growth of the crops is influenced by nitrogen;
(3) for nitrogen application levels where crop growth is not affected by nitrogen, the average of aerial biomass is used to represent maximum biomass;
(4) the theoretical critical nitrogen concentration value for each sampling is determined by the ordinate of the intersection of the linear curve obtained in (2) and the perpendicular line with the maximum biomass as the abscissa.
3. The greenhouse fresh-eating tomato nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method according to claim 1, wherein the growth period is selected from the 1 st inflorescence flowering period, the 1 st inflorescence fruiting period, the 2 nd inflorescence fruiting period and the 3 rd inflorescence fruiting period.
4. The greenhouse fresh-eating tomato nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the 6 th leaf of the tomato is counted from the growing point downwards to expand the leaf count.
5. The greenhouse fresh-eating tomato nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the consistency of the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of the tomato and the nitrogen concentration of the whole overground part is high, and the correlation coefficient is greater than or equal to 9.38, and reaches a very significant level.
6. The greenhouse fresh-eating tomato nitrogen nutrition diagnosis and recommended nitrogen application method according to claim 1, characterized in that the method for measuring the nitrogen content of the 6 th leaf of tomato is as follows:
respectively at the base part, middle part and tip part of the leafSampling by opening large veins, grinding the dried sample, sieving with a 60-mesh sieve, and H2SO4-H2O2And (4) digestion, namely measuring the total nitrogen content in the digestion solution of each organ by adopting an ultraviolet spectrophotometer.
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| CN112268867B (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2023-11-17 | 云南新土壤农业科技有限公司 | Construction method of cauliflower spectral nitrogen nutrition diagnosis model |
| CN113433127B (en) * | 2021-06-24 | 2024-02-23 | 内蒙古农业大学 | Potato growth Ji Danfei dosage application method based on optimized spectral index |
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