CN108367240B - 氧化催化剂 - Google Patents

氧化催化剂 Download PDF

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CN108367240B
CN108367240B CN201680072940.9A CN201680072940A CN108367240B CN 108367240 B CN108367240 B CN 108367240B CN 201680072940 A CN201680072940 A CN 201680072940A CN 108367240 B CN108367240 B CN 108367240B
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monolith substrate
soot filter
catalyst
exhaust system
filter
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CN108367240A (zh
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G·布朗
A·驰菲
J·莱德克里菲
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Johnson Matthey PLC
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Abstract

催化烟尘过滤器包括置于壁流式过滤器整块基质上的氧化NO为NO2和/或氧化CO为CO2和/或氧化HC为CO2和H2O的氧化催化剂,所述氧化催化剂包含铂族金属组分和包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的预煅烧载体材料,所述镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为15wt%Mg或更小。

Description

氧化催化剂
本发明涉及含氧化催化剂的整块催化剂、用于内燃机(优选为压燃式发动机)的排气系统、包括内燃机和这种排气系统的车辆、处理内燃机排出废气的方法以及制备所述整块催化剂的方法。
内燃机是潜在的污染物来源。在包括欧盟和美国在内的整个世界已颁布了越来越严格的环境法规来减少多个来源(特别是内燃机)进入大气的污染物排放。针对减少内燃机排放的问题,已提出了多个解决方案。
发动机排放气体中有四大类需要减排的污染物:一氧化碳(CO)、未燃烃(HC)、氮氧化物(NOx)和通常包含烟灰的颗粒物(PM)。车辆排放气体中许可排放的污染物的法律标准日益严苛。因此需要提供能够满足这些标准并且成本有效的改进催化剂。
通常在排气系统中应用多种独立的催化组件来减少污染物。每种组件可以直接减少污染物,有些组件产生的产品可能形成后续(下游)组件的反应物。
因此,例如上游组件可以包括用氧化催化剂涂覆的蜂窝状流通式整块基质;和下游组件可以包括用SCR催化剂涂覆的蜂窝状流通式整块基质。
GB-A-2 481 057公开了一种应用包含锰氧化物和至少一种铂族金属的催化剂处理氮氧化物、颗粒物或两者的方法。
对于压燃式发动机如柴油发动机,经常应用的一种催化组件是催化烟尘过滤器(CSF)。CSF通常催化:(1)HC氧化为二氧化碳(CO2)和水(H2O),(2)一氧化碳(CO)氧化为二氧化碳(CO2),和(3)氧化由排放气体过滤的PM(特别是烟灰)。
在CSF上可能发生的更重要的烟灰氧化反应在氧气中氧化:
O2+2C→2CO (1)或
O2+C→CO2 (2)和
重要地,在二氧化氮中氧化:
NO2+C→NO+CO (3)
反应(3)的二氧化氮可以衍生自发动机的排放气体以及上游柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)或CSF上的氧化催化剂氧化的低氧氮氧化物(包括一氧化氮)。
WO-A-2014/080202公开了用于处理压燃式发动机的排放气体的催化烟尘过滤器,和WO-A-2014/080200公开了用于压燃式发动机的排气系统。这些文献公开了铂族金属组分、包含结合了杂原子的改性氧化铝的载体材料和碱土金属组分的应用。
据认为二氧化氮对健康有短期和长期影响,其影响肺功能并且暴露于其中会强化敏感个体对过敏源的响应。
US-A-2003/125202公开了用于减少贫燃发动机排放的贫废气中NOx量的催化剂,所述催化剂含有氧化铝、氧化镁、铂族金属和至少一种氮氧化物贮存材料。在US-A-2003/125202中重要的是氧化镁和氧化铝形成均相混合氧化物,其中镁离子占据了铝离子的晶格位,从而不能区分所述材料的X-射线结构与纯氧化铝的X-射线结构。
US-A-2012/055141公开了处理排放气体、特别是处理含氮氧化物的排放气体的催化剂,所述催化剂包含流通式基质(即基本不起过滤作用的基质)和两层或更多层催化剂涂层(每层中含有Pt或Pd)以及颗粒载体材料、一种或多种氧贮存材料和一种或多种氮氧化物贮存材料。
已经开发了主动和被动选择性催化还原(SCR)方法,一般尝试通过转化NOx为氮气和水来减少NOx排放。
主动SCR应用添加到排放气体物流中并且被吸附到催化剂上的还原剂(例如含氮还原剂如氨或脲)。通常,含氮还原剂转化为氨和在SCR催化剂存在下发生多个反应,结果是NOx转化为元素氮和水。
被动SCR不需要独立的系统向排放气体物流中添加还原剂,和可以应用贫NOx捕集器(LNT)和下游的选择性催化还原催化剂。当排放气体在贫条件(低燃料/氧比)中产生时,NOx被吸附在LNT上。通过间歇使其与富排放气体(高燃料/氧比)(在发动机管理系统控制下产生)接触而使LNT再生。这种富集促进了LNT中吸附的NOx脱附以及NOx在存在的还原催化剂上还原。所述富排放气体也由NOx产生氨(NH3),其可能被吸附到下游的SCR催化剂上,和可用于还原在贫排放气体条件下滑流过LNT的NOx。SCR催化剂的效率取决于NO2/NOx比(NOx为50:50NO2:NO的混合物可促进更快反应)和温度。
压燃式发动机如柴油发动机(特别是轻型柴油车)的排放气体温度相对较低(例如在正常操作条件下至多约400℃)。另外,随着车辆CO2目标改变,要求柴油机(特别是轻型发动机)后处理系统工作温度降低。因此,需要在较低温度下产生NO2的排放气体处理系统,从而为下游SCR催化剂提供合适的NO2/NOx比。另外,在CSF中重要的是NO2的浓度适合于PM的有效氧化。因此,需要具有较低引燃温度的氧化催化剂,特别是对于NO氧化的较低引燃温度。
本发明的一个目的是提供改进的氧化催化剂,特别是但不排它的用于催化烟尘过滤器的催化剂。
因此,在第一方面,本发明提供一种催化烟尘过滤器,其括含置于壁流式过滤器整块基质上的氧化NO为NO2和/或氧化CO为CO2和/或氧化HC为CO2和H2O的氧化催化剂,所述氧化催化剂包含铂族金属组分和包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的预煅烧载体材料,所述镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为15wt%Mg或更小。
针对可能的分案申请,申请人提供了本发明第一方面的如下替代方案:一种柴油机氧化催化剂,其包括置于流通式蜂窝状整块基质上的用于氧化NO为NO2和/或氧化CO为CO2和/或HC为CO2和H2O的氧化催化剂,所述氧化催化剂包含铂族金属组分和包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的预煅烧载体材料,所述镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为15wt%Mg或更小。从属权利要求的所有其它特征和这里有关第一方面的催化烟尘过滤器的相应描述同样适用于第一方面的柴油机氧化催化剂。
优选地,煅烧后载体材料(特别是镁铝金属氧化物混合物)的比表面积(按77K(-196℃)下氮的物理吸附确定)为250m2g-1或更小,更优选的比表面积为225m2g-1或更小,和最优选的比表面积为220m2g-1或更小。按77K(-196℃)下氮的物理吸附确定的煅烧后载体材料(特别是镁铝金属氧化物混合物)的比表面积的优选范围为10-250m2g-1,优选为10-225m2g-1,更优选为10-220m2g-1,和最优选为10-215m2g-1
煅烧后载体材料(特别是镁铝金属氧化物混合物)在处理特性方面已经令人惊讶地表现出很大优势(例如在含水涂层中良好的润湿和混合)。之前假定载体材料较高的表面积(大于约250m2g-1)将更有利,这是由于其应用领域的催化性质的缘故。
还令人惊奇和特别有利的是,本发明的载体材料提供明显更低的氧化引燃温度,特别是对于氧化NO为NO2和/或氧化CO为CO2和/或氧化HC为CO2和H2O来说。因此,所述催化剂优选用于氧化NO为NO2和/或氧化CO为CO2和/或氧化HC为CO2和H2O。
所述基质优选由陶瓷如堇青石(2MgO·2Al2O3·5SiO2)、碳化硅(SiC)或金属如Fe-Cr-Al合金、Ni-Cr-Al合金或不锈钢合金制成或组成。
优选地,所述镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为0.1-15wt%Mg、优选为0.1-12wt%Mg、更优选为0.1-10wt%Mg、甚至更优选为0.1-9wt%Mg、仍更优选为1-7wt%Mg、最优选为1-5wt%Mg。
煅烧后载体材料通常已经在700℃或更高、优选750℃或更高、更优选775℃或更高和最优选800℃或更高的温度下煅烧。
优选包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的煅烧后载体材料包含缺镁尖晶石。
按化学计量的天然或合成的镁铝尖晶石的通式为MgAl2O4,其对应于按Mg计16.9wt%的Mg含量(和其对应于氧化镁/氧化铝混合物MgO/Al2O3中按MgO计为28wt%)。在一些催化剂体系中应用混合的氧化镁/氧化铝作载体是已知的。但之前认为氧化镁和氧化铝形成均相混合氧化物,其中镁离子占据铝离子的晶格位,从而材料的X-射线结构不能与纯氧化铝的X-射线结构区分开(例如参见上文讨论的US-A-2003/125202)。
与现有技术中的假定不同,在本发明中已证实缺镁尖晶石结构的镁铝金属氧化物混合物在相对较低温度下对NO氧化、特别是通过增加NO2/NO比令人惊奇地表现出明显改进。这是特别有利的,因为能在更低温度下有效利用这种催化剂,特别是在要求轻型柴油机后处理系统工作温度变得更低时。这能够在更低温度下产生相同量的NO2,和因此产生对于任选的下游SCR催化剂更合适的NO2/NOx比。与目前可获得的相比,这明显改进了在更宽温度窗口下NOx还原的总效率。附加或替代地,这可能能够在更低的PGM负载下具有相同的NO氧化性能。煅烧包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的载体材料令人惊奇地倾向于促进缺镁尖晶石结构的形成。
优选载体材料不含大量锰。还优选载体材料不含大量镧。优选载体材料基本不含Mn和/或基本不含La。基本不含Mn或La,指载体材料中的含量为0.1wt%或更低、优选0.05wt%或更低。
载体材料优选为颗粒状载体材料。载体材料的d90颗粒粒度可以为20μm或更小(按常规激光衍射技术确定)。通常选择载体材料的颗粒粒度分布以有助于粘接到基质上。合适的颗粒粒度可以通过研磨获得。
整块基质包括壁流式整块基质。与流通式整块基质相比,壁流式整块基质由孔隙率更高和更精细控制的陶瓷制成,和壁流式过滤器中的相邻通道在每一端交替封堵,从而迫使气体流过用作过滤介质的多孔壁。壁流式整块基质通常包含入口端、出口端和由壁流式基质内壁定义的多个通道,其中轴向长度在入口端和出口端之间延伸。壁流式过滤器的通道在入口或出口端交替封堵,从而通道包括入口端开放和出口端封闭的入口通道及入口端封闭和出口端开放的出口通道。这使得排放气体物流从入口端进入通道,流过多孔通道壁和从引导至出口端的不同通道流出过滤器。排放气体物流中的颗粒被有效地捕集在过滤器中。因此,应用壁流式整块基质的很大优点在于所述基质用作非常有效地减小颗粒排放的过滤器基质。
原则上,所述整块基质可以为任何形状或尺寸。但通常选择过滤基质的形状和尺寸以优化催化剂中催化活性材料与排放气体的接触。
壁流式整块基质的孔隙率优选为40%或更大,优选45%或更大,更优选50%或更大,和最优选55%或更大。
这是有利的,因为相对高的孔隙率能使排放气体很好地流过整块基质的通道壁而不会不可接受地增加背压。
优选地,壁流式整块基质的孔的平均直径为10-25μm(由汞孔隙率测量确定)。这种范围的孔直径是有利的,和也适合于可以将催化剂和载体施涂于通道壁上的涂层涂覆,使用于催化活性的相对高的表面积成为可能,而不会不可接受地增加背压。
壁流式整块基质通常包括在其入口端的入口通道和在其出口端的出口通道,和优选地,所述氧化催化剂至少置于入口通道壁的上面或内部。通常在过滤器整块基质中,涂层粘接于壁内及壁上。
氧化催化剂可以包括置于基质上的多个层(例如2、3或4层)。但优选地,所述氧化催化剂包括置于基质上的单个层,更优选所述氧化催化剂包括置于其入口通道上或内部的单个层和/或置于其出口通道上或内部的单个层。
可以将氧化催化剂置于过滤用整块基质上,从而其延伸通过基本整个过滤用整块基质的轴向长度或替代地通过其轴向长度的10-90%。
铂族金属组分可以包括铂、钯、铑中的一种或多种或它们的混合物。但优选地,铂族金属组分包括铂和钯的混合物,更优选Pt:Pd的重量比为20:1-2:1、优选为15:1-5:1、更优选为12:1-8:1。
优选的是氧化催化剂中铂族金属的总负载为5-50gft-3,更优选为10-40gft-3,甚至更优选为12-30gft-3,和最优选为15-25gft-3
氧化催化剂的涂层负载量优选为0.1-2.0gin-3,更优选为0.1-1.5gin-3,甚至更优选为0.1-1.0gin-3,和最优选为0.1-0.8gin-3
因此,在第二方面,本发明提供用于内燃机(优选为压燃式发动机)的排气系统,所述排气系统包括本发明第一方面的催化烟尘过滤器。
所述排气系统优选还包括可置于过滤用整块基质(例如过滤用基质的其它部分)上或置于单独或不同的其它整块催化剂基质(优选为流通式整块基质)上的其它催化剂。
因此,所述氧化催化剂可以位于处于壁流式过滤器整块基质上的一个区内,和所述壁流式过滤器整块基质可以包括在氧化区下游一个区内的主动或被动选择性催化还原催化剂。替代地,所述排气系统可以包括在催化烟尘过滤器下游独立的整块基质上的主动或被动选择性催化还原催化剂。
所述选择性催化还原催化剂可以优选包含选自如下至少一种的金属:Cu、Hf、La、Au、In、V、镧系和第VIII族过渡金属如Fe,这种金属载带于耐高温氧化物或分子筛上。特别优选的金属为Ce、Fe和Cu以及它们中任意两种或更多种的组合。最优选地,所述SCR催化剂包含至少一种分子筛和铜源或铁源。
所述至少一种分子筛可以为铝硅酸盐沸石或SAPO。所述至少一种分子筛例如可以为小孔、中孔或大孔分子筛。“小孔分子筛”在这里指最大环尺寸为8的分子筛,如CHA、AEI、ERI或LEV;“中孔分子筛”在这里指最大环尺寸为10的分子筛,如ZSM-5;和“大孔分子筛”在这里指最大环尺寸为12的分子筛,如β。小孔分子筛对于在SCR催化剂中的用途来说通常是有利的。
在本发明中用作SCR催化剂的优选分子筛为选自如下的合成铝硅酸盐沸石分子筛:AEI、ZSM-5、ZSM-20、ERI(包括ZSM-34)、丝光沸石、镁碱沸石、BEA(包括β)、Y、CHA、LEV(包括Nu-3)、MCM-22和EU-1,优选为AEI或CHA,和二氧化硅与氧化铝的比为约10-50,如约15-40。
如果所述排气系统还包含主动SCR部分,优选的是所述排气系统还包括用于向选择性催化还原区上游的排放气体中注入含氮还原剂的注射器。
因此,可以在催化烟尘过滤器(CSF)基质和含选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂的基质之间设置含氮还原剂注射器。所述含氮还原剂例如可以为氨或其前体,优选为脲(例如在水溶液中)。
所述排气系统优选还包括在过滤用整块基质上游的柴油机氧化催化剂区。
优选地,将所述柴油机氧化催化剂置于流通式整块基质上。
流通式整块基质通常包括具有多个通道延伸通过其中的蜂窝状整块基质(如金属或陶瓷蜂窝状整块基质),其中所述通道在两端均开放。
因此,本发明的排气系统优选包括置于独立的流通式整块基质上的柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC),其中所述独立的流通式整块基质置于壁流式整块基质/催化烟尘过滤器的上游。因此,柴油机氧化催化剂的出口与本发明的催化烟尘过滤器的入口相连。
本发明的一个特别优选的排气系统包括DOC、置于壁流式整块基质/催化烟尘过滤器(本发明第一方面)上的氧化催化剂和选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂。这种排布可以称作DOC/CSF/SCR和可以用于重型柴油车或轻型柴油车,优选用于轻型柴油车的排气系统。
所述排气系统还可以包括贫NOx捕集催化剂。所述氧化催化剂可以在置于壁流式过滤器整块基质上的一个区内,所述壁流式过滤器整块基质包括在氧化区下游的一个区内的贫NOx捕集催化剂。替代地,在独立的整块基质上的贫NOx捕集催化剂可以位于催化烟尘过滤器的上游或下游。
因此,在第三方面,本发明提供包括内燃机(优选为压燃式发动机)和本发明第二方面的排气系统的车辆。
压燃式发动机可以为均质充量压燃式(HCCI)发动机或预混合充量压燃式发动机(PCCI)或更传统的进气口燃料喷射型压燃式发动机。
所述车辆可以为轻型柴油车(LDV),如在美国或欧洲立法中定义的。轻型柴油车的重量通常<2840kg,更优选<2610kg。
在美国,轻型柴油车(LDV)指总重量<8,500磅(US lbs)的柴油车。在欧洲,术语轻型柴油车(LDV)指(i)除了驾驶员座位外不超过8座且最大重量不超过5吨的乘用车,和(ii)货物最大重量不超过12吨的载货车。
替代地,所述车辆可以为重型柴油车(HDV),如按美国立法定义,总重量>8,500磅(US lbs)的柴油车。
在第四方面,本发明提供处理内燃机(优选压燃式发动机)的排放气体的方法,所述方法包括使排放气体流过第一方面所讨论的整块催化剂。优选所述方法用于氧化NO为NO2和/或CO为CO2和/或HC为CO2和H2O。
在第五方面,本发明提供制备催化烟尘过滤器的方法,所述方法包括提供包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的煅烧后载体材料组分、制备含铂族金属组分和煅烧后载体材料组分的涂层和将所述涂层施涂到壁流式过滤器整块基质上,所述镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为15wt%Mg或更小。
如针对第一方面所讨论的,载体材料优选已经在700℃或更高、优选为750℃或更高、更优选为775℃或更高、和最优选800℃或更高的温度下煅烧。
同样,如针对第一方面所讨论的,如果煅烧后载体材料(和特别是镁铝金属氧化物混合物)的比表面积为250m2g-1或更小,则是有利的。
应用涂覆过程制备整块基质的通用方法在下文中阐述。应理解下文的方法可以改变,但仍在本发明范围内。
优选通过浆液化(例如在水中)制成载体的固体颗粒来进行涂层涂覆,从而使其颗粒粒度以平均直径或d90表示小于20μm。所述浆液优选包含4-40wt%固体,更优选6-30wt%的固体。也可以作为水溶性或水可分散化合物或复合物的混合物,向所述浆液中加入附加组分如稳定剂或促进剂。然后可以用所述浆液将所述基质涂覆一次或多次,从而在基质上沉积所需负载量的催化物质。
可以通过任何已知方法将铂族金属负载到载体涂覆的整块基质上,包括浸渍、吸附或与铂化合物(如硝酸铂)离子交换,但方便地作为可溶性铂族金属盐加入到涂层浆液中。
由以下结合描述本发明原理的附图和实施例的详细描述可以很明显看出本发明的上述和其它特征、特点和优点。
整个说明书中提到“一方面”指与包含在本发明至少一方面中的针对所述方面描述的特定特点、结构或特征。因此,在整个说明书的各个地方出现的术语“在一方面”不必全指相同的方面,也可以指不同的方面。另外,本发明任一方面的特定特点、结构或特征可以以任何合适方式组合,对本领域普通技术人员来说,这可以由本发明的一个或多个方面明显看出。
在这里提供的说明书中给出了多个具体细节。但应理解没有这些具体细节本发明也可以实施。在其它情况下,为了更清楚理解本说明书,没有详细描述公知的方法、结构和技术。
为了避免任何怀疑,在这里引用的所有现有技术文件均作为参考在这里全文引入。
为了更好地理解本发明,参考如下附图,其中:
图1示意性描述了用于压燃式(柴油)发动机的排气系统,和
图2示意性描述了用于压燃式(柴油)发动机的排气系统。
图3为实施例2中讨论的在新鲜条件下含3wt%Mg的镁-氧化铝样品粉末的XRD图谱。
图4为实施例3中讨论的含3wt%Mg的镁-氧化铝样品粉末在810℃下在烤箱内煅烧/老化2小时后的XRD图谱。
图1示意性给出了本发明的排气系统2。所述排气系统2包括涂覆有柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)的第一整块流通式蜂窝状基质4。第一整块基质/DOC4上游来自发动机(未示出)的排放气体通过入口10进入第一整块蜂窝状基质4和通过第一通道8流出第一整块基质4。然后在排出第二通道12前所述排放气体进入第二整块基质6,和在流出出口20前进入第三整块基质14。出口20的下游可以有其它催化区,或可以将排放气体排放到大气中。
第二整块基质6为具有蜂窝状结构的壁流式整块过滤器基质,带有许多小的、轴向通过基质的平行薄壁通道,其中壁流式基质的通道被交替封堵,以允许排放气体物流从入口进入入口通道22,然后流过多孔通道壁,和由引导至出口的出口通道26流出过滤器。第二整块基质6包含含下文实施例1所示催化组合物的氧化催化剂24,按照本发明其提供于第二整块基质6的入口通道22的壁上。因此,第二整块基质6为催化烟尘过滤器(CSF)。
第三整块基质14为流通式蜂窝状基质,其具有在基质的通道壁上提供的选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂。
图2示意性给出了本发明的排气系统32。排气系统32包括用柴油机氧化催化剂(DOC)涂覆的第一流通式整块蜂窝状基质34。如图1所示,第一整块基质/DOC 34上游的来自发动机(未示出)的排放气体通过入口40进入第一整块基质34和通过第一通道48流出第一整块基质34。然后在流出连接到含氮还原剂注射系统60的第二通道42前,所述排放气体进入第二整块基质36,然后进入第三整块基质44和然后流过出口50。出口50的下游可能有其它催化区,或可以将排放气体释放至大气。
通常如图1所示,第二整块基质36为具有蜂窝状结构的壁流式整块过滤器基质,带有许多小的轴向通过基质的平行薄壁通道,所述壁流式基质的通道交替封堵,以允许排放气体物流从入口进入入口通道52,然后流过多孔通道壁,和由引导至出口的不同出口通道56流出过滤器。第二整块基质36包含含下文实施例所示催化组合物的氧化催化剂54,按照本发明其提供于第二整块基质36的入口通道52的壁上。因此,第二整块基质36为催化烟尘过滤器(CSF)。
引导至第二通道42为通过阀62连接至用于向排放气体物流中注入含氮还原剂(例如脲或氨)的注射器系统60。第三整块基质44为具有在基质的通道壁上提供的SCR催化剂(例如Fe/β沸石)的流通式蜂窝状基质。
通过如下实施例进一步描述本发明,所述实施例只为描述目的。
对比例
在水中将二氧化硅-氧化铝粉末制浆,并研磨至d90<8μm。加入可溶性铂和钯盐,并搅拌浆液使其均匀。应用已有的涂覆技术将所得的涂层施用于3.0升孔隙率为42%、每平均英寸300个小孔和壁厚为0.012英寸的碳化硅壁流式过滤器基质上。然后在500℃下干燥和煅烧所述过滤器。所得催化烟尘过滤器的总PGM负载量为20g ft-3和Pt:Pd重量比为10:1。涂层负载量为0.3g in-3
实施例1
将含3wt%镁的镁-氧化铝粉末在850℃下煅烧3小时,然后在水中制浆并研磨至d90<8微米。加入可溶性铂和钯盐,并搅拌浆液至均匀。应用已有的涂覆技术将所得的涂层施用于3.0升孔隙率为42%、每平均英寸300个小孔和壁厚为0.012英寸的碳化硅壁流式过滤器基质。然后在500℃下干燥和煅烧所述过滤器。所得催化烟尘过滤器的总PGM负载量为20gft-3和Pt:Pd重量比为10:1。涂层负载量为0.3g in-3
载体材料表征
应用氮物理吸附(在-196℃)确定实施例中载体材料样品的比表面积和孔特性。
下表2给出了含3wt%镁(“M3”)的镁-氧化铝粉末的新鲜载体材料(未煅烧)以及相同材料在850℃下煅烧4小时后确定的表面积(N2)、总孔体积和平均孔径。
X-射线衍射(XRD)分析指识别晶体材料的技术。XRD图谱在PANalytical EMPYREAN粉末衍射仪上应用Cu K-α辐射在约10-90°的2-θ范围内测量。通过比对InternationalCentre for Diffraction Data pdf4+数据库的已知参比,分析所得的衍射图谱。
实施例2
应用含3wt%镁的新鲜镁-氧化铝样品制备粉末XRD样品。该样品的XRD图谱在图3中表示。
实施例3
应用含3wt%镁的镁-氧化铝样品在810℃下在烤箱内煅烧/老化2小时后制备粉末XRD样品。XRD图谱在图4中表示。
在图3中,实施例2的XRD图谱中出现了归属于勃姆石(AlO(OH))的峰,但没有归属于Mg尖晶石材料的峰。在图4中,实施例3的XRD图谱中出现了归属于缺Mg尖晶石组Mg0.4Al2.4O4的峰。因此,实施例3的材料为缺镁的。
氧化性能
将对比例和实施例1的催化剂在800℃下在烤箱中(用水)水热老化16小时。将它们用于安装在台上的2.0升涡轮增压柴油发动机。通过逐步增加发动机上的负载增加排放气体温度来测试催化活性。测量催化剂之前和之后排放气体的污染物浓度。通过达到50%转化率时的引燃温度(T50)确定对于CO和HC的氧化活性。在270℃下按转化率百分数确定NO氧化活性。对比例和实施例1的活性结果在表1中给出。
表1
Figure BDA0001693899850000131
表1中的结果表明实施例1的NO氧化活性大于对比例的活性。实施例1包含镁-氧化铝载体材料。在实施例1中应用的缺镁尖晶石结构表现出改进的NO氧化性能。实施例1相比于对比例还具有对于CO和HC来说更低的T50引燃温度。实施例1包含缺镁尖晶石和具有改进的CO和HC活性。
表2
Figure BDA0001693899850000132

Claims (27)

1.一种催化烟尘过滤器,其包括置于壁流式过滤器整块基质上的氧化NO为NO2和/或氧化CO为CO2和/或氧化HC为CO2和H2O的氧化催化剂,所述氧化催化剂包含铂族金属组分和包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的预煅烧载体材料,所述镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为0.1-3wt%Mg。
2.权利要求1的催化烟尘过滤器,其中预煅烧载体材料的比表面积为250m2g-1或更低。
3.权利要求2的催化烟尘过滤器,其中所述镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为0.1-1wt%Mg。
4.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的煅烧后载体材料包含缺镁尖晶石。
5.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中所述壁流式过滤器整块基质的孔隙率为40%或更大。
6.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中壁流式过滤器整块基质的孔的平均直径为10-25μm。
7.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中壁流式过滤器整块基质包含在其入口端的入口通道和在其出口端的出口通道,和其中所述氧化催化剂置于至少入口通道壁的上面或内部。
8.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中所述氧化催化剂置于壁流式过滤器整块基质上,从而延伸经过过滤用整块基质轴向长度的10-90%。
9.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中所述铂族金属组分包括铂、钯、铑或其中任意两种或更多种的混合物。
10.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中所述铂族金属组分包含Pt:Pd重量比为20:1-2:1的铂和钯的混合物。
11.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中氧化催化剂中铂族金属总负载为5-50gft-3
12.权利要求1-3任一项的催化烟尘过滤器,其中氧化催化剂的涂层负载量为0.1-2.0gin-3
13.一种用于内燃机的排气系统,所述排气系统包括权利要求1-12任一项的催化烟尘过滤器。
14.权利要求13的排气系统,其中所述氧化催化剂在置于壁流式过滤器整块基质上的一个区中,其中壁流式过滤器整块基质包含在氧化区下游一个区中的主动或被动选择性催化还原催化剂。
15.权利要求13的排气系统,包括在催化烟尘过滤器下游的独立整块基质上的主动或被动选择性催化还原催化剂。
16.权利要求14或15的排气系统,其中所述选择性催化还原催化剂包含分子筛和铜或铁促进剂。
17.权利要求14或15的排气系统,包括用于向选择性催化还原催化剂上游的排放气体中注入含氮还原剂的注射器。
18.权利要求13-15任一项的排气系统,包括在催化烟尘过滤器上游的包含柴油机氧化催化剂的独立整块基质。
19.权利要求18的排气系统,其中所述柴油机氧化催化剂置于流通式蜂窝状整块基质上。
20.权利要求13-15任一项的排气系统,其中所述氧化催化剂在置于壁流式过滤器整块基质上的一个区中,其中壁流式过滤器整块基质包含在氧化区上游或下游一个区内的贫NOx捕集催化剂。
21.权利要求13-15任一项的排气系统,包括在催化烟尘过滤器下游的独立整块基质上的贫NOx捕集催化剂。
22.包括内燃机和权利要求13-21任一项的排气系统的车辆。
23.一种处理内燃机排放气体的方法,包括使排放气体流过权利要求1-12任一项的催化烟尘过滤器。
24.权利要求23的方法,其中所述方法包括氧化NO为NO2和/或氧化CO为CO2和/或氧化HC为CO2和H2O的步骤。
25.一种制备整块催化剂的方法,所述方法包括:
提供包含镁铝金属氧化物混合物的煅烧后载体材料组分,镁铝金属氧化物混合物的镁含量按Mg计为0.1-3wt%Mg;
制备包含铂族金属组分和煅烧后载体材料组分的涂层,和
将所述涂层施涂到壁流式整块基质上。
26.权利要求25的方法,其中所述载体材料已经在800℃或更高的温度下煅烧。
27.权利要求25或26的方法,其中煅烧后载体材料的比表面积为250m2g-1或更小。
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GB2543849A (en) 2017-05-03
EP3370854A1 (en) 2018-09-12
RU2018120361A (ru) 2019-12-10
JP6836590B2 (ja) 2021-03-03
DE102016120814A1 (de) 2017-05-04
RU2751344C2 (ru) 2021-07-13
JP2019501758A (ja) 2019-01-24
KR20180078301A (ko) 2018-07-09
EP3370854B1 (en) 2021-06-30
BR112018008764A2 (pt) 2018-10-30
GB201519335D0 (en) 2015-12-16
US20170120192A1 (en) 2017-05-04
RU2018120361A3 (zh) 2020-02-05
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CN108367240A (zh) 2018-08-03
US10195566B2 (en) 2019-02-05

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