CN108353917B - 氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法,①取海藻酸钠固体或海藻酸钠固体与辅助材料得到质量浓度为0.5%‑3.5%的壁材水溶液,静置24小时备用;②将芯材氯化苦置于壁材水溶液中,加入适量乳化剂吐温80或吐温60、吐温20、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯,在高速乳化分散30‑60min,得到乳化液;③将得到的乳化液采用锐孔‑凝固法制备氯化苦胶囊。本发明产品解决了目前氯化苦施用过程中药剂损失量大,施用环境恶劣的问题。氯化苦胶囊剂型在施用过程中无异味,施药时人员无需特殊防护措施,该剂型生产工艺简便,生产成本低,胶囊包覆技术可以减少药剂挥发量,节约施药成本,具有显著的环境效益与经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法。
背景技术
作为一种常用的土壤熏蒸剂,氯化苦(三氯硝基甲烷)广泛应用于草莓、蔬菜及生姜等作物控制土传病虫害,其抑制病虫害效果显著。目前氯化苦的施药方法主要是采用人工注射药剂至土壤中,由于氯化苦的挥发性极强,具有强烈的催泪性,液体注射施药会导致部分氯化苦会散失到大气中,这不仅会降低药剂防治病虫害效果,也使施药作业环境恶劣,对环境和人类造成危害。为改善施药环境,减少氯化苦的散失,氯化苦的胶囊与固体颗粒剂型受到科研人员的极大关注。目前主要的工艺技术方法有:使用硅藻土、活性炭、活性氧化铝等对氯化苦吸附后包覆膜;制备氯化苦明胶软胶囊等。但是硅藻土、活性炭等对氯化苦的吸附量偏低,在施用过程中也需考虑其表面覆膜的溶解性等问题,因此在农业中鲜见应用。氯化苦明胶胶囊尽管在水中15分钟内可以溶解,但在农田土壤的正常湿度下其溶解破碎速率较慢,导致在使用过程中会出现熏蒸后部分胶囊未能按规定时间破碎而残留于土壤中,熏蒸结束后在作物种植过程中胶囊破损,导致种植环境空气质量恶劣。
本研究主要解决氯化苦胶囊制剂的控释问题,使其既能在有效时间内完全释放,在土壤中无残留,又可在保存及施用时氯化苦被完全包覆于胶囊膜材料中,无臭无味,施药人员无需佩戴复杂防护措施,改善施药环境。该剂型施用后通过水分的散失来控制氯化苦的释放,在施药规定时间15天内氯化苦释放完毕,不会影响农田种植时效。
发明内容
胶囊剂型一直是土壤熏蒸剂研究领域的关注热点,作为一种常用的熏蒸剂,氯化苦具有强烈的刺激性气味和高挥发性,现有施用技术主要为人工土壤注射,施用过程中氯化苦的大量散失不仅造成了药剂的浪费,施药环境恶劣,施药人员必须身着特殊防护服。本发明主要解决氯化苦注射施药过程中大量散失,而制成胶囊后氯化苦释放不稳定不可控的问题。
本发明主要采用锐孔-凝固浴法制备氯化苦胶囊剂型,氯化苦为芯材,海藻酸钠为壁材的主要材料,辅以明胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、阿拉伯胶、淀粉、魔芋粉、聚乙烯醇等(可以是其中一种或几种材料,也可以不加),凝固浴试剂采用氯化钙或乳酸钙。该剂型的制备过程如下:
准确称取定量的取海藻酸钠固体或质量比为1:1-8:1的海藻酸钠固体与辅助材料置于适量蒸馏水中,在恒温磁力器下加热搅拌15-45min后,得到质量浓度为0.5%-3.5%的混合壁材溶液,静置24小时备用。与此同时,精确称取定量的氯化钙或乳酸钙固体于500-1000mL蒸馏水,充分溶解得到质量浓度为1%-3%的凝固浴溶液,备用。将氯化苦置于混合壁材溶液中,芯材与壁材的质量比为1:1-1:3,加入适量乳化剂吐温80或吐温60、吐温20、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(取代度为0.0015-0.0030),在高速乳化分散30-60min,得到乳状液,可以采用气流式锐孔造粒装置或使用注射器抽取乳状液,在注射泵作用或人工施压下以一定速度向下推压,乳状液经不同规格的针头或尖嘴喷头克服黏滞力和表面张力,呈一定粒径的液滴落入盛有氯化钙或乳酸钙溶液的烧杯中,在搅拌下固化成不溶于水的氯化苦胶囊,过滤,取出球状的氯化苦胶囊,表面用去离子水清洗,置于塑料瓶或玻璃瓶中保存,瓶中倒入适量水使胶囊维持润胀状态。润胀状态下的氯化苦胶囊呈球状,其粒径为1-7mm。
锐孔-凝固浴法制备微胶囊是一种较为成熟的工艺,但该工艺中主要在挥发性不强的精油、农药或其他温敏性材料的包覆中使用,且目前所见文献与专利均是将得到的胶囊进行干燥,而未见置于水中润胀保存。在本发明中,采用锐孔-凝固浴法得到的氯化苦胶囊剂型是一种新剂型,且将得到的球形胶囊置于水中保存,壁材保持润胀状态,水在海藻酸钙凝胶中起到了充填剂和润胀剂的作用,有利于提高胶囊的强度,使之不易于在保存中由于相互挤压而破损。与其他农药不同的是,而氯化苦作为农田熏蒸剂在施用中是在短时间内作用于土壤,要求在定量时间内释放完毕,因此如何解决既能在一定时间稳定保存直至施放时包覆良好,又能在施放后固定时间内胶囊完全破裂释放出氯化苦这一问题成为该发明重点思考的关键。本发明的氯化苦胶囊在施放后,由于土壤中的水分远远小于其保存条件下的水分含量,因此,胶囊会在一天之后开始破裂,三到七天之内完全破损,且所采用的壁材均为可生物降解材料,对土壤无害且可在微生物作用下自然分解。
发明有益效果
本发明产品解决了目前氯化苦施用过程中药剂损失量大,施用环境恶劣的问题。氯化苦胶囊剂型在施用过程中无异味,施药时人员无需特殊防护措施,该剂型生产工艺简便,生产成本低,胶囊包覆技术可以减少药剂挥发量,节约施药成本,具有显著的环境效益与经济效益。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例3制备得到的存放在含水瓶中的氯化苦胶囊。
具体实施方式
下述非限定性实施例可以使本领域的普通技术人员更全面地理解本发明,但不以任何方式限制本发明。
实施例1
准确称量定量海藻酸钠置于烧杯中,加入蒸馏水在磁力搅拌器上搅拌24h充分溶解得到质量分数为1.5%的海藻酸钠溶液,备用。向海藻酸钠溶液中加入定量吐温-60(与海藻酸钠溶液质量比为1:100),搅拌均匀,按照1:3的油水比向其中加入定量的氯化苦,使用高速乳化分散机在4000r/min转速下分散20min混合均匀制成氯化苦乳液。用无水氯化钙与蒸馏水配制质量浓度为2%的氯化钙溶液作为凝固浴备用。用100mL注射器吸取配好的乳状液以恒定的压力将乳化液通过针管滴入氯化钙溶液中,造粒的过程始终伴随着搅拌。造粒结束后,将胶囊小球在氯化钙凝固浴中固化20min取出,用蒸馏水冲洗后置于装有适量水的塑料小瓶中,密封备用。制备的氯化苦胶囊是乳白色小球,润胀状态下平均粒径为3mm。经实验测定,该胶囊剂型氯化苦包埋率为90%,保存3月内包埋率没有明显下降。该胶囊在自然条件下存放(无水、室温)三天后胶囊囊壁变透明,胶囊破裂,内部氯化苦释放完毕。
实施例2
准确称量定量海藻酸钠与明胶(质量比为3:1)置于烧杯中,加入蒸馏水在磁力搅拌器上搅拌24h充分溶解得到质量分数为2%的海藻酸钠复合壁材溶液,备用。配制浓度为2.0%的乳酸钙溶液作为凝固浴,备用。向海藻酸钠溶液中加入定量吐温-60(与壁材溶液质量比为1:100),搅拌均匀,按照1:4的油水比向其中加入定量的氯化苦,使用用高速乳化分散机5000r/min高速乳化制成氯化苦乳液。用100mL注射器吸取配好的乳状液以恒定的压力将乳化液通过注射针管(30mL)滴入乳酸钙溶液中,造粒过程低速搅拌。造粒结束后,将球状的胶囊在凝固浴中固化30min取出,用蒸馏水冲洗后置于装有适量水的玻璃瓶中,密封,得到润胀状态下平均粒径为5mm的氯化苦胶囊。实验测定,氯化苦包埋率为93%,保存3月内包埋率没有明显下降。模拟农田土壤熏蒸条件下,将胶囊置于土壤中15cm处,上层覆盖熏蒸专用薄膜,观察胶囊破损状态。在自然条件下,胶囊一天后有25%左右出现明显破裂,大部分胶囊呈现给囊壁萎缩的状态,三天后所有胶囊均破裂。胶囊壁材在施用后三月内呈极小碎片(未种植作物条件下),已明显发生自然生物降解。
实施例3
与实施例2的不同之处在于:复合壁材浓度为1.5%(其中明胶与海藻酸钠质量比为1:3),乳化剂为吐温80,乳化速度4500r/min,乳化时间30min,采用2mL针管进行挤出,凝固浴氯化钙浓度2.0%,固化时间30min,所得胶囊平均粒径为3mm。
实施例4
与实施例1的不同之处在于:海藻酸钠浓度为1.5%,乳化剂是辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯(取代度为0.025,辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯与壁材溶液质量比为1:4,其用量较大是因为辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯不仅可以起到乳化作用,同时具有较好的成膜性,可以作用复合壁材使用),乳化速度3500r/min,乳化时间40min,凝固浴氯化钙浓度2.0%,固化时间50min,采用30mL注射针管进行挤出,所得胶囊平均粒径为4mm。
Claims (5)
1.氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法,其特征在于:
①取海藻酸钠固体或质量比为1:1-8:1的海藻酸钠固体与辅助材料置于适量蒸馏水中,配制得到质量浓度为0.5%-3.5%的壁材水溶液,静置24小时备用;
②向由①制备得到的壁材水溶液中,加入适量乳化剂吐温80或吐温60、吐温20、辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯,搅拌均匀,按照1:1-1:3的油水比向其中加入定量的芯材氯化苦,高速乳化分散30-60min,得到乳化液;
③将得到的乳化液采用锐孔-凝固法制备氯化苦胶囊;
①中所述辅助材料选自明胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、阿拉伯胶、淀粉、魔芋粉、甲基纤维素、壳聚糖、聚乙烯醇中的一种或几种;
③中,得到的氯化苦胶囊置于水中保存,润胀状态下的氯化苦胶囊呈球状,其粒径为1-7mm。
2.根据权利要求1所述的氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法,其特征在于:①中,取壁材置于适量蒸馏水中后,在恒温磁力器下加热搅拌15-45min后,得到质量浓度为0.5%-3.5%的壁材水溶液。
3.根据权利要求1所述的氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法,其特征在于:③中,采用气流式锐孔造粒装置或使用注射器抽取乳状液,在注射泵作用或人工施压下以一定速度向下推压乳状液,乳状液经不同规格的针头或尖嘴喷头克服黏滞力和表面张力,呈一定粒径的液滴落入盛有氯化钙或乳酸钙溶液的烧杯中,在搅拌下固化成不溶于水的氯化苦胶囊,过滤,取出球状的氯化苦胶囊,表面用去离子水清洗,置于塑料瓶或玻璃瓶中保存,瓶中倒入适量水使胶囊维持润胀状态。
4.根据权利要求3所述的氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法,其特征在于:③中,氯化钙或乳酸钙溶液的质量浓度为1%-3%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的氯化苦胶囊剂型的制备方法,其特征在于:辛烯基琥珀酸淀粉酯的取代度为0.0015-0.0030。
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