CN108306487A - 车辆中的可变电压转换器控制 - Google Patents

车辆中的可变电压转换器控制 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108306487A
CN108306487A CN201810022241.4A CN201810022241A CN108306487A CN 108306487 A CN108306487 A CN 108306487A CN 201810022241 A CN201810022241 A CN 201810022241A CN 108306487 A CN108306487 A CN 108306487A
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grid
vehicle
variable voltage
duty ratio
switch
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CN108306487B (zh
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徐帆
杨水涛
周彦
默罕默德·胡尔希德·阿拉姆
陈礼华
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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Ford Global Technologies LLC
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/02—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit
    • B60L15/08—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles characterised by the form of the current used in the control circuit using pulses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2045—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for optimising the use of energy
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/13—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines using AC generators and AC motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/10—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines
    • B60L50/15—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by engine-driven generators, e.g. generators driven by combustion engines with additional electric power supply
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/66—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/68—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/72—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/79—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/797—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H02P27/085—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation wherein the PWM mode is adapted on the running conditions of the motor, e.g. the switching frequency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
    • H02P6/14—Electronic commutators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P9/00—Arrangements for controlling electric generators for the purpose of obtaining a desired output
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/14—Boost converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/526—Operating parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
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    • H02J7/143—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from dynamo-electric generators driven at varying speed, e.g. on vehicle with multiple generators
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
    • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

本公开涉及车辆中的可变电压转换器控制。一种车辆电力系统可包括栅极驱动器，所述栅极驱动器被配置为：驱动与可变电压控制器的开关对应的牵引栅极和发电机栅极，使得所述栅极具有交替的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段。所述栅极可响应于吞吐量幅值下降到阈值以下而被驱动。所述栅极驱动器还可被配置为：响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值而驱动所述栅极，使得所述栅极中的一个的占空比为零。

Description

车辆中的可变电压转换器控制
技术领域
本公开涉及车辆中的可变电压转换器控制。
背景技术
电动车辆可包括多个电机以产生扭矩和电力。电机可具有逆变器，所述逆变器被配置为将直流电流转换成交流电流。具有两个电机的电动车辆可包括两个逆变器。所述逆变器可有公共的母线。母线可由高压电容器和可变电压转换器(VVC)供电。可变电压转换器可配置有在各个电机与电池之间汲取或馈送电力的开关。
发明内容
一种车辆电力系统可包括栅极驱动器，所述栅极驱动器被配置为：驱动与可变电压控制器的开关对应的牵引栅极和发电机栅极，使得所述栅极具有交替的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段。所述栅极可响应于吞吐量幅值下降到阈值以下而被驱动。所述栅极驱动器还可被配置为：响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值而驱动所述栅极，使得所述栅极中一个的占空比为零。
一种车辆可包括可变电压转换器(VVC)，所述可变电压转换器电连接到电池、牵引马达和发电机。所述可变电压转换器可具有电压转换器部分，所述电压转换器部分包括由栅极驱动器控制的开关。所述栅极驱动器可被配置为：以组合切换模式来对所述开关的栅极进行操作，使得与可变电压控制器的开关对应的牵引栅极和发电机栅极具有交替的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段。所述栅极驱动器可被配置为：以发电切换模式来对所述开关的栅极进行操作，使得所述牵引栅极的占空比为零。所述栅极驱动器可响应于可变电压转换器的功率吞吐量给电池进行再充电而以发电切换模式来操作。所述栅极驱动器可被配置为：以牵引切换模式来对所述栅极驱动器进行操作，使得所述发电机栅极的占空比为零。所述栅极驱动器可响应于可变电压控制器的功率吞吐量消耗电池而以牵引切换模式来对所述开关的栅极进行操作。
一种车辆电力系统可包括可变电压控制器，所述可变电压控制器被配置为：对与牵引模式和发电机模式相关联的开关进行切换，使得所述开关具有交替的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段。所述控制器可响应于吞吐量幅值下降到阈值以下而对所述开关进行切换。所述控制器可对所述开关进行切换，使得所述开关中的一个的占空比为零。所述控制器可响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值而对所述开关进行切换。
附图说明
图1是包括逆变器和可变电压转换器的车辆电驱动系统的示意图；
图2是具有被保持闭合的牵引栅极的可变电压转换器的示意图；
图3是具有被保持闭合的发电机栅极的可变电压转换器的示意图；
图4是示出在马达运行情况、发电情况和组合情况期间的栅极或开关状态的时序图；
图5A是描绘在马达运行阶段期间的电感器电流的示图；
图5B是描绘在发电阶段期间的电感器电流的示图；
图6是描绘可变电压控制器的操作的流程图；
图7是示出当IGBT栅极导通和截止时消耗的电流之间的差异的曲线图。
具体实施方式
在此描述了本公开的实施例。然而，应理解的是，所公开的实施例仅为示例，并且其它实施例可采用各种形式和替代形式。附图不必按比例绘制；一些特征可被夸大或最小化以示出特定组件的细节。因此，在此公开的具体结构和功能细节不应被解释为限制，而仅作为用于教导本领域技术人员以多种形式利用本发明的代表性基础。如本领域普通技术人员将理解的，参照任一附图示出和描述的各个特征可与在一个或更多个其它附图中示出的特征组合，以产生未被明确示出或描述的实施例。示出的特征的组合提供用于典型应用的代表性实施例。然而，与本公开的教导一致的特征的各种组合和变型可被期望用于特定的应用或实施方式。
混合动力车辆可包括多个电机以产生电力并推进车辆。电机可连接到逆变器，所述逆变器被配置为将电机所需的交流电流转换成电池所需的直流电流。多个电机可连接到公共母线(rail)。母线可由高压电容器和可变电压转换器供电。
可变电压转换器(VVC)可具有H桥结构或半H桥结构。可变电压转换器的开关可用于控制母线的电压。开关可由脉冲宽度调制信号进行驱动，以在母线上确立合适的电压。脉冲宽度调制导通时间段可在开关之间交替进行，使得通过开关的电流不交叉导电。在开关的导电导通时间段之间可能存在间隔、停止时间段或死区时间，以允许电压从开关栅极释放，这进一步防止了交叉导电。死区时间降低了可变电压转换器的效率，降低了控制精确度，并且对可变电压转换器的性能施加了限制。死区时间的消除允许增加可用于控制系统的占空比。例如，死区时间可将最大占空比限制为90％。死区时间的消除可允许控制器以95％的最大占空比来对开关进行操作。因此，通过消除死区时间可实现更大范围的电压。
当牵引马达和发电机被操作时，前面所述的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段可以是优选的。如果仅牵引马达或发电机在被使用，则可变电压转换器可通过仅对一个开关进行操作来调整开关方案以减少开关损耗。用于半桥的单个可变电压转换器开关的操作或者对H桥的一侧的操作可提供热损失的减少，并且消除对死区时间的需求。
例如，可变电压转换器的栅极驱动器或控制器可以以发电模式来被操作，在所述发电模式下，发电机开关以相同的脉冲宽度调制持续时间或占空比来被操作，而牵引开关被设置为停滞、关断状态。发电机开关也可具有不同的脉冲宽度调制占空比或由于死区时间的消除而增加的脉冲宽度调制占空比。
另外，可变电压转换器的栅极驱动器或控制器可以以牵引模式来被操作，在所述牵引模式下，牵引开关以相同的脉冲宽度调制持续时间或占空比来被操作，而发电机开关被设定为停滞、关断状态。牵引开关还可具有不同的脉冲宽度调制占空比或由于死区时间的消除而增加的脉冲宽度调制占空比。
进入三种模式中的一个可基于可变电压转换器的吞吐量幅值(throughputmagnitude)。吞吐量幅值可基于通过电阻器、电容器、电感器或其组合的电参数读数或者电阻器、电容器、电感器或其组合两端的电参数读数(例如，电压或电流)。例如，可对通过可变电压转换器的电感器的电流进行测量，以确定流过可变电压转换器的电流。电流的幅值和符号可确定模式。这意味着，如果电流高于设置的阈值，则可变电压转换器可消除死区时间，并对发电机开关或牵引开关进行操作。幅值可基于马达、发电机或其组合的最大额定功率来被设置。例如，马达可具有1000瓦的容量，吞吐量可以是该容量值的10％(或100瓦)。可变电压转换器可基于当前电流的符号来对特定的开关或开关组进行操作。例如，如果电流从电池流向牵引马达，则可变电压转换器可以以牵引模式来被操作。如果电流从发电机流向电池，则可变电压转换器可以以发电机模式来被操作。
现在参照图1，示出了用于车辆的电驱动系统100。尽管被示出为功率分流配置，但是电驱动系统100的配置可以是不同的。电驱动系统100包括牵引电池102和可变电压转换器104。可变电压转换器104通过升压转换器或降压-升压转换器配置从电池102汲取电力或将电力馈送给电池102。转换器104包括电容器106和电感器108。流过电感器108的电流iL被馈送到开关110、112。开关110、112可以交替的方式被操作，以对输出电容器114两端的电压进行控制。输出电容器114使常规的牵引马达逆变器116的母线124和发电机逆变器118的母线126的电压稳定下来。马达逆变器116包括由栅极驱动器128驱动的多个开关，以从输出电容器114产生交流电流。该交流电流驱动牵引马达120。发电机逆变器118对发电机122产生的能量进行转换，以通过可变电压转换器104馈送回电池102。
现在参照图2，示出了以牵引模式操作的可变电压转换器104。如本领域所知的，可变电压转换器的IGBT包括用于驱动每个开关的栅极的栅极驱动器板128。在牵引模式下，栅极驱动器板被配置为驱动牵引栅极，使得所述栅极中的一个的占空比为零。换言之，栅极驱动器信号的脉冲宽度被设置为零。操作开关112的占空比可被保持，使得在超过阈值吞吐量之后，操作不改变。在超过阈值之后，占空比也可被增加，这是因为不再需要用于防止交叉导电所需的死区时间。
现在参照图3，示出了以发电机模式运行的可变电压转换器104。如本领域所知的，可变电压转换器的IGBT包括用于驱动每个开关的栅极的栅极驱动器板128。在发电机模式下，栅极驱动器板被配置为驱动发电机栅极，使得所述栅极中的一个的占空比为零。换言之，脉冲宽度也被设置为零。操作开关110的占空比可被保持，使得在超过阈值吞吐量之后，操作不改变。在超过阈值之后，占空比也可被增加，这是因为不再需要用于防止交叉导电所需的死区时间。
现在参照图4，描绘了时序图200。图200包括指示可变电压转换器的吞吐量的吞吐量曲线206。可变电压转换器的吞吐量206被描绘为流过可变电压转换器的电感器的电流，并且可以以本领域技术人员已知的其它方式来被测量、计算或指示。例如，吞吐量可被计算为两个马达的电流使用量。作为另一个示例，吞吐量可由电池的荷电状态计算来指示。两个阈值202、204指示进入牵引模式和发电模式时的点。进入的模式可取决于吞吐量的符号。例如，正的吞吐量可能需要进入牵引切换模式，或者负的吞吐量可能需要进入发电机切换模式。在其它实施例中，进入的模式可取决于其它输入或其它指示。
继续参照图4，用于两个开关S1、S2中的每一个的脉冲宽度调制信号208、210被示出具有时间段214和死区时间212。如上所述，更多的开关可被用在用于提供牵引模式和发电机模式的多种配置中。如针对S1 208所示出的，当可变电压转换器的吞吐量206在阈值202、204之内时，脉冲宽度调制信号具有特定的宽度。在相同的时间段期间，用于S2 210的脉冲宽度调制信号的持续时间比用于S1 208的脉冲宽度调制信号的持续时间短，并且提供死区时间212以防止开关之间的交叉导电。可变电压转换器的吞吐量可超过阈值202，从而导致S1截止。这意味着，S2 210的栅极已进入仅S2 210被操作的隔离时间段。如图所示，在这些阶段期间，信号208脉冲宽度为零。这意味着，占空比为零。当S1截止时，S2 210的栅极驱动器信号可具有不同的脉冲宽度或占空比。
类似地，当可变电压转换器的吞吐量206在阈值202、204之内时，针对S2 210的脉冲宽度调制信号具有特定的宽度。在相同的时间段期间，针对S2210的脉冲宽度调制信号的持续时间比针对S1 208的脉冲宽度调制信号的持续时间短，并且提供死区时间212以防止开关之间的交叉导电。可变电压转换器的吞吐量可能超过阈值204，从而导致S2截止。这意味着S1 208的栅极已进入隔离时间段，在此隔离时间段期间，仅S1 208被操作。如图所示，在这些阶段期间，信号210脉冲宽度为零。这意味着，占空比为零。当S2截止时，S1 208的栅极驱动器信号可具有不同的脉冲宽度或占空比。
现在参考图5A至图5B，示出了电感器电流502、504。在图5A中，如上所述，由于仅对牵引开关进行操作，所以电感器电流不具有随着时间的负的分量。在图5B中，如上所述，由于仅对发电机开关进行操作，所以电感器电流不具有随着时间的正的分量。反向电流的减少提高了可变电压转换器和电驱动系统的整体效率。这意味着，防止开关改变状态防止了流过可变电压转换器的电感器的电流的符号发生改变。
现在参照图6，示出了流程图600。在步骤602中，控制器确定可变电压转换器的吞吐量。在步骤604中，控制器确定所述吞吐量是否小于预定阈值。如果所述吞吐量小于预定阈值，则在步骤606中，控制器保持互补模式、平衡模式或组合切换模式。在步骤608中，控制器确定所述吞吐量是正的还是负的。基于所述吞吐量的符号，控制器可在步骤610对牵引开关进行单独操作，或者在步骤612中对发电机开关进行单独操作。
现在参照图7，示出了用于半导体开关的不同操作模式的电流-电压曲线图700。仅对一个开关进行操作可减小非操作开关的二极管两端的电压压降。在牵引模式或发电模式期间，如曲线702所示并且与双操作曲线704相比，与非操作IGBT相关联的二极管两端的反向导电电压压降可被减小。这种减小导致电力节省。尽管硅二极管通常工作在0.7伏特左右，但是当IGBT栅极截止时，较高电流下的电压压降被稍微减小。因此，单个开关操作模式导致减小的电压压降和能耗的降低。
说明书中使用的词语为描述性词语而非限制性词语，并且应理解的是，可在不脱离本公开的精神和范围的情况下作出各种改变。如前所述，各个实施例的特征可被组合，以形成本发明的可能未被明确描述或示出的进一步的实施例。尽管各个实施例可能已被描述为提供优点或者在一个或更多个期望的特性方面优于其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式，但是本领域普通技术人员应认识到，一个或更多个特征或特性可被折衷，以实现期望的整体系统属性，期望的整体系统属性取决于具体的应用和实施方式。这些属性可包括但不限于成本、强度、耐久性、生命周期成本、可销售性、外观、包装、尺寸、可维护性、重量、可制造性、装配的容易性等。因此，被描述为在一个或更多个特性方面不如其它实施例或现有技术的实施方式的实施例并未在本公开的范围之外，而是可被期望用于特定的应用。

Claims (20)

1.一种车辆电力系统，包括：
栅极驱动器，被配置为：响应于吞吐量幅值下降到阈值以下，驱动与可变电压控制器的开关对应的牵引栅极和发电机栅极，使得所述栅极具有交替的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段，并且响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值，驱动所述栅极，使得所述栅极中的一个的占空比为零。
2.如权利要求1所述的车辆，其中，吞吐量基于由电连接至可变电压控制器(VVC)的马达从电池汲取的电力以及由电连接至可变电压控制器的发电机馈送到电池的电力。
3.如权利要求2所述的车辆，其中，所述阈值基于马达的最大额定功率。
4.如权利要求2所述的车辆，其中，所述阈值基于发电机的最大额定功率。
5.如权利要求2所述的车辆，其中，驱动所述栅极，使得所述栅极中的一个的占空比为零，防止流过可变电压控制器的电感器的电流的符号改变。
6.如权利要求1所述的车辆，其中，当吞吐量为负时，牵引栅极为所述栅极中的所述一个。
7.如权利要求1所述的车辆，其中，当吞吐量为正时，发电机栅极为所述栅极中的所述一个。
8.如权利要求1所述的车辆，其中，栅极驱动器还被配置为：响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值，设置所述栅极中的另一个的占空比。
9.如权利要求1所述的车辆，其中，栅极驱动器还被配置为：响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值，将所述栅极中的所述一个的占空比设置为隔离时间段，所述隔离时间段大于所述导通时间段。
10.如权利要求9所述的车辆，其中，栅极驱动器还被配置为：响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值，将所述栅极中的所述一个的占空比设置为隔离时间段，所述隔离时间段等于所述导通时间段和所述开关的导通时间段之间的死区时间的总和。
11.一种车辆，包括：
可变电压转换器(VVC)，电连接到电池、牵引马达和发电机，且并具有电压转换器部分，所述电压转换器部分包括由栅极驱动器控制的开关，其中，所述栅极驱动器被配置为：
响应于可变电压转换器的功率吞吐量被平衡，以组合切换模式来对所述开关进行操作，使得所述电压控制器部分的开关的牵引栅极和发电机栅极具有交替的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段；
响应于可变电压转换器的功率吞吐量对电池进行再充电，以发电切换模式来对栅极驱动器进行操作，使得所述牵引栅极的占空比为零；
响应于可变电压转换器的功率吞吐量消耗电池，以牵引切换模式来对栅极驱动器进行操作，使得所述发电机栅极的占空比为零。
12.如权利要求11所述的车辆，其中，所述栅极驱动器以组合切换模式在所述牵引栅极的独立占空比与所述发电机栅极的独立占空比之间交替。
13.如权利要求11所述的车辆，其中，所述牵引栅极的占空比的持续时间大于相应的导通时间段。
14.如权利要求13所述的车辆，其中，所述牵引栅极的占空比等于相应的导通时间段与和所述相应的导通时间段相关联的死区时间的总和。
15.如权利要求11所述的车辆，其中，所述发电机栅极的占空比的持续时间大于相应的导通时间段。
16.如权利要求15所述的车辆，其中，所述发电机栅极的占空比等于与相应的导通时间段与和所述相应的导通时间段相关联的死区时间的总和。
17.如权利要求11所述的车辆，其中，可变电压转换器的功率吞吐量被平衡是基于马达的额定功率和发电机的额定功率的。
18.如权利要求17所述的车辆，其中，可变电压转换器的功率吞吐量对电池进行再充电是基于马达的额定功率和发电机的额定功率的。
19.如权利要求17所述的车辆，其中，可变电压转换器的功率吞吐量消耗电池是基于马达的额定功率和发电机的额定功率的。
20.一种车辆动力系统，包括：
可变电压控制器，被配置为：响应于吞吐量幅值下降至阈值以下，对与牵引模式和发电机模式相关联的开关进行切换，使得所述开关具有交替的脉冲宽度调制导通时间段，并且响应于吞吐量超过所述阈值，对所述开关进行切换，使得所述开关中的一个的占空比为零。
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