CN1082942A - 硬化的多孔性硝酸铵颗粒 - Google Patents
硬化的多孔性硝酸铵颗粒 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C01C1/18—Nitrates of ammonium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
- C06B31/28—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate
- C06B31/30—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with vegetable matter; with resin; with rubber
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B45/00—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product
- C06B45/18—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component
- C06B45/30—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an inorganic explosive or an inorganic thermic component
- C06B45/32—Compositions or products which are defined by structure or arrangement of component of product comprising a coated component the component base containing an inorganic explosive or an inorganic thermic component the coating containing an organic compound
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- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明的提供通过硝酸铵与一种官能活性聚合
物的结合来制备硬化硝酸铵的方法。官能活性聚合
物本身作为外壳与硝铵结合或与硝酸铵混合。本发
明用于炸药行业的硬化硝酸铵的制备是有效的。
Description
本发明涉及硬化硝酸铵颗粒而不影响其它重要物理性能的方法。
硝酸铵领域的一个问题是疏松度要求与硬度要求两者间的矛盾。对应“用于炸药的颗粒尤其如此。硝酸铵也可另作它用如肥料，这时疏松度不是一个重要性质，事实上，是不希望有的。由于硬度与溶解率有关，所以对化肥来说硬度是很重要的。因此，硬度对于炸药和肥料的应用来说是很重要的。本领域技术人员通常知道，相当一段时间以来，贮存和/或运输至最终使用的目的地颗粒的硬化是本领域的一个难题。
散状硝酸铵的硬度通常用抗压强度来定义，通过在散状物上施加恒定压力至散状物被压碎或爆裂来测量。通常用可通过水银比重计测量的颗粒密度来确定疏松度。
本发明使硝酸铵技艺进一步推进到应用聚合物、有机、无机和/或将其结合起来应用以生产原有技艺没有的一种硬化硝酸铵。本发明的硝酸铵可用于任何硬度是重要性质的应用领域。对用于炸药和化肥领域的颗粒更是如此。
硬化硝酸铵由单官能和/或多官能活性聚合物和硝酸铵的构成。官能活性聚合物可以由平均分子量在约200到700000范围的有机聚合物构成。分子量最好是在约10000到200000的范围。最合适的是分子量在约60000到150000。本发明的聚合物可由同系物和/或其中二者的组合构成。所有有机类聚合物在下文都设想为有用的和有效的。聚合物如聚丙烯酸、乙烯基聚合物、苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯、甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯、丙烯酸，其共聚物，如顺丁烯二酸酐和聚苯乙烯，及其组合和/或其中两者的组合。较好的是聚丙烯酸，苯乙烯，聚苯乙烯，其混合物和/或其中两个的混合物，最好的是聚苯乙烯。这里的聚合物可以是交联的、支链的、直链的、均聚物和/或它们的混合物和/或其中两个的混合物。
提供给聚合物基团的官能活性可称为结合体。结合体意指在聚合物单元中和/或用它联结的任何有效的官能团，因此而可与硝酸铵和/或在其上形成膜，离子与硝酸铵相结合，吸附在硝酸铵表面上，与硝酸铵的物理化学活性，其混合物和/或任何使硝酸铵与上文所述任何聚合两者间能交流的化学或物理作用力。
功能活性直接与硝酸铵的晶粒有关。这种联系取决于上述作用机理，并使聚合物与硝酸铵之间可以交流。在整个聚合物/硝酸铵的界面上，它们之间的交流不需要连续，因此这两种物质之间可以是不连续的。本发明已经观察到聚合物与硝酸铵之间的交流有连续的、不连续的及它们的混合和/或两者之间的。既有连续又有非连续的交流更好。
促使交流的活性官能团由一些无机物、有机物及它们之间的结合和/或两者之间的结合构成。无机物可以由一些含氧衍生物如：硝酸盐，硫酸盐，磺酸盐，磷酸盐，亚磷酸盐，膦酸盐和任何有效的含氧基团构成，也可以由元素周期表的第一，第二，第三过渡区的含氧衍生物组成。其中硫酸盐，磺酸盐，磷酸盐以及膦酸盐比较好，磺酸盐和/或膦酸盐最好。有机物可以是一些羧酸盐，胺类，羟基化合物，季胺类化合物及其二种和/或三种的组合，和/或它们的组合和/或两者之间的组合。其中，羧酸盐，胺类及季胺类化合物较好，最好的是胺类和/或季胺类化合物。这些官能团中有用的组合是：磺酸盐和胺类，磺酸盐和羧酸盐，膦酸盐和胺类，膦酸盐和羧酸盐，硫酸盐和羧酸盐及上述组合的组合。
活性官能团可以作为原子团引入到聚合物中，或随后形成，或者以某种离子的形式引入，如一部分、其前体和/或其结合物和/或两者之间的结合物。官能活性基团最好以原子团的形式引入到聚合物中。官能活性基团加入量可以是硝酸铵的0.0001-10.0%，溶解的优于开始结晶的。其中功能活性基团的加入量为0.0005-5.0重量%比较好，加入量为0.01-1.0重量%最好。
官能活性基团盐衍生物，如磺酸盐和硫酸盐，可以制备成为聚合物和功能活性基团的结合物。这些盐中以一价盐、聚苯乙烯磺酸盐、聚乙烯磺酸盐、聚苯乙烯与马来酸酐的共聚物为最佳。
在聚合物与活性基团之间也可引入一连接基团。这种连接基团可以是最多含有八个碳原子的烃类化合物。本发明期望得到八个碳原子的直链烃。当然线型的更长的连接基团也是可行的。连接基团便得聚合物与官能活性基团之间的距离加大，加入其它种类的连接基团也可能出现这种距离的延伸产生的优点，但是从功能上来说，基团的作用类似。
本发明比较优选的实例可用下式说明：
其中 Y＝连接基团
R＝氢或甲基
n＝0-8
m＝3-3000（整数）
x＝碱金属，铵，氢
本发明的一个优点是它的成膜能力。采用先有技术合成的硝酸铵，可利用本发明的技术成膜，形成一种具有较强硬度的粒状AN核/壳结构或其它形态。核芯主要由AN或AN和一些本领域技术人员熟知的其它普通的炸药和/或化肥的结合物构成。聚合物形成的外壳具有有利于变化产生一种有可变密度和/或硬度的特性。可变密度是指单层和/或多层地将在预先制备好的散状颗粒上而形成一系列不同的密度。可以使外壳的密度与核心的密度匹配，也可以使壳的密度相对于核心的密度有增有减。对于炸药产品，AN颗粒的密度是一个重要的特性参数。外壳的密度变化可以从0.5-1.7。另外，壳的密度随着AN颗粒上的多层膜的结构而变化。既可以提供一种具有数层膜但密度相同的壳，又可以提供一种具有数层膜但密度不同的壳。
壳的厚度可以是0.1毫米到几个毫米。外壳的组成既可以是官能活性聚合物，又可以是官能活性聚合物与AN的结合物。壳的结构可以由小颗粒和/或散状颗粒组成。另外，不要求聚合物壳连续，正如上述提及的，壳最好是连续与不连续的膜的混合。通过调整AN产品，使得它们能够抵抗某些环境因素的影响，环境因素会使AN颗粒先去商业上的实用性。由此可以认识到加在预先制备的AN核上的聚合物外壳的优点。特定环境因素会使AN颗粒的搁置寿命降低，如湿度和与放置以及装运环境有关的机械磨损。本发明使得颗粒硬度增强，以便延长其搁置寿命。
本发明可用来制造颗粒核芯。正如本领域的专业技术人员所知，在颗粒形成过程中，AN本身绕晶形成AN颗粒，如果引入官能活性聚合物，颗粒就能保证其疏松度，以及增强整个颗粒的硬度。这种改善使颗粒仍具有上文提及的相同的搁置寿命的优点。并且因聚合物引入颗粒，使密度发生变化，从而具有因密度变化而形成的可变性。
将本发明的产品与柴油混合，可以形成乳胶体。AN颗粒可与各种比例如：30%，45%，60%，75%的乳胶体混合，这里的乳胶体由80%AN水溶液，0.7%PIBSA（二乙醇胺衍生物），0.7%一油酸脱水山梨醇酯和4.6%柴油（均为重量百分比）组成。在较低剪切混合条件下，形成乳胶体，胶体颗粒的直径约为5微米。
综上所述，本发明重要是将聚合物盐和硝酸铵在溶剂中搅拌混匀，比如在水中混匀，加热混合物使其溶解，形成组合物。通过一些方法分离提取组合物，缓慢冷却至室温，最终生成散状颗粒和/或小颗粒。
下面进一步介绍本发明。
实施例1：
本例中，将900克商品AN加入40克水和10克含0.2%聚苯乙烯磺酸钠（SPSS）水溶液中，聚苯乙烯磺酸钠的分子量为75000（Aldrich Chemcials，Milwaukee WI），然后将混合液倒入带有加热会管的容器中，在130℃下溶解形成溶液，然后将滤液喷洒在1公斤新制备的热（50°-70℃）AN颗粒上，在一带有加热器套管的转动盘中，喷酒10-15分钟，喷酒完毕后，通过蒸汽加容器，以便赶走颗粒上的水份。经过30-40分钟。温度降至室温。这样就生成了具有多孔性，高硬度，低脆性的AN小颗粒。
实施例2：
本例中，除加入0.3%SPSS到AN溶液中外，其余操作与实例1相同，这样得到的AN颗粒具有同样的优点。
实施例3：
本例中，与实施例1不同之处是：将1187.5克AN，50克水和12.5克分子量为130000的SPSS（National Starch Chemical，New Jersey）加入容器中反应，其余步骤与实施例1相同。
实施例4：
本例与实例1不同之处是：加入15克20%的聚磺酸乙烯酯水溶液，聚磺酸乙烯酯的含量为0.3%，分子量为70000（Air Products，PA）。
实施例5：
本例是本发明用于颗粒制造的一个实施例。在140℃下，将95%AN，1%SPSS（20%的水溶液）和4%水加入一容量为200公斤的容器中，加热混合，然后此混合液用泵打到高为8米的粒化塔的过热容器中，以喷淋的方式通过一振动筛网板，生成平均直经为1.7毫米的液滴束。这样形成的液滴再下滴，通过运动的气流，在运行过程中被固化，固化的液滴就是散状颗粒。
下面介绍测定本发明的性能的方法。
小颗粒/散状颗粒的粒子密度可通过水银比重计来测量，单位为克/厘米3。通过此技术所以得到半定量的结果。当被测样品与参比样品进行对比的时续，此技术是很优越的。样品放入比重计后，水银受压位移，被测样品端与无样品端压体积差就可用来确定样品密度。
抗压强度用来表明颗粒的硬度。其测量方法为：在被测样品上加连续的压力至样品碎裂或粉碎，然后测量粉末。通过Digiol Measurement Metrology Inc.in Canada的TSDC Chatillor可以得到抗压强度的数据，单位为磅。
脆性是表征硝酸铵本身耐磨性的参数。耐磨性与硝酸铵本身的表面晶格的致密度有关。其测量方法是：被测物质通过一空气旋流器，产生粉末，通过粉未精细度的测量就可确定脆性度。此法是一种经典的测量方法，已为此行的专业技术人员掌握，并通过此法可以测量表面硬度。
下表给出本发明的试验结果：
实施例 抗压强度 脆性 粒子密度
1 5.7-6.8 0.5-3.5 1.17
3 6-6.72 0.5-3.5 1.18
4 3.8 5-8
对比例
1A 2.1 18 1.23
3A 2-3 -- 1.46
4A 2-3 -- 1.46
从此表可知，对于那些用活性基团聚合物处理的样品，其硬度或抗压强度增加。这是因为样品能够承受较大的抗压重量。相对于对照样品，上述样品的硬度是对照样品硬度的2-3倍。应该注意本发明样品的密度比对照样品的硬度低许多，由此可知不能从密度来推知硬度。
Claims (26)
1、一种和/或多种官能活性聚合物与硝酸铵共同构成的硬化的硝酸铵。
2、权利要求1的硬化的硝酸铵，其中所述官能活性聚合物由平均分子量为200-700000的有机聚合物构成。
3、权利要求1的硬化的硝酸铵，其中所述官能活性聚合物由平均分子量为10000-200000的有机聚合物构成。
4、权利要求1的硬化的硝酸铵，其中所述官能活性聚合物由平均分子量为60000-150000的有机聚合物构成。
5、权利要求2的聚合物，其中所述聚合物可选择丙烯酸类，乙烯聚合物，苯乙烯，聚碳酸酯，甲基丙烯酸酯，聚丙烯，烯丙酸及其共聚物如：马来酸酐和聚苯乙烯的共聚物，还有它们之间和/或两者之间的组合物。
6、权利要求2的聚合物，其中所述聚合物可选择丙烯酸类，苯乙烯，聚苯乙烯以及它们之间和/或两者之间的组合物。
7、权利要求2的聚合物是聚苯乙烯。
8、权利要求2的聚合物，其中所述聚合物是交联的，支化的，线性的，均聚的以及它们之间和/或两者之间的组合。
9、权利要求1的聚合物，其中功能活性可由无机基团构成，无机基团可以是：硝酸根，硫酸根，磺酸根，磷酸根，亚磷酸根，膦酸根及它们之间和/或两者之间的结合。
10、权利要求1的聚合物，其中功能活性由磺酸根和/或膦酸根组成。
11、权利要求1的聚合物，其中功能活性由有机基团构成，有机基团可以是羧酸酯，胺，羟基化合物，叔胺类及它们之间和/或两者之间的组合。
12、权利要求1的聚合物，其中所述官能活性由胺和/或季胺构成。
13、一种和/或多种官能活性聚合和硝酸铵生成的硬化的硝酸铵是一种核/壳的形式。
14、权利要求13的外壳由功能活性聚合物构成。
15、权利要求14的形成外壳的聚合物由聚苯乙烯磺酸盐，聚乙烯磺酸盐，及聚苯乙烯磺酸盐与马来酸酐的共聚物构成。
16、权利要求14的核芯由一种炸药和/或肥料组成。
17、权利要求14的核芯是预先制备好的，并加壳调整的硝酸铵。
18、权利要求1的功能活性聚合物由一种动能活性基团构成。
19、权利要求18的功能活性基团是一种原子团和/或一部分原子团。
20、权利要求18的功能活性聚合物和功能活性基团，其中聚合物和基团被一连接基团连接。
21、权利要求13中提及的核/壳，通过一功能活性基团相连接，功能活性基团由聚苯乙烯磺酸盐，聚乙烯磺酸盐，和/或聚苯乙烯磺酸盐和马来酸酐的共聚物构成。
22、权利要求13的外壳是连续的、不连续的及它们之间的某种结合和/或两者之间的结合。
23、权利要求13的核芯，其中所述核芯是一种AN散状颗粒。
24、权利要求1的硬化的硝酸铵，其中所述硬化硝酸铵是一种由硬化硝酸铵和柴油组成的乳胶体。
25、权利要求1的硬化的硝酸铵，其中所述硬化的硝酸铵是一种散状颗粒。
26、权利要求1的硬化的硝酸铵，其中所述硬化的硝酸铵是一种炸药。
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| US87872092A | 1992-05-04 | 1992-05-04 | |
| US878,720 | 1992-05-04 |
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| US (2) | US5597977A (zh) |
| EP (1) | EP0569118B1 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100240309B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN1042302C (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU662810B2 (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2093727C (zh) |
| DE (1) | DE69326033D1 (zh) |
| FI (1) | FI931908A (zh) |
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| NO (1) | NO931584L (zh) |
| ZA (1) | ZA932812B (zh) |
| ZW (1) | ZW4993A1 (zh) |
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| US5567910A (en) * | 1994-05-25 | 1996-10-22 | Ici Canada Inc. | Coating for ammonium nitrate prills |
| US6319683B1 (en) * | 1996-04-12 | 2001-11-20 | Intergen Company | Method and composition for controlling formaldehyde fixation by delayed quenching |
| US6072086A (en) * | 1996-04-12 | 2000-06-06 | Intergen Company | Method and composition for controlling formaldehyde fixation by delayed quenching |
| US5847315A (en) * | 1996-11-29 | 1998-12-08 | Ecotech | Solid solution vehicle airbag clean gas generator propellant |
| GB9811824D0 (en) | 1998-06-03 | 1998-07-29 | Cooper John | Modified ammonium nitrate |
| US6632378B1 (en) | 2000-03-03 | 2003-10-14 | Alliant Techsystems Inc. | Nitrate ester plasticized energetic compositions, method of making and rocket motor assemblies containing the same |
| WO2002049991A2 (en) * | 2000-12-19 | 2002-06-27 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Aminosulfonate product-treated nitrogen-containing salt particles |
| CA2464278A1 (en) * | 2004-04-08 | 2005-10-08 | Christopher Preston | Ammonium nitrate blasting agent and method of production |
| CA2503819C (en) * | 2004-04-08 | 2014-01-21 | Nexco Inc. | Method of producing ammonium nitrate crystals |
| EP1772444A1 (en) * | 2005-10-10 | 2007-04-11 | Solutia Europe N.V./S.A. | Stabilized filler and fertilizer containing same |
| CN104557348B (zh) * | 2015-02-05 | 2017-04-19 | 内蒙古鄂托克旗盛安九二九化工有限责任公司 | 一种含水铵油炸药及其制备工艺 |
| US11919831B2 (en) | 2019-02-05 | 2024-03-05 | Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited | Phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate prills and related products and methods |
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| US3395055A (en) * | 1959-03-26 | 1968-07-30 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Method of making a hybrid liquid-solid propellant system with encapsulated oxidizingagent and metallic fuel |
| US3112233A (en) * | 1960-05-26 | 1963-11-26 | Jersey Prod Res Co | Drilling fluid containing explosive composition |
| US3190775A (en) * | 1960-11-14 | 1965-06-22 | Union Carbide Corp | Treated ammonium nitrate |
| GB1025694A (en) * | 1962-02-19 | 1966-04-14 | North American Aviation Inc | Polymer coating of solid particles |
| US3366468A (en) * | 1965-02-10 | 1968-01-30 | Samuel J. Porter | Method of desensitizing fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate and the product obtained |
| US3480488A (en) * | 1966-08-01 | 1969-11-25 | United Aircraft Corp | Self-regulating coating process for propellant materials |
| US3830672A (en) * | 1966-08-30 | 1974-08-20 | Aerojet General Co | Solid porous, coated oxidizer, method of preparation and novel propellant compositions |
| AU433266A (en) * | 1967-04-17 | 1968-10-21 | Thestate Rivers And Water Supply Commission | Automatic flood irrigation systems and gate assemblies therefor |
| US3856933A (en) * | 1968-03-04 | 1974-12-24 | Dow Chemical Co | Pyrotechnic disseminating system |
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| NL6911452A (en) * | 1969-07-25 | 1971-01-27 | Resin coating of powdered compounding additives - for better dispersion into plastics | |
| US3816191A (en) * | 1970-05-04 | 1974-06-11 | Dow Chemical Co | Method of making calcium nitrate explosive composition |
| US3770390A (en) * | 1971-02-26 | 1973-11-06 | Dow Chemical Co | Crystal habit modification of inorganic salts using polymeric sulfonates or sulfates |
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| NZ185663A (en) * | 1976-11-29 | 1980-05-08 | Ici Australia Ltd | Explosive compositions-explosive componentlocated in and immobilised by a rigid foamednon-explosive matrix |
| ATE6245T1 (de) * | 1979-11-05 | 1984-03-15 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Zusammensetzung einer explosiven aufschlaemmung und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung. |
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-
1993
- 1993-03-03 GB GB9304292A patent/GB2266724A/en not_active Withdrawn
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- 1993-03-03 EP EP93301593A patent/EP0569118B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-04-05 AU AU36747/93A patent/AU662810B2/en not_active Expired
- 1993-04-08 CA CA002093727A patent/CA2093727C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-04-08 ZW ZW49/93A patent/ZW4993A1/xx unknown
- 1993-04-21 ZA ZA932812A patent/ZA932812B/xx unknown
- 1993-04-23 MY MYPI93000745A patent/MY110036A/en unknown
- 1993-04-28 FI FI931908A patent/FI931908A/fi unknown
- 1993-04-30 NO NO93931584A patent/NO931584L/no unknown
- 1993-05-04 CN CN93104965A patent/CN1042302C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-05-04 KR KR1019930007684A patent/KR100240309B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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1995
- 1995-10-25 US US08/547,989 patent/US5597977A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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| US5597977A (en) | 1997-01-28 |
| AU662810B2 (en) | 1995-09-14 |
| CA2093727A1 (en) | 1993-11-05 |
| AU3674793A (en) | 1993-11-11 |
| US6398888B2 (en) | 2002-06-04 |
| KR930023275A (ko) | 1993-12-18 |
| NO931584D0 (no) | 1993-04-30 |
| EP0569118A1 (en) | 1993-11-10 |
| NO931584L (no) | 1993-11-05 |
| GB9304292D0 (en) | 1993-04-21 |
| US20010000200A1 (en) | 2001-04-12 |
| KR100240309B1 (ko) | 2000-01-15 |
| GB2266724A (en) | 1993-11-10 |
| FI931908A0 (fi) | 1993-04-28 |
| MY110036A (en) | 1997-11-29 |
| DE69326033D1 (de) | 1999-09-23 |
| ZA932812B (en) | 1993-11-04 |
| CA2093727C (en) | 2004-06-22 |
| ZW4993A1 (en) | 1993-12-22 |
| FI931908A (fi) | 1993-11-05 |
| CN1042302C (zh) | 1999-03-03 |
| EP0569118B1 (en) | 1999-08-18 |
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