CN108289858A - 用于治疗肿瘤性皮肤疾病的瑞喹莫特局部可注射组合物 - Google Patents
用于治疗肿瘤性皮肤疾病的瑞喹莫特局部可注射组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108289858A CN108289858A CN201680049999.6A CN201680049999A CN108289858A CN 108289858 A CN108289858 A CN 108289858A CN 201680049999 A CN201680049999 A CN 201680049999A CN 108289858 A CN108289858 A CN 108289858A
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Abstract
公开了用于治疗病毒性皮肤疾病、癌前和癌性皮肤疾病和其他肿瘤的组合物和方法。
Description
优先权声明
本申请要求于2016年6月30日提交的美国临时申请号62/186,931的优先权,如同全文阐述,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及皮肤病学和肿瘤学领域。更具体地,本发明提供了用于治疗非癌性皮肤病变、癌前皮肤病变、皮肤和其它组织的原发性和转移性肿瘤的含有瑞喹莫特的组合物。
背景技术
整篇说明书中引用了若干出版物和专利文献,以描述本发明所属领域的状态。如同全文阐述,这些引用中的每一个均都通过引用并入本文。
皮肤癌是最常见的癌症诊断,其中非黑色素瘤皮肤癌、基底细胞癌和鳞状细胞癌是常见的类型。非黑色素瘤皮肤癌最常通过手术切除治疗。由于治疗效果有限、成本较高,非手术治疗仅用于少数患者。全球皮肤癌相关死亡人数中,黑色素瘤排名第一。黑色素瘤是男性第五大常见癌症,是女性第六大常见癌症。它是25-29岁年轻人最常见的癌症形式,尤其是年轻女性。原位黑色素瘤是黑色素瘤的最早期阶段。癌细胞仅位于皮肤顶层(表皮层),也是癌症发展的起点。通过治愈原位黑色素瘤,可以防止浸润性黑色素瘤的发生。作为辅助治疗或手术的替代治疗,许多用于治疗局部皮肤黑色素瘤的疗法已经被研究过了。
癌前皮肤病变比恶性病变更常见。这些癌前病变是皮肤变化的指征,它尚不是癌症,但随着时间的推移可能演变成癌症。癌前色素性病变,包括非典型黑色素细胞病变、非典型黑色素细胞增生和非典型表皮内黑色素细胞表现出高增殖(proliferation)水平。其中一些病变被认为有可能发展成为黑色素瘤。病变的分类通常基于对病变的目测或病理检查。为了预防或抑制恶变的进程,迫切需要针对这种癌前病变的新型治疗方案。
与皮肤类似,膀胱内层表皮也具有癌性转化的可能。早期膀胱癌又称为浅表性膀胱癌或非肌层浸润性膀胱癌。这意味着癌细胞只位于膀胱的内层表皮。在CIS(原位癌)中,癌细胞仍然只存在于膀胱表皮内层中。癌细胞呈扁平片状,类似于苔藓。CIS可成片出现于整个膀胱内层,且细胞明显异常。此种癌症表现与播散至膀胱深层的高风险相关。早期膀胱癌可通过膀胱内施用BCG疫苗治疗。通过治愈CIS,能阻止进一步浸润性癌症的发生。然而,目前用于早期膀胱癌的非手术疗法非常有限。
当癌性病变继续发展时,其可能发生转移,除手术之外,还可以联合化学治疗、放射治疗和免疫治疗。
瑞喹莫特(Resiquimod)是与咪喹莫特结构相关的咪唑并喹啉家族的一员,是一种免疫应答调节剂,作为Toll样受体7和8的激动剂。然而,由于咪喹莫特仅通过toll样受体7(TLR7)传导信号,因此瑞喹莫特与咪喹莫特截然不同。咪喹莫特已被FDA批准用于治疗多种皮肤病。与咪喹莫特相比,瑞喹莫特是一种更有效的IFN-α、TNF-α、IL-1、IL-6、IL-8和IL-12诱导剂。虽然瑞喹莫特在活化T细胞方面已体现出比咪喹莫特强10-100倍的效果,但它尚未被FDA批准用于临床。已显示,瑞喹莫特能促进外源抗原的交叉呈递,使其在动物模型中有效诱导抗原特异性CD8+T细胞应答。动物研究的结果证实了瑞喹莫特激活树突细胞的能力,包括诱导免疫细胞局部活化、刺激促炎细胞因子产生和增强树突细胞抗原呈递的能力,从而激活有效的细胞应答。瑞喹莫特在淋巴瘤模型中,瑞喹莫特的全身给药联合放疗能引发持久的抗肿瘤免疫应答(Dovedi SJ 2013,Blood 121(2):251-9.)。瑞喹莫特已用于临床试验治疗光化性角化病、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤和单纯疱疹病毒,临床结果不尽相同。其它现有技术中,瑞喹莫特被用作疫苗佐剂施来治疗各种疾病,包括转移性黑色素瘤,得到了不尽相同的结果。瑞喹莫特已作为NY-ESO-1蛋白疫苗的疫苗佐剂用于治疗黑色素瘤(Sabado RLCancer Immunol Res.2015)。
临床免疫治疗的一大进展是抑制性免疫受体及其配体(统称为免疫检查点)的阻断剂。特别是,CTLA4和PD1(或PDL1)的阻断剂已经在许多不同的晚期恶性肿瘤中表现出临床疗效。然而,临床试验中的应答率仍然相对较低,并且对免疫检查点阻断剂联合其他治疗的临床需求尚未得到满足。
发明内容
根据本发明,公开了包含有效剂量的瑞喹莫特的组合物和制剂及其用于治疗非癌性、癌前和癌性病变的使用方法。在本发明的一个优选实施方案中,提供了用于治疗各种疾病的包含0.01%-1%瑞喹莫特的组合物。将本发明的制剂配制成用于局部(local),包括外用(topical)、囊(膀胱)内(intracystic)和肿瘤内(intratumoral)施用,增强瑞喹莫特的病变内组织渗透和递送,并增强局部免疫反应,同时减少如红斑、炎症或全身性细胞因子释放等副反应。局部、外用、囊内和肿瘤内制剂有所不同,它们通过不同的选择配制,最大程度地增强瑞喹莫特的疗效,同时减少不必要的副作用。在一个特别优选的实施方案中,癌前病变选自光化性角化病、非典型交界性黑色素细胞病变、非典型黑色素细胞增生、非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增生、非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增殖。在另一个优选的实施方案中,癌性病变是基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、恶性雀斑样痣、原位黑色素瘤和黑色素瘤。肿瘤也可以选自鲍温氏病、原位鳞状细胞癌、砷角化病、放射性角化病、PUVA角化病、鲍温样丘疹病、皮脂腺癌、汗孔癌、乳房外派杰氏病、默克尔细胞癌、卡波西肉瘤和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。所述组合物还具有治疗表皮角质形成细胞异常增殖和脂溢性角化病的功效。所述组合物还具有治疗病毒性皮肤感染的功效,所述病毒性皮肤感染如HPV感染,包括外阴上皮内瘤变(neoplasia)、阴道上皮内瘤变、难治性寻常疣、传染性软疣和HSV感染。在另一个优选实施方案中,癌性病变是原位膀胱癌和早期膀胱癌(浅表性膀胱癌或非肌层浸润性膀胱癌)。
另一方面,瑞喹莫特与干扰素γ联合施用,用于治疗基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、浅表性膀胱癌、恶性雀斑样痣、原位黑色素瘤、原发性浸润性黑色素瘤和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。瑞喹莫特与放射疗法联合使用治疗基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、浅表性膀胱癌、恶性雀斑样痣、原位黑色素瘤、原发性浸润性黑色素瘤和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤也是本发明的一个方面。还公开了瑞喹莫特与光动力疗法联合使用治疗基底细胞癌、鳞状细胞癌、浅表性膀胱癌、恶性雀斑样痣、原位黑色素瘤、原发性浸润性黑色素瘤和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,提供了用于治疗皮肤和膀胱的非癌性、癌前和癌性肿瘤的方法,其包括局部或膀胱内施用上述组合物,其中所述组合物能有效减轻或消除所述病变。
当所述方法用于治疗深部癌症或转移性肿瘤包括黑色素瘤时,优选肿瘤内注射瑞喹莫特,或肿瘤内注射瑞喹莫特联合全身施用一种或多种免疫调节剂,包括如抗PD-1抗体,抗PDL1抗体,抗CTLA-4抗体,CD137(Urelumab)、CD40、CD134(抗OX40)激动剂和其它可抑制MDSC的免疫调节小分子(如PLX3397)。所述肿瘤内用制剂及其使用方法有利于多种病理状态的治疗,包括但不限于转移性上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、基底细胞癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、脑癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、胃癌、其他上皮恶性肿瘤细胞和间充质恶性肿瘤细胞如软组织肉瘤,以及血液恶性肿瘤如淋巴瘤和晚期皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。
在本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案中,提供了用于治疗深部或转移性肿瘤的方法,其包括肿瘤内单独施用所述组合物,或肿瘤内施用所述组合物联合全身施用上述抗PD-1抗体,或抗PDL1抗体,或抗CTLA-4抗体,或CD137(Urelumab)、CD40、CD134(抗OX40)激动剂和其它可抑制MDSC的免疫调节小分子(如PLX3397),其中所述组合物能有效减轻或消除所述病变。
附图说明
图1A-1I。瑞喹莫特抑制Tyr::creER,BRAFca小鼠的肿瘤生长。图1A)治疗方案。图1B)用媒介物(vehicle)治疗的小鼠中的大块色素性病变(n=5)。图1C)用瑞喹莫特治疗的小鼠中残余的真皮色素沉着(n=8)。图1D)治疗前小鼠中的色素性病变。图1E)瑞喹莫特治疗后1个月的同一处病变。图1F)用媒介物治疗的肿瘤的组织学分析。真皮内可见许多肿瘤细胞。图1G)用瑞喹莫特治疗的肿瘤的组织学分析。未见活肿瘤细胞,且在真皮中可见许多内含色素的巨噬细胞。图1H)瑞喹莫特治疗一个月后病变处的组织学分析。未见活肿瘤细胞,且在真皮中仅可见内含色素的巨噬细胞。图1I)用媒介物或瑞喹莫特治疗的小鼠肿瘤生长曲线。*表示p<0.05。b-e中的标尺表示6mm。f-h中的标尺表示200μm。
图2A-2L。瑞喹莫特抑制Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Phd2lox/lox小鼠的黑色素瘤生长。图2A)治疗方案。图2B)用媒介物治疗的小鼠中的大块肿瘤(n=10)。图2C)皮肤深面布满肿瘤。图2D和2E)对照小鼠中黑色素瘤的组织学分析。真皮内充满肿瘤细胞。图2F)瑞喹莫特治疗的小鼠几乎完全应答(n=10)。图2G)皮肤深面肿瘤被清除。图2H)治疗小鼠的皮肤的组织学分析,表现正常。图2I)治疗小鼠的真皮中可见内含色素的巨噬细胞。箭头指向巨噬细胞。图2J)肿瘤生长曲线。图2K)对照小鼠中的原位黑色素瘤。箭头指向表皮和毛囊中的肿瘤细胞。I)治疗小鼠的表皮正常。*表示p<0.05。b、c、f和g中的标尺表示6mm。d、e、h和I中的标尺表示200μm。k和l中的标尺表示10μm。
图3A-3I。瑞喹莫特抑制Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Ptenlox/lox小鼠的黑色素瘤生长。图3A)治疗方案。图3B)经对照治疗的小鼠的代表图像(n=15)。图3C)经瑞喹莫特治疗的小鼠的代表图像(n=15)。图3D)对照小鼠中黑色素瘤的组织学分析。箭头指向骨骼肌。图3E)治疗小鼠中黑色素瘤的组织学分析。箭头指向骨骼肌。图3F)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤体积的影响。图3G)瑞喹莫特对小鼠存活的影响。图3H)对照小鼠中的原位黑色素瘤。箭头指向表皮内的肿瘤细胞。图3I)治疗小鼠中出现的表皮正常。*表示p<0.05。图3B和图3C中标尺表示6mm,图3D和图3E中标尺表示400μm,图3H和图3I中标尺表示50μm。
图4A-4I。瑞喹莫特治疗后肿瘤免疫微环境的重编程。图4A)治疗方案。图4B)瑞喹莫特对阳性淋巴结的影响(n=5)。图4C)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤厚度的影响。图4D)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤内CD45+细胞的影响。图4E)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤内M-MDSC的影响。图4F)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤内CD8+细胞中GramB MFI的影响。图4G)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤内GramB+CD8+T细胞的影响。图4H)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤内GramB+CD8+ki-67+细胞的影响。图4I)瑞喹莫特对肿瘤内PD1+CD8+细胞的影响。所有测量值均与对照比较。*表示p<0.05。
图5A-5E。瑞喹莫特抑制B16黑色素瘤模型中的黑色素瘤生长。图5A)治疗方案。图5B)瑞喹莫特对黑色素瘤生长的影响(n=10)。图5C)瑞喹莫特对小鼠存活的影响。图5D)对照(左)和瑞喹莫特(右)治疗的小鼠的黑色素瘤的组织学分析。治疗小鼠中可见更多炎性细胞。箭头指向炎性细胞。图5E)与对照小鼠相比,治疗小鼠肿瘤组织中细胞因子和趋化因子mRNA表达的倍数变化。*表示p<0.05。d中的标尺表示25μm。
图6A-6C。CD8+T细胞介导瑞喹莫特对黑色素瘤的作用。图6A)瑞喹莫特对Rag-1缺陷型小鼠的作用。生存曲线显示瑞喹莫特在这些小鼠中的作用被消除。图6B)瑞喹莫特对CD8耗尽的小鼠的作用。生存曲线显示瑞喹莫特在这些小鼠中的作用被消除。图6C)瑞喹莫特对刺激后T细胞释放细胞因子的作用。
图7A-7G。瑞喹莫特和抗PD-1抗体疗法联合显著抑制黑色素瘤生长。图7A)治疗方案。图7B-7E)用对照媒介物(图7B)、抗PD-1抗体(图7C)、瑞喹莫特(图7D)和瑞喹莫特+抗PD-1抗体(图7E)治疗的小鼠的代表图像。图7F)各疗法对黑色素瘤生长的作用(各组n=5)。图7G)各疗法对淋巴结转移的作用。*表示p<0.05。**表示p<0.01。标尺表示6mm。
图8A-8B。瑞喹莫特在由乙醇和磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水(PBS)组成的局部制剂中的稳定性和溶解度。图8A)不同组成的瑞喹莫特制剂在代表性50:50乙醇:pbs局部用制剂中老化2周的HPLC色谱图。色谱图显示,基础制剂中不同浓度的瑞喹莫特存在单一峰,且在C18柱上的保留时间一致,表明:瑞喹莫特在基础制剂中稳定且可溶,并且没有降解或形成副产物。所有数据在以下梯度条件下收集:0-5分钟:100%水;5-15分钟:0至100%乙腈梯度;15-20分钟:100%乙腈;20-25分钟:100%至0%乙腈梯度;25-30分钟:100%水,在10μL注射液中,含有(i)16nM;(ii)12.7nM;(iii)9.5nM;(iv)6.4nM;(v)1.6nM和(vi)0.16nM瑞喹莫特。图8B)作为制剂中存在的瑞喹莫特的摩尔数的函数的瑞喹莫特曲线下面积的校准曲线。强统计相关性进一步表明,瑞喹莫特在pbs:乙醇制剂中是稳定且可溶的。
图9A-9D。含有化学促渗剂的局部用制剂中瑞喹莫特的递送增强。图9A)含有50:50PBS:乙醇(标为对照)的制剂、含有10%(vol/vol)油酸作为化学增强剂的制剂(标为制剂1)以及含有十二烷基硫酸钠(5%)和油酸(2%)作为化学增强剂的制剂(标为制剂2)的瑞喹莫特的人体皮肤渗透性。数据表明,化学促渗剂能显著加快瑞喹莫特透过人体皮肤的局部递送速度,只需6小时,因此可降低局部施用剂量和/或减少将瑞喹莫特递送至靶点组织以发挥生物活性的滞后时间。图9B)在6小时内三种不同制剂透过皮肤递送的瑞喹莫特的量。图9C)示三种不同制剂中瑞喹莫特18小时后瑞喹莫特在人体皮肤的渗透性。数据显示,与基础制剂相比,促渗剂的存在,增强了瑞喹莫特对人体皮肤的渗透和递送。图9D)18小时内三种不同制剂分别透过皮肤的瑞喹莫特的量。
图10。局部制剂中的佐剂(adjuvancy)潜力。由10种独特的制剂(也是具有不同功效的局部渗透增强剂)检测到的皮肤组织分泌的细胞因子白细胞介素1α(IL-1α)的量。IL-1α是参与先天性免疫应答的组织炎症的代表性细胞因子和标志物。
具体实施方式
皮肤癌通常位于浅表部位。原位黑色素瘤局限于表皮层,且通常生长缓慢。这种病变可能需要数年时间才能发展为浸润性黑色素瘤。浸润性黑色素瘤通常具有表皮组分,但不再局限于表皮,黑色素瘤细胞侵入真皮。转移性癌症通常位于深处。由于瑞喹莫特的效果需要功能性树突状细胞和T细胞的存在,因此目前在体外实验检测瑞喹莫特的肿瘤杀伤作用的功能是不切实际的。根据本发明,我们提供了证明瑞喹莫特在多种体内色素疾病变转基因小鼠模型和具有完整免疫系统的同系黑色素瘤小鼠模型中发挥功能的数据。我们的数据显示,瑞喹莫特能有效抑制或杀死色素痣中的黑色素细胞肿瘤细胞、非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增殖和黑色素瘤。此外,经瑞喹莫特治疗的小鼠,其淋巴结中转移性黑色素瘤也显著减少,这表明瑞喹莫特可以抑制黑色素瘤细胞的转移。此外,我们表明,瑞喹莫特与全身性抗PD-1抗体治疗联合显著增强了黑色素瘤模型中抗PD-1抗体的治疗效果。重要的是,我们的数据表明,瑞喹莫特诱导CD45+白细胞向肿瘤内迁移,并且瑞喹莫特的作用由CD8+T细胞的活化和髓系来源抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell)的抑制介导。我们的发现出乎意料意义深远。由于瑞喹莫特对肿瘤的作用是由CD8+T细胞的活化和髓系来源抑制细胞的抑制介导的,因此瑞喹莫特它的作用不仅限于黑色素细胞肿瘤。它对治疗其他上皮癌和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤也有效。
由于包括黑色素瘤在内的转移性癌症常位于皮下组织或其他内脏部位,局部外用瑞喹莫特难以到达。为进一步提高瑞喹莫特在晚期癌症/黑色素瘤患者中的治疗效果,我们开发了新的可注射形式的瑞喹莫特。我们发现,即使注射高剂量的瑞喹莫特也不会对小鼠造成明显毒性,由此表明可注射瑞喹莫特的安全性。因此,本发明提供了一种新型、可注射的瑞喹莫特制剂的使用,其单独使用,或与抗PD-1抗体,或抗PDL1抗体,或抗CTLA-4抗体,或CD137(Urelumab)、CD40、CD134(抗OX40)激动剂以及其他可抑制MDSC的免疫调节性小分子(如PLX3397)联合使用。所述制剂(单独或联合使用)及其使用方法有利于治疗多种病理状态,包括但不限于转移性上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、基底细胞癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、脑癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、肝癌、胃癌、其他上皮恶性肿瘤细胞和间充质恶性肿瘤细胞如软组织肉瘤以及血液恶性肿瘤如B细胞淋巴瘤、白血病和晚期皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。
可注射制剂为实现增强的穿透(penetration)/渗透和/或免疫佐剂性(通过使用化学部分(chemical moiety))带来了不少优势。美国专利2004/0265351 A1(通过引用并入本文)教导了将药物如瑞喹莫特定位和保留在组织环境内的方法。通过使用纯化的油(大豆油,红花油,三油酸甘油酯和蓖麻油,分馏的椰子油,miglyol810、812,Neobee MS,Captex300)和FDA批准的皮肤填充剂(羟基磷灰石,透明质酸,聚-L-乳酸,胶原蛋白,水凝胶)作为可注射制剂的组分来实现。本发明包括化学部分(包括例如媒介物、凝胶和载体)用于阻滞或延缓瑞喹莫特从注射部位向周围扩散的新应用,可使用单一成分或多个成分。在一种方法中,瑞喹莫特配制于能确保局部注射施用的稳定性和溶解性的溶剂中(参见图8)。值得注意的是,从图9所示的数据中可明显看出,促透剂的存在有助于活性成分瑞喹莫特局部通过肿瘤基质(主要由细胞和细胞外基质组分组成)的扩散。此外,促透剂能够引起局部炎症,通过促进细胞因子(其为炎症因子和先天性免疫应答的介质)的释放而助于免疫应答的启动和加速。众所周知,先天性免疫应答与适应性免疫应答协同作用,并且有利于对抗肿瘤和恶性细胞的整体活性。这从图10中化学物质引发皮肤内分泌白细胞介素1α(IL-1α)的能力的数据可得出。IL-1α是组织中非特异性炎症的已知标志,可替代测量佐剂的活性。能够诱导局部炎症和增强组织穿透的部分包括但不限于一大类化学物质,包括亚砜,醇,多元醇,烷烃,脂肪酸,酯,胺和酰胺,萜烯,表面活性剂,环糊精,C2或C3醇和更高级醇,C3或C4二元醇或更高级二元醇,DMSO,DMF,DMA和相关溶剂,1-正十二烷基-环氮杂环庚烷-2-酮,N-甲基-吡咯烷酮和N-(2-羟乙基)吡咯烷酮,和更广泛类别的吖酮(azone),及其混合物(二元,三元或更高元),除了它们所要求的活性之外,还在药理学和化学上是惰性的、化学稳定的、有效的、非致敏的、非光毒性的、非致粉刺性的。这些试剂通常的使用浓度范围取决于所用的具体试剂,一般在0.01-50%wt/vol范围内,除非受它们在基础制剂(含有0.5-50%vol/vol的乙醇的磷酸缓冲盐水溶液)中溶解度的限制。
为了便于理解本发明,提供了以下定义。它们不以任何方式限制本发明。
“激动剂”是指可与受体(例如TLR)结合以诱导细胞活性的化合物。激动剂可以是直接与受体结合的配体。或者,激动剂可以间接与受体结合,例如通过(a)与直接结合受体的另一分子形成复合物,或者(b)以另外的方式导致另一化合物的修饰,使得另一种化合物直接与受体结合。激动剂可以指特定TLR的激动剂(例如,TLR6激动剂)或特定TLR组合的激动剂(例如,TLR7/8激动剂——TLR7和TLR8二者的激动剂)。
“改善(ameliorate)”是指特定病况的症状或临床体征的程度、严重性、频率和/或可能性的任何降低。
“细胞介导的免疫活性”是指一种生物活性,其被认为是细胞介导的免疫应答的一部分,例如至少一种TH1细胞因子的产生增加。
“免疫细胞”是指免疫系统的细胞,即直接或间接参与免疫应答的产生或维持的细胞,无论是先天性、后天性、体液还是细胞免疫应答。
“体征(sign)”或“临床体征”是指与特定病况有关的、能够被患者以外的人发现的客观的身体发现。
“症状(symptom)”是指疾病或患者病况的任意主观证据。
“治疗”或其变化指在一定程度上减轻、限制进展、改善或解决与病况相关的症状或体征。
如本文所用,“促透剂”和“渗透增强”分别指提高组织对药物渗透性的药剂和组织对药物的渗透性的提高,即提高药物渗透穿过组织(例如皮肤或肿瘤)的速率和程度。例如,通过使用扩散池装置或原位测量来检测药物透过动物或人体皮肤或肿瘤组织的扩散速率,可以观察到增强剂对渗透作用的增强效应。扩散池由Merritt et al.DiffusionApparatus for Skin Penetration,J.of Controlled Release,1(1984)pp.161-162描述。
如本文所用,“佐剂性”指影响由免疫系统激活剂引起的非特异性炎症或特异性免疫应答的能力。
如本文所用,术语对治疗的“抗癌反应”指癌症对治疗的任何反应,优选地,指治疗开始后肿瘤质量和/或体积的改变。过度增殖性疾病反应可以通过CT、PET、乳房X线照片(mammogram)、超声或触诊分别测量局部或全身性干预前、后的肿瘤大小来进行比较评估。反应也可以通过卡尺测量或活检或手术切除后对肿瘤的病理检查来评估。反应可以以定量方式记录,如肿瘤体积变化百分比,或以定性方式记录,如“病理完全反应”(pCR)、“临床完全缓解”(cCR)、“临床部分缓解”(cPR)、“临床疾病稳定“(cSD)”、“临床疾病进展”(cPD)或其他定性标准。过度增殖性疾病反应的评估可以在治疗开始后的早期完成,例如在数小时、数天、数周后或优选地数月后。反应评估的终点通常是在化学治疗终止或手术切除残余肿瘤细胞和/或肿瘤床时。通常为治疗开始后三个月。
如本文所用,“减小肿瘤的大小”被定义为肿瘤尺寸的减小。这一作用可以通过减少肿瘤中增殖肿瘤细胞的数量(例如,通过减少肿瘤细胞的细胞分裂)和/或通过诱导现有肿瘤细胞的细胞毒性或细胞死亡(凋亡)来实现。从而,肿瘤生长被抑制或阻止。
如本文所用,术语“抑制癌症”或“抑制癌细胞生长”旨在抑制包括不需要的或不适当的细胞生长。抑制旨在包括抑制增殖(包括快速增殖)。术语“抑制癌细胞生长”也旨在包括抑制肿瘤生长,其包括预防受试者肿瘤的生长或降低受试者现存肿瘤的生长。抑制也可是抑制肿瘤从一个部位转移到另一个部位。如果至少一种癌症症状得到缓解、终止、减缓或预防,则癌症被“抑制”。如本文所用,如果癌症的复发或转移得到减少、减缓、延迟或预防,则癌症也被“抑制”。
如本文所用,“一个(种)”、“该”、“至少一个(种)”和“一个(种)或多个(种)”可互换使用。因此,例如,包含“一种”免疫应答调节剂(IRM)化合物的药物组合物可以被解释为表示该药物组合物包含至少一种IRM化合物。
如本文所用,术语“受试者”将意指任何动物,包括但不限于人、小鼠、大鼠、兔、非人灵长类动物或任何其他哺乳动物。在一个实施方案中,受试者是灵长类动物。在另一个实施方案中,受试者是人。
在本文中,通过端点记载的数值范围包括包含在该范围内的所有数字(例如,1到5包括1、1.5、2、2.75、3、3.80、4、5等)。另外,本发明的含有瑞喹莫特的组合物可以含有0.1-0.5%。
如本文所用,术语“协同”是指本文所述的治疗剂的组合,当共同使用时,比单一治疗的相加效果更强。联合治疗(例如,治疗剂的联合)的协同作用允许对患有疾病或病症(如增殖性病症)的受试者使用较低剂量的一种或多种治疗剂和/或以较低的频率施用药剂。使用较低剂量的一种或多种治疗剂和/或以较低的频率施用所述治疗剂降低了该药剂相关的毒性,而不降低其治疗疾病或病症的疗效。另外,协同作用可以引起药剂在预防、管理或治疗疾病或病症(例如,增殖性病症)中的效力提高。最后,联合治疗的协同作用可以避免或减少单用一种治疗剂相关的副作用。如本文所用,术语“联合(in combination)”是指使用多于一种治疗剂。术语“联合”的使用不限制向患有疾病或病症(例如,增殖性病症)的受试者施用治疗剂的顺序。可以在向患有疾病或病症(例如,增殖性病症如癌症)的受试者施用第二治疗剂(例如抗癌剂)之前(例如5分钟,15分钟,30分钟,45分钟,1小时,2小时,4小时,6小时,12小时,24小时,48小时,72小时,96小时,1周,2周,3周,4周,5周,6周,8周或12周之前),与此同时或在其后(例如5分钟,15分钟,30分钟,45分钟,1小时,2小时,4小时,6小时,12小时,24小时,48小时,72小时,96小时,1周,2周,3周,4周,5周,6周,8周,或12周之后),施用第一治疗剂,例如本文所述的化合物。
免疫应答调节剂(“IRM”)包括具有有效免疫调节活性的化合物,所述免疫调节活性包括但不限于抗病毒和抗肿瘤活性。某些IRM调节细胞因子的产生和分泌。例如,某些IRM化合物诱导细胞因子如I型干扰素,TNF-α,IL-1,IL-6,IL-8,IL-0,IL-12,MIP-1和/或MCP-1的产生和分泌。又如,某些IRM化合物可抑制某些TH2细胞因子如IL-4和IL-5的产生和分泌。此外,据说某些IRM化合物能抑制IL-1和TNF(美国专利号6,518,265)。
瑞喹莫特(1-[4-氨基-2-(乙氧基甲基)咪唑并[4,5-c]喹啉-1-基]-2-甲基-2丙醇)是一种免疫应答调节剂(IRM),其通过toll样受体(TLR)7和8刺激细胞来起作用。
如本文所用,当用于本文所述的药剂的组合时,“有效量”包括但不限于组合中对癌细胞具有统计学显著期望效果的每一种药剂的量。在一些实施方案中,有效量可以局限至以进一步要求为临床可接受的对非癌细胞的毒性量。本文描述了代表性的理想效果。例如,该效果可以表现为肿瘤生长速率的降低;肿瘤生长的停止;或者肿瘤大小、质量、代谢活性或体积的减小,这些表现通过标准准则测量,所述标准准则例如但不限于实体瘤治疗反应评价标准(RECIST);相对于单独使用所述联合物中的某一药剂或亚联合(sub-combination)治疗,联合治疗组存活的统计学显著增加等。有效量可以根据如下因素而变化,如所治疗或抑制的细胞增殖的类型、所使用的治疗剂的类型、特定的治疗剂、受试者的体型、癌细胞生长或肿瘤的严重程度。例如,组成所述组合的每一种单一药剂的选择能够影响“有效量”的构成。本领域的普通技术人员将能对上述因素进行研究,并确定治疗剂组合的有效量,无需过度实验。
例如,可以使用体外测定来确定治疗剂的“有效量”。本领域普通技术人员将选择组合中的每个单一药剂的适当剂量用于上述体外测定。可以使用细胞存活分数来确定所选择的量是否特定治疗剂的组合的“有效量”。例如,测定中使用的所选择的量优选地应该杀死至少50%的细胞,更优选地75%,最优选地至少95%。在一个优选的实施方案中,治疗剂的有效剂量是亚毒性剂量。如本文所用,术语“亚毒性剂量”是指致使杀死小于约10%的细胞的剂量。
施用的方案(例如顺序)也可影响有效量的构成。此外,可以每日或依次局部施用几个剂量以及交错的剂量,或者所述剂量可以连续输注。此外,根据治疗中的紧急情况,所述剂量可按比例地增加或减少。
本文使用的短语“药学上可接受的”是指治疗剂、材料、组合物和/或剂型的组合,其在合理的医学判断范围内,适用于与人类和动物的组织接触,而没有过度的毒性、刺激性、过敏反应、其他问题或并发症,有合理的利益/风险比。
如本文所用,短语“药学上可接受的载体”是指参与将目标化学品从机体的一个器官或部分携带或转运至机体的另一个器官或部分的、药学上可接受的材料、组合物或媒介物,例如液体或固体填充剂、稀释剂、赋形剂、溶剂或包封材料。每个载体必须是“可接受的”即与制剂的其他成分相容,并且对患者无害。可用作药学上可接受的载体的材料包括:(1)糖,例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;(2)淀粉,如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;(3)纤维素及其衍生物,如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和乙酸纤维素;(4)黄蓍胶粉末;(5)麦芽;(6)明胶;(7)滑石粉;(8)赋形剂,如可可脂和栓剂蜡;(9)油,如花生油、棉花籽油、红花油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和大豆油;(10)二醇,如丙二醇;(11)多元醇,例如甘油、山梨醇、甘露醇和聚乙二醇;(12)酯,如油酸乙酯和月桂酸乙酯;(13)琼脂;(14)缓冲剂,如氢氧化镁和氢氧化铝;(15)海藻酸;(16)无致热原的水;(17)等渗盐水;(18)林格氏溶液;(19)乙醇;(20)磷酸盐缓冲溶液;以及(21)药物制剂中使用的其他无毒相容性物质等。
术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指本发明所包含的治疗剂的相对无毒的无机和有机酸加成盐。这些盐可以在治疗剂的最终分离和纯化过程中原位制备,或者通过纯化的游离碱形式的治疗剂分别与合适的有机或无机酸反应、并分离出形成的盐来制备。代表性的盐包括氢溴酸盐,盐酸盐,硫酸盐,硫酸氢盐,磷酸盐,硝酸盐,乙酸盐,戊酸盐,油酸盐,棕榈酸盐,硬脂酸盐,月桂酸盐,苯甲酸盐,乳酸盐,磷酸盐,甲苯磺酸盐,柠檬酸盐,马来酸盐,富马酸盐,琥珀酸盐,酒石酸盐,萘酸盐(napthylate),甲磺酸盐,葡庚糖酸盐,乳糖醛酸盐和十二烷基磺酸盐等。(例如,参见Berge等人(1977)"Pharmaceutical Salts",J.Pharm.Sci.66:1-19)。
除非另外指明,提及化合物可以包括化合物的任意药学上可接受的形式,包括任意异构体(例如,非对映异构体或对映异构体)、盐、溶剂化物、多晶型物等。具体地,若化合物具有光学活性,则提及化合物可以包括化合物的每种对映异构体以及对映异构体的外消旋混合物。
用于治疗疾病的包含瑞喹莫特的局部、膀胱内和肿瘤内用组合物
化学促透剂通常用于局部透皮制剂中,以增强活性药物成分(药物或药物物质)吸收、摄入和递送到皮肤中。这样的制剂也可以用来补充组织的局部隔室内的进一步渗透和/或增强它们所递送到的组织中的免疫相关应答。特定的化学促透剂制剂的设计不是显而易见的,而需要全面了解这些药剂对皮肤渗透的作用。将特定的化学促透剂制剂与药物的物理化学性质相匹配来特异性地增强药物向皮肤/肿瘤的渗透和摄取确实可行的。这样的制剂包括但不限于,一种或多种化学促透剂的组合;一种或多种能改善药物和化学促透剂进入皮肤/肿瘤中比例的溶剂或媒介物;和作为局部或肿瘤内制剂掺入的胶凝剂或基质。文献中已经公开了每个类别下的几种化学品的范例。然而,特定的组合比如使用各成分以使其与药物的物理化学性质相匹配,并改善其皮肤穿透性不是显而易见的也不完全依赖于单一化学品的具体性质。重要的是,要注意各成分对皮肤/肿瘤的作用取决于制剂中其所使用的浓度,并且从单一制剂中它们的组合可以预期其具有协同作用。这些作用可以是相加的、正向协同的或负向协同的。这意味着,这些制剂递送穿过皮肤/肿瘤的药物的皮肤/肿瘤穿透动力学和累积效应取决于所使用的具体制剂。因此,除了药物性质之外,药物的生理学、生物学和治疗终点在很大程度上还取决于制剂。这些终点包括但不限于,药代动力学/药效学(PK/PD)、由曲线下面积(AUC)确定的累积吸收、生物等效性、治疗指数(TI),这几个是要强调的。此外,药物的具体制剂不仅影响其效力,而且影响其应用时皮肤的耐受性/安全性。这可能包括但不限于不良作用如刺激性、皮肤毒性、红斑等。
除了增强药物穿过组织或在局部组织区域如肿瘤内的渗透之外,化学促透剂的有益影响还在于其诱导炎症作用,在指导肿瘤治疗中重要免疫应答方面有重要意义。因此,在局部、膀胱内和/或可注射制剂中掺入促透剂,可实现有助于肿瘤治疗时的加性效应或优于加性效应的效果。
适于施用的制剂包括乳膏剂,软膏剂,溶液剂,凝胶剂,洗剂,糊剂,贴剂,泡沫剂或喷雾剂,其含有本领域已知适合的载体。用于局部、膀胱内或肿瘤内施用的瑞喹莫特和其他药剂的剂型包括粉剂,喷雾剂,软膏剂,糊剂,乳膏剂,软膏剂洗剂,凝胶剂,溶液剂和贴剂。活性组分可以在无菌条件下,与药学上可接受的载体以及可能需要的任意防腐剂、缓冲剂或推进剂进行混合。除了治疗剂外,所述软膏剂,糊剂,乳膏剂,洗剂,溶液剂,泡沫剂和凝胶剂还可含有赋形剂,如动物和植物脂肪,油,蜡,石蜡,淀粉,黄蓍胶,纤维素衍生物,聚乙二醇,硅树脂,皂土,硅酸,滑石和氧化锌,或其混合物。可注射制剂也可通过使用纯化的油(大豆油,红花油,三油酸甘油酯和蓖麻油,分馏的椰子油,miglyol810、812,Neobee MS,Captex300)和FDA批准的皮肤填充剂(羟基磷灰石,透明质酸,聚-L-乳酸,胶原蛋白,水凝胶)作为可注射制剂的组分来实现。
可以优化选择所述制剂的具体成分,包括增强剂、媒介物和基质,来设计局部、膀胱内和肿瘤内用制剂(Karande 2004 Nature Biotechnology,Karande 2005 PNAS,以及这些作品中的和引用这些作品的相关参考文献)。具体的制剂对药物的效力和目标适应证有深远的影响。我们通过瑞喹莫特的结构和化学成分,已确定了其物理化学性质
(http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Resiquimod#section=Depositor-Supplied-Synonyms)。我们已确定促透剂的化学描述符(descriptor),使我们能够平衡其效力和安全性。基于此,我们已确定总浓度范围为0-2%wt/vol、重量分数范围为0-100%的、含有以下列表中化学品的化学促透剂组合。所述制剂可以在溶剂中含有2或3种单一化学物质以制备所述制剂。瑞喹莫特将被组合入所述制剂中。
辛基硫酸钠,癸基硫酸钠,十二烷基硫酸钠,十四烷基硫酸钠,十七烷基硫酸钠,二十烷基硫酸钠,十二烷基醚硫酸钠(sodium laureth sulfate),硫酸烟碱,牛磺胆酸硫酸钠,二甲基亚砜,十三烷基磷酸钠,ChemBetaine CAS,ChemBetaine Oleyl,ChemBetaine C,十六烷基二甲基铵丙烷磺酸盐,癸基二甲基铵丙烷磺酸盐,十二烷基二甲基铵丙烷磺酸盐,十四烷基二甲基铵丙烷磺酸盐,苄基吡啶鎓氯化物,十二烷基吡啶鎓氯化物,十六烷基吡啶鎓氯化物,十二烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵,十四烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵,十八烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵,辛基三甲基溴化铵,癸基三甲基溴化铵,十二烷基三甲基溴化铵,十四烷基三甲基氯化铵,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯,脱水山梨糖醇单棕榈酸酯,脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯,脱水山梨醇单油酸酯,聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯,聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单棕榈酸酯,Brij 97,Brij 30,Brij 56,Triton X-100,己酸,辛酸,癸酸,十一烷酸,十二烷酸,十三烷酸,肉豆蔻酸,棕榈酸,硬脂酸,油酸,反式油酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸,胆酸,己酸甲酯,十一烷酸乙酯,月桂酸甲酯,十三烷酸甲酯,肉豆蔻酸甲酯,肉豆蔻酸异丙酯,棕榈酸异丙酯,棕榈酸棕榈酯,癸二酸二乙酯,丁卡因,单月桂酸甘油酯,单油酸甘油酯,乙基哌嗪羧酸酯,N-十二烷基肌氨酸盐,辛酸钠,癸酸钠,棕榈酸钠,油酸钠,辛胺,癸胺,十二烷基胺,十四烷基胺,油胺,脲,甲基吡咯烷酮,环己基吡咯烷酮,辛基吡咯烷酮,癸基吡咯烷酮,癸基甲基吡咯烷酮,甲基哌嗪,苯基哌嗪,辛酰胺,棕榈酰胺,己内酰胺,香芹醇,氧化蒎烯,柠檬烯,薄荷醇,长叶薄荷酮,香芹酚,蒎烯,薄荷酮,松油醇,桉叶素(cineole),葑酮,三乙酸甘油酯,三甲氧基丙烯甲基苯,芳樟醇,香叶醇以及辛基十二烷醇。其它包括亚砜,醇,多元醇,烷烃,脂肪酸,酯,胺和酰胺,萜烯,表面活性剂,环糊精,C2或C3醇和更高级醇,C3或C4二元醇或更高级二元醇,DMSO,DMF,DMA和相关溶剂,1-正十二烷基-环氮杂环庚烷-2-酮,N-甲基-吡咯烷酮和N-(2-羟乙基)吡咯烷酮,和更广泛类别的吖酮,及其混合物(二元,三元或更高元)。
瑞喹莫特的物理化学和结构性质表明它是一种具有合理疏水性的小分子,归因于其芳香族性质。改善这种分子的渗透的化学促透剂通常(但非绝对)倾向于是具有极性头部基团的长链烃,如表面活性剂、脂肪酸和脂肪酸酯。烃链中的(单或双)不饱和性还能有助于皮肤脂质双分子层的流动和瑞喹莫特的渗透。脂肪酸有例如油酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸,棕榈酸,肉豆蔻酸等。脂肪酸酯有例如具有小的烷基如甲基、乙基、丙基或丁基的脂肪酸的酯,如棕榈酸酯、肉豆蔻酸酯、油酸酯、亚油酸酯等。表面活性剂有例如脂肪酸酯的盐如十二烷基硫酸钠、油酸钠等。溶剂有例如短链醇,包括乙醇、异丙醇、丁醇、己醇等。化学品和溶剂的组合可以显著增强瑞喹莫特的皮肤渗透性。所有这些范例的可能组合都是可行的制剂,具有不同的效力和安全性,及不同的API瑞喹莫特PK/PD曲线。
包含了上述化学物质及其组合的制剂的实例如下:瑞喹莫特浓度为0.01、0.02、0.03、0.04至1%,并且可以与i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii,viii,ix,x,xi,xii或xiii中列举的组分组合。
i.以1%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(50%)和肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(50%)。
ii.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(50%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(50%)。
iii.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(50%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(50%)。
iv.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(33%)、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(33%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(33%)。
v.以2%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的棕榈酸异丙酯(50%)和油酸钠(50%)。
vi.以1.0%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的十二烷基硫酸钠(25%)和亚油酸(75%)。
vii.以2.0%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的棕榈酸(50%)和月桂酸异丙酯(50%)。
viii.以1.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(50%)和亚油酸(50%)。
ix.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的亚油酸(25%)、油酸(25%)和亚油酸异丙酯(50%)。
x.以2.0%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸钠(33%)、油酸(33%)和棕榈酸甲酯(33%)。
xi.含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液。
xii.存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(10%)。
xiii.存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(2%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(5%)。
为了阐述本发明的某些实施方案,提供了以下实施例。其不以任意方式限制本发明。
实施例I
局部施用瑞喹莫特抑制癌前病变和癌性病变的进展
大多数痣和黑色素瘤包含BRAF突变,尤其是BRAFV600E突变。为了测试瑞喹莫特是否可用于治疗可能发展为恶性肿瘤的皮肤疾病和早期恶性肿瘤,我们采用四种不同的小鼠模型测试了瑞喹莫特对皮肤肿瘤的治疗效果:1)Tyr:creER,Brafca痣模型,其中小鼠具有痣样皮损,表皮中可见黑色素细胞的非典型增殖(非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增殖);2)Tyr::CreER,Phd2lox/lox,BRafca黑色素瘤模型,这些小鼠会发展原发性黑色素瘤;3)Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Ptenlox/lox黑色素瘤模型,此黑色素瘤发展非常迅速黑色素瘤;以及4)B16黑色素瘤模型。
在上述基因工程小鼠(GEM)模型中评估了TLR活化诱导的变化。在GEM模型中,肿瘤在正常免疫系统的情况下产生并与周围的组织基质共同进化。此外,原位黑色素瘤只能通过GEM模型观察和研究,而不存在于异种移植肿瘤模型。
瑞喹莫特对Tyr::creER,BRAFca小鼠中瑞喹莫特色素性肿瘤进展的作用。
我们首先测试了瑞喹莫特在Tyr::creER,BRAFca小鼠中的治疗效果。该制剂包含0.2%瑞喹莫特、丙二醇、胶体二氧化硅和三乙酸甘油酯。在4-HT诱导后,小鼠出现痣样黑色素性肿瘤,但无淋巴结转移。使用局部空白凝胶治疗的小鼠作为对照。当Tyr::creER,BRAFca小鼠中可观察到色素性皮损时,开始每周两次的局部用瑞喹莫特或空白凝胶治疗,持续治疗六周(图1A)。每三天用游标卡尺测量一次肿瘤直径。对照组中的色素性肿瘤持续生长(图1B和图1I),而瑞喹莫特治疗组的色素性皮损消退(图1C和1I)。组织学检查显示,对照组小鼠中色素性肿瘤细胞占据真皮层(图1F),而瑞喹莫特治疗组小鼠中的肿瘤细胞消失,且在真皮层内可见许多含黑色素的巨噬细胞(图1G)。表皮层中的色素性肿瘤细胞也完全消退(数据未展示)。在另一项实验中,待小鼠中可观察到色素性皮损时(图1D),开始局部施用瑞喹莫特连续治疗1个月。同样的色素性皮损在治疗后消失(图1E)。处死小鼠后进行组织学检查,仅在真皮中发现含色素的巨噬细胞,而未见活肿瘤细胞。
瑞喹莫特对Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Phd2lox/lox小鼠中瑞喹莫特黑色素瘤进展的作用。
Tyr:creER,BRAFca,phd2lox/lox小鼠黑色素瘤模型由徐博士实验室开发。局部使用4-HT可诱导黑色素瘤的发生,外显率达100%。此模型常发生淋巴结转移。然而,此模型出现黑色素瘤的潜伏期显著长于Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Ptenlox/lox小鼠,且此模型Cre活化后的中位生存期约为180天,而Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Ptenlox/lox小鼠仅为60天。一旦小鼠出现可察觉的肿瘤(诱导后140天),即开始每周两次的瑞喹莫特(0.2%)局部瑞喹莫特治疗,持续6周(图2A)。对照组小鼠的黑色素瘤持续生长,至第180天时肿瘤体积变得很大(图2B)。处死这些小鼠。检查发现肿瘤完全浸润皮肤深面(图2C)。组织学上,真皮层充满黑色素瘤细胞(图2D和图2E)。相比之下,经瑞喹莫特治疗后,黑色素瘤的生长被抑制(图2F)。皮肤深面肿瘤组织显著减少(图2G)。组织学上,真皮层未见黑色素瘤细胞(图2H),且真皮层存在大量含黑色素的巨噬细胞(图2I),表明黑色素瘤已经消退。治疗组小鼠未见淋巴结转移。在小鼠的黑色素瘤周围,表皮内可见黑色素瘤细胞(图2K),并且经过治疗后消失(图2I)。
瑞喹莫特对Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Ptenlox/lox小鼠中瑞喹莫特黑色素瘤进展的作用
由于Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Phd2lox/lox小鼠的黑色素瘤潜伏期长且黑色素瘤生长相对较慢,接下来我们在Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Ptenlox/lox小鼠(其黑色素瘤生长速度明显更快)中测试了瑞喹莫特凝胶。一旦此小鼠中观察到肿瘤生长,就开始每周两次的瑞喹莫特治疗,持续6周(图3A)。用对照媒介物处理的小鼠长出巨大肿瘤(图3B和图3F)。瑞喹莫特治疗显著减缓了黑色素瘤的生长(图3C和图3F)。此外,瑞喹莫特治疗延长了小鼠寿命(图3G)。组织学上,对照小鼠中,黑色素瘤浸润透过脂膜肌(panniculus carnosus muscle)(图3D);而在瑞喹莫特治疗的小鼠中,黑色素瘤皮损较薄并没有浸润透过骨骼肌(图3E)。在对照小鼠的黑色素瘤周围,表皮内可见原位黑色素瘤(图3H),且治疗后消失(图3I)。
在另一个实验中,用对照媒介物或瑞喹莫特治疗小鼠3周,然后在其仍接受治疗时将其处死(图4A)。对照组5只小鼠全部发生淋巴结转移,每只小鼠有2-4个不等阳性淋巴结(图4B),而在瑞喹莫特治疗组的5只小鼠中,有2只发生淋巴结转移且均只有1个阳性淋巴结(图4B)。治疗小鼠的肿瘤明显更薄(图4C)。处理肿瘤和脾脏组织并进行多色流式细胞术分析。检测发现治疗后肿瘤内CD45+炎性细胞显著增多(图4D),且CD45+CD11B+F4/80-Ly6ghighMDSC显著减少(图4E)。瑞喹莫特治疗后,CD8+T细胞中颗粒酶B的表达增加(图4F);GranB+CD8+和GranB+CD8+Ki-67+T细胞的数量增加(图4G和图4H),表明效应T细胞的活化。有趣的是,PD1+CD8+T细胞也显著增多,表明肿瘤识别T细胞库扩大。脾脏的数据(数据未显示)与肿瘤类似。
瑞喹莫特对B16黑色素瘤模型中瑞喹莫特黑色素瘤进展的作用
为了研究瑞喹莫特的作用是否取决于BRAF突变,我们用0.2%的瑞喹莫特凝胶对C57BL/6J小鼠中的B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞进行了测试。一旦观察到小鼠模型出现肿瘤,则开始每周两次的瑞喹莫特治疗(图5A)。瑞喹莫特治疗明显减缓了黑色素瘤的生长(图5B)并延长了治疗小鼠的寿命(图5C)。组织学显示,瑞喹莫特治疗后肿瘤内出现更多炎性细胞(图5D)。处理肿瘤组织,并通过qRT-PCR测量肿瘤中细胞因子和趋化因子mRNA的表达。分析发现,与对照小鼠相比,瑞喹莫特治疗后TNF-α,INF-γ和CCL2的表达增加(图5E)。
瑞喹莫特通过CD8+T细胞介导对黑色素瘤进展的影响
为了研究瑞喹莫特的作用是否依赖于T细胞,我们测试了瑞喹莫特凝胶对RAG-1缺陷小鼠中B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞的作用。RAG-1缺陷小鼠体内没有成熟的B和T淋巴细胞。一旦观察到小鼠出现肿瘤,则开始每周两次施用瑞喹莫特治疗。瑞喹莫特治疗对黑色素瘤的生长几乎没有影响(图6A)。为了研究瑞喹莫特的作用是否依赖于CD8+T细胞,我们测试了瑞喹莫特凝胶对CD8耗竭的C57小鼠中的B16-F10黑色素瘤细胞的作用。使用抗CD8抗体耗尽体内CD8+T细胞。一旦观察到小鼠出现肿瘤,则开始每周两次施用瑞喹莫特。在CD8+T细胞耗竭小鼠中,瑞喹莫特治疗对黑色素瘤几乎没有作用,表明该作用通过CD8T细胞介导(图6B)。瑞喹莫特还能影响T细胞释放细胞因子。脾脏来源的T细胞经过瑞喹莫特治疗,刺激后IFN-γ表达增加(图6C)。
瑞喹莫特联合抗PD-1抗体治疗
评估了Tyr::creER,BRAFca,Ptenlox/lox小鼠中0.2%的瑞喹莫特与抗PD1抗体组合的功效。一旦观察到小鼠出现肿瘤,则开始瑞喹莫特(每周两次,持续6周)和抗PD1疗法(200μg,腹腔注射,每周两次,持续5周,图7A)治疗。用对照媒介物治疗(图7B)及单用抗PD1抗体治疗的小鼠肿瘤生长巨大(图7C)。瑞喹莫特治疗明显减缓黑色素瘤生长(图7D),联合治疗组显示出最显著的功效(图7E)。测量的肿瘤体积如图7F所示。单独使用抗PD-1抗体疗法对淋巴结转移没有作用,而单用瑞喹莫特能显著降低阳性淋巴结的数量,所述联合治疗能进一步减少阳性淋巴结(图7G)。
化学促透剂增强瑞喹莫特的递送。
针对含0.2%瑞喹莫特的三种不同制剂,分别测定其对人体皮肤的渗透性。图8显示了瑞喹莫特在50:50乙醇:PBS的基础制剂中的溶解度和稳定性。此外,图9中的数据显示,含有皮肤促透剂的制剂增强瑞喹莫特的渗透性。化学促透剂能够降低瑞喹莫特渗透穿过人体皮肤的滞后时间,并且增加透皮递送的瑞喹莫特的总量。
化学促透剂的佐剂潜力。
根据暴露于测试制剂后体外皮肤模型EpiDermTM(人类正常表皮角质形成细胞的3D细胞培养物)中白细胞介素1α(IL-1α)的释放情况,评估测试制剂的免疫刺激能力。为了研究测试制剂对于皮肤的佐剂潜力,将细胞培养物暴露于10μL测试制剂4小时。每个测试制剂重复分析两次。暴露完成后,去除孵育培养基,-20℃保存。采用针对IL-1α的标准人类比色ELISA试剂盒测量细胞因子的含量,尤其是IL-1α的含量。使用所提取样品的吸光度数值以及标准品的数值,来确定释放的IL-1α的量(ng/ml)。Triton X100(1%wt./vol.)作阳性对照,1:1PBS:EtOH作阴性对照。图10展示了所测试的10种独特制剂的佐剂潜力。制剂设计如前所述。
尽管以上描述并具体例示了本发明的某些优选实施例,但是本发明并不限于这些实施例。在不脱离如所附权利要求中所阐述的本发明的范围和精神的情况下,可以对其进行各种修改。
Claims (24)
1.一种组合物,其中包含0.01%-1%瑞喹莫特,用于治疗选自非癌性皮肤病变、癌前皮肤病变、癌性皮肤病变、膀胱癌和病毒介导的皮肤疾病,所述组合物可通过任选配方以增强局部施用后的渗透性,所述组合物引起局部特异性炎性细胞因子应答,同时减少不必要的红斑和其他炎性反应的发生。
2.权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述癌前色素性病变选自非典型黑色素细胞病变、非典型黑色素细胞增生、非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增生、非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增殖、光化性角化病、砷角化病、放射性角化病、PUVA角化病、鲍温样丘疹病。
3.权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述癌性病变为恶性雀斑样痣、原位黑色素瘤、原位鳞状细胞癌、鲍温氏病、鳞状细胞癌、基底细胞癌、皮脂腺癌、汗孔癌、乳房外派杰氏病、默克尔细胞癌、卡波西肉瘤和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。
4.权利要求1所述的组合物,其中所述癌性病变为原发性浸润性黑色素瘤,所述组合物能有效减少肿瘤的组织浸润及淋巴结的转移。
5.权利要求1所述的组合物,其用于治疗非癌性皮肤病变、表皮角质形成细胞异常增殖和脂溢性角化病。
6.权利要求1所述的组合物,其用于治疗非癌性、病毒介导的皮肤病变,所述非癌性、病毒介导的皮肤病变选自1型和2型单纯疱疹感染、传染性软疣、人类乳头状瘤病毒感染、外阴上皮内瘤变、阴道上皮内瘤变、寻常疣和生殖器疣。
7.权利要求1所述的组合物,其用于治疗膀胱癌时,被配制用于膀胱内施用,所述组合物增强瑞喹莫特渗透和递送至膀胱上皮,并减少其刺激性。
8.权利要求7所述的组合物,其中膀胱癌选自浅表性癌和原位膀胱癌,所述组合物能有效减少癌细胞的肌肉及其他组织浸润、同时减少其淋巴结转移。
9.权利要求1所述的组合物,进一步还可包含有以下成分:
i.以1%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(50%)和肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(50%),或者
ii.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(50%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(50%),或者
iii.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(50%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(50%),或者
iv.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(33%)、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯(33%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(33%),或者
v.以2%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的棕榈酸异丙酯(50%)和油酸钠(50%),或者
vi.以1.0%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的十二烷基硫酸钠(25%)和亚油酸(75%),或者
vii.以2.0%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的棕榈酸(50%)和月桂酸异丙酯(50%),或者
viii.以1.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(50%)和亚油酸(50%),或者
ix.以0.5%wt/vol的总浓度存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的亚油酸(25%)、油酸(25%)和亚油酸异丙酯(50%),或者
x.以2.0%wt/vol的总浓度溶于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸钠(33%)、油酸(33%)和棕榈酸甲酯(33%),或者
xi.含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液,或者
xii.存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(10%),或者
xiii.存在于含有50ml磷酸盐缓冲生理盐水和50ml乙醇的溶液中的油酸(2%)和十二烷基硫酸钠(5%)。
10.一种用于治疗皮肤肿瘤病变和病毒介导的皮肤疾病的方法,其包含局部施用权利要求1所述的组合物,所述组合物能有效减轻或消除所述病变或疾病,同时减少选自红斑和炎症的不良皮肤反应,所述组合物减少肿瘤侵入周围组织及淋巴结转移。
11.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述皮肤肿瘤病变是癌前色素性病变,选自非典型黑色素细胞病变、非典型黑色素细胞增生、非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增生、非典型表皮内黑色素细胞增殖和光化性角化病。
12.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述病变选自恶性雀斑样痣、原位黑色素瘤、原位鳞状细胞癌,所述组合物能有效减少局部组织浸润。
13.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述病变表示原发性浸润性黑色素瘤、基底细胞癌或鳞状细胞癌,所述组合物能有效减少组织浸润及淋巴结转移。
14.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述病变选自鲍温氏病、原位鳞状细胞癌、砷角化病、放射性角化病、PUVA角化病、鲍温样丘疹病、皮脂腺癌、汗孔癌、乳房外派杰氏病、默克尔细胞癌和皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。
15.权利要求10所述的方法,其用于治疗表皮角质形成细胞增殖和脂溢性角化病。
16.权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述病毒诱导的皮肤疾病选自传染性软疣、HPV感染、外阴上皮内瘤变、阴道上皮内瘤变、寻常疣和HSV感染。
17.一种用于治疗膀胱肿瘤的方法,其包括膀胱内施用权利要求1所述的组合物,所述组合物增强瑞喹莫特渗透和递送至膀胱上皮,并降低其刺激性,所述组合物减少肿瘤浸润至周围肌肉组织及淋巴结转移。
18.权利要求17所述的方法,其中所述膀胱肿瘤是浅表性膀胱癌和原位膀胱癌。
19.一种用于治疗深部组织肿瘤的方法,这些肿瘤不能通过皮肤表面或囊内施用到达的,其包含配制权利要求1所述组合物以肿瘤内施用,所述制剂增强肿瘤内瑞喹莫特的渗透和瑞喹莫特在肿瘤组织中的存留时间,同时减少不合需要的全身性副作用,所述制剂可任选地引发非特异性局部炎症,进而增强炎性细胞因子的分泌。
20.权利要求19所述的方法,其中所述肿瘤选自转移性上皮癌、鳞状细胞癌、基底细胞癌、肺癌、膀胱癌、前列腺癌、脑癌、乳腺癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌、肝癌、胃癌、间充质恶性肿瘤、肉瘤、淋巴瘤和晚期皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤。
21.权利要求10、权利要求17或权利要求19所述的方法,所述治疗还包括联合全身施用至少一种免疫调节剂,所述免疫调节剂选自抗PD1抗体,抗PDL1抗体,抗CTLA-4抗体,抗CD137抗体、激动性CD40抗体、CD134(抗OX40)激动剂和PLX3397。
22.权利要求10、权利要求17或权利要求19所述的方法,其还包含进一步全身施用干扰素γ。
23.权利要求10、权利要求17或权利要求19所述的方法,其还包含进一步施用局部放射,联合或不联合施用全身性抗PD-1抗体。
24.权利要求10、权利要求17或权利要求19所述的方法,其还包含进一步施用光动力疗法。
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US20180185350A1 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
WO2017004421A1 (en) | 2017-01-05 |
US20220096459A1 (en) | 2022-03-31 |
US11179385B2 (en) | 2021-11-23 |
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