CN108284755B - 用于控制燃料电池车辆中能量供应的方法和系统 - Google Patents
用于控制燃料电池车辆中能量供应的方法和系统 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法以及执行该方法的系统,方法包括:当电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时,将燃料电池的输出电流存储为预限制电流;当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流;当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子;以及按照燃料电池的输出电流相对预限制电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及用于控制燃料电池车辆中能量供应的方法和系统,其能够通过在燃料电池的电压下降时以电流限制保护燃料电池中,防止车辆的异常行为并预测电池电压的下降,来增强燃料电池的耐用性并且有效地管理高电压电池。
背景技术
燃料电池堆由数百个单元电池组成,并且对于数百个通道中的每个(每个通道由将这些两个至四个电池捆成束来形成),由车辆中的装置感测平均电池电压。该装置被称为SVM(堆叠电压监测器),其在监测燃料电池堆的每个单独电池的性能方面起着重要作用。
如果特定通道(由四个电池捆扎组成)的平均电池电压低于正常电压(如果电池泄漏发生),则由于堆的劣化或漏液(flooding in)而导致气体未被正确供应,由此一个电池的电压实际上会下降的可能性高。在这种情况下,因从电池连续抽取电流而生成的反向电压导致电池被严重地损坏,从而导致电池快速劣化。为了防止这种情况的发生,燃料电池控制单元(FCU)控制电池,以便通过限制电流来防止电池的二次损坏。
然而,由于电池泄漏很快,电池泄漏通常不会被FCU的电流限制所防止。在这种情况下,电池泄漏可能发生在与最大电流限制相反的时间。因此,在电池泄漏发生时,可能没有施加电流限制,而在电池泄漏没有发生时,可能施加了电流限制。由于这种情况的重复,车辆可能表现出异常行为,例如车辆横向振动。
因此,需要一种通过提前感测电池泄漏的迹象以及在适当时间执行合适的电流限制来防止车辆的异常行为的控制方法。
前述内容仅旨在帮助理解本公开的背景,并且不旨在意味着本公开属于本领域技术人员已知的现有技术的范围。
发明内容
本公开谨记现有技术中的以上问题,并且本公开旨在提出用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法和系统,其能够通过在燃料电池的电压下降时以电流限制保护燃料电池中,防止车辆的异常行为并预测电池电压的下降,来增强燃料电池的耐用性并且有效地管理高电压电池。
根据本公开的一个方面,控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法包括以下步骤:当通过将最小电池电压除以平均电池电压而得到的电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时,将燃料电池的输出电流存储为预限制电流;监测电池电压比;当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流;当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子;以及当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围时,按照燃料电池的输出电流相对预限制电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
最小电池电压比可以是当燃料电池中生成输出时不生成反向电压的最小值。
危险电池电压比可以大于最小电池电压比。
在将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流的步骤中,当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比,并且最小电池电压的下降变化率高于平均电池电压的下降变化率时,可以将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流。
方法可以进一步包括:当车辆的点火钥匙或点火关闭时,串联连接第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池。
在将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子的步骤中,当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,可以仅由燃料电池生成系统所需的输出,并且第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池可以被升压,使得它们的每个输出端处的电压达到燃料电池的输出端处的电压,然后第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池可以并联连接到主总线端子。
在从第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤之后,当系统所需的输出等于或小于基准值时,可以停止从第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤。
在将燃料电池的输出电流存储为预限制电流的步骤中,当在系统所需的输出等于或大于基准值的状态下,通过将最小电池电压除以平均电池电压而得到的电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时,可以将燃料电池的输出电流存储为预限制电流。
在从第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤中,当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围时,预限制电流可以被设定为限制保持电流,并且可以按照燃料电池的输出电流相对限制保持电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
根据本公开的方面,提供了用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的系统,所述系统执行根据本公开的一个方面的控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法,所述系统包括:开关,被配置为实现分割模式或整合模式,其中,在分割模式中,第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池通过相应的第一转换器和第二转换器并联连接到主总线端子,在整合模式中,第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池串联连接,同时通过第二转换器并联连接到主总线端子;电压传感器,被配置为检测每个燃料电池的电压;存储器,被配置为存储最小电池电压比、危险电池电压比、限制输出电流和预限制电流;以及控制器,用于控制开关和燃料电池的驱动,所述控制器被配置为:当电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时,将存储器中的预限制电流更新为燃料电池的输出电流,当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流,并且通过开关切换到第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池的分割模式,以及当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围时,控制第二转换器,以便按照燃料电池的输出电流相对预限制电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
第一高电压电池和第一转换器可以连接到第一电路,第二高电压电池和第二转换器可以连接到第二电路,并且第一电路和第二电路可以通过第一开关和第二开关彼此分离或连接。
第一开关可以设置在第一高电压电池与第二高电压电池之间,使得第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池彼此分离或串联连接。
第二开关可以设置在第一电路与第二电路之间,在第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池以及第一转换器和第二转换器之间的点处,使得第一电路和第二电路彼此分离或串联连接。
如从以上描述明显,根据本公开的用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法和系统可以通过在燃料电池的电压下降时以电流限制保护燃料电池中,防止车辆的异常行为并预测电池电压的下降,来增强燃料电池的耐用性并且有效地管理高电压电池。
附图说明
从以下结合附图的详细描述中将更清楚地理解本公开的以上和其它目的、特征和优点,其中:
图1和图2是根据本公开的实施例示出用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的系统的图示;以及
图3和图4是根据本公开的实施例示出控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面将参考附图描述根据本公开的优选实施例的用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法和系统。
图1和图2是根据本公开的实施例示出用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的系统的图示。图3和图4是根据本公开的实施例示出控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法的流程图。
参见图3和图4,根据本公开的实施例控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法包括:步骤(S430),当最小电池电压除以平均电池电压而得到的电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时,将燃料电池的输出电流存储为预限制电流;监测电池电压比的步骤;步骤(S230),当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流;步骤(S270),当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子;以及步骤(S320),当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围时,按照燃料电池的输出电流相对预限制电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
虽然本公开的实施例描述了第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池用作高电压电池的示例,但是即使在本实施例中提供三个或更多个高电压电池的情况下,它们中的一个可以用作第一高电压电池,并且另一个可以用作第二高电压电池。也就是说,由于如果车辆包括至少两个高电压电池,则本公开的实施例是足够的,所以本公开不限于电池的数量。
首先,当车辆起动时,加载先前存储在存储器中的初始值(S100)。初始值包括最小电池电压比、危险电池电压比、限制输出电流、预限制电流等。
燃料电池被控制为仅输出等于或小于限制输出电流的电流,以便防止因反向电压等而导致的电池损坏。在本公开的实施例中,除了限制输出电流之外,还单独提供预限制电流值,以预测电池泄漏,并且根据预限制电流在电池的电压实际迅速下降之前限制燃料电池的输出。因此,车辆被设置有限制输出电流和预限制电流的两个限制值,并且基于限制值中的较低值来限制燃料电池的输出。
电池电压比(RV)是通过将最小电池电压除以平均电池电压而得到的值。因此,由于电池电压比低,电池的最小电压非常低,并且因此可以看出电池泄漏极可能发生。因此,执行当电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时将燃料电池的输出电流存储为预限制电流的步骤。也就是说,当加速器开度等于或大于基准值(c)(例如10%)时(S410),如图4所示,可以看出车辆启动一定程度,在这种情况下,在燃料电池中生成输出的情况下,当电池电压比降低到预定最小电池电压比(b)时(S420),预限制电流被更新为由燃料电池当前生成的当前值(S430)。
当电池电压比正常时,预限制电流稍微增加并返回到原始状态(S440)。在该过程中,预限制电流被缓慢地更新一定时间,以防止控制的快速变化(S450)。
这里,最小电池电压比可以是当在燃料电池中生成输出时不生成反向电压的最小值。通常,由于当电池电压比等于或小于0.74时很可能生成反向电压,因此在存储器中优选地将最小电池电压比设定为约0.75。电池堆中的0.74的电池电压比(RV)是当在电池堆中生成输出时不生成反向电压的最小值。在电池堆中的平均电池电压为0.90V的情况下,当RV为0.74时,电池堆中的最小电池电压为0.66V。如果在由捆扎四个电池形成的通道中电池堆中的最小电池电压为0.66V,则由于在最坏情况下三个电池具有0.90V的电压并且另一个电池具有0.06V的电压,因此该状态紧接在生成反向电压之前。因此,当RV为0.74时,没有从电池提取电流以防止生成反向电压,而当RV等于或小于0.74时,必须减小电流,这是因为存在已经生成反向电压的可能性。
接下来,执行监测电池电压比的步骤。当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时(S210),执行将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流的步骤(S230)。这里,在将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流的步骤中,当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时(S210),并且最小电池电压的下降变化率大于平均电池电压的下降变化率时(S220),可以将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流(S230)。
危险电池电压比大于最小电池电压比,并且当最小电池电压比为0.75时,危险电池电压比可以为约0.8。因此,当燃料电池的电池电压比降低到危险电池电压比时,不会立即但是可能生成反向电压。尤其是,当最小电池电压的下降变化率大于平均电池电压的下降变化率时,特定电池的电压可能迅速下降,这可能导致将来电池泄漏。因此,作为用于对输出电流进行限制的基准的预限制电流值被设定,以事先对电流进行限制。因此,通过事先检查燃料电池的状态并对引起电池泄漏的电流进行限制,可以防止燃料电池劣化,并且确保逐渐恢复燃料电池的时间。
不过,在这种情况下,突然减小燃料电池的输出电流。然而,由于同时(coincidentally)执行用于电流限制的控制,但难以在用于限制燃料电池的输出的辅助机械中预期瞬时响应,因此车辆可能表现出异常行为,例如车辆横向振动达一段时间。也就是说,当燃料电池的输出电流从100水平降低到50水平时,必须减少空气的供应量。在这种情况下,由于流体的特性,可能发生滞后现象,并且因此输出电流在50水平附近抖动,然后收敛,就在这个过程中发生车辆横向振动。此外,当在输出电流下降的过程中电池的电压迅速降低时,可能表现出车辆横向振动。
因此,为了防止因电流限制引起的功率缺失而导致的车辆的异常行为(例如,车辆横向振动),需要一种瞬时补充功率的手段。图1和图2示出了用于补充功率的切换过程。对于切换过程,车辆的高电压电池可以在拓扑上分割为两个电池,或者电池可以彼此整合。
也就是说,当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,执行将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子的步骤(S270)。当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将高电压电池分割为第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池,使得第一高电压电池与燃料电池一起实现常规混合模式,并且第二高电压电池仅处于待机状态。当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为预限制电流的限制输出电流,或者处于限制输出电流的预定范围内时(S310),执行按照燃料电池的输出电流对预限制电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤(S320),以便在发生车辆横向振动的情况下通过瞬时补充功率来确保驾驶性能。
当如在现有技术中那样使用一个高电压电池时,高电压电池可能不具有足够的荷电状态,并且由于混合驱动的特性,可能持续地发生电流的充电/放电。因此,电池被分割为两个电池,其中一个电池如现有技术中那样支持燃料电池,而另一个电池在充电和待机状态中按照燃料电池的输出电流相对预限制电流的不足量瞬时地输出电流,以补充功率并防止驱动力的减小。
因此,由于燃料电池被有效地保护同时不会劣化,并且车辆的整体功率未迅速降低,因此同时满足耐用性和驾驶性能是可能的。
此外,预限制电流是可以根据燃料电池的电池电压比的改变而改变的值。因此,当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围时,预限制电流被设定为固定为不变值的限制保持电流(S312)。然后,可以按照燃料电池的输出电流相对作为固定值的限制保持电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流。也就是说,即使在预限制电流变化的情况下,也可以在补充电流的输出期间均匀地维持车辆的功率,由此防止车辆的驾驶性能劣化。
另一方面,根据本公开的实施例的方法可以进一步包括:当车辆的点火钥匙或点火关闭时将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池串联连接的步骤(S360)。也就是说,即使在分割状态下使用高电压电池,当车辆的点火关闭时,它们也被整合以准备下一次点火。高电压电池通常以如在现有技术中被整合为一个电池的状态支持燃料电池。
在将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子的步骤(S270)中,当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,仅燃料电池生成系统所需的输出(S240)。接下来,第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池可以被升压,使得每个输出端处的电压达到燃料电池输出端处的电压(S250),然后当电压差小于10V时,可以将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子(S260)。通过这样的处理,可以在分割电池的过程中防止因过电压引起的短路并且保护电路。
另外,当在从第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤之后,系统所需的输出等于或小于基准值时,可以停止从第二高电压电池输出补充电流(S340)。也就是说,当加速器开度等于或小于基准值(c)(例如10%)时(S330),所需输出为低,在这种情况下,不需要对输出电流进行限制,这是因为输出电流本身为低。因此,异常行为(例如,车辆横向振动)概率低的因此,在这种情况下,通过再次对高电压电池整合并充分执行再生制动来提高燃料效率是可能的。
图1和图2是根据本公开的实施例示出用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的系统的图示。开关可以实现分割模式或整合模式,在分割模式中,第一高电压电池100和第二高电压电池200通过相应的第一转换器120和第二转换器220并联连接到主总线端子600,在整合模式中,第一高电压电池100和第二高电压电池200串联连接并且通过第二转换器220并联连接到主总线端子600。
第一高电压电池100和第一转换器120可以连接到第一电路140,第二高电压电池200和第二转换器220可以连接到第二电路240,并且第一电路140和第二电路240可以通过第一开关160和第二开关260彼此分离或连接。尽管本公开的实施例描述了将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池用作高电压电池的示例,即使当在本实施例中提供三个或更多个高电压电池时,它们中的一个可以用作第一高电压电池,并且另一个可以用作第二高电压电池。
第一开关160被设置在第一高电压电池100与第二高电压电池200之间,使得第一高电压电池100和第二高电压电池200可以彼此分离或串联连接。
第二开关260被设置在第一电路140与第二电路240之间,在高电压电池与转换器之间的点处,使得第一电路140和第二电路240可以彼此分离或串联连接。
图1示出了整合模式。在整合模式下,第一高电压电池100和第二高电压电池200通过第一开关160和第二开关260的操作串联连接以构成一个电池,并且它们通过第二转换器220并联连接到主总线端子600。
图2示出了分割模式。在分割模式中,第一高电压电池100和第二高电压电池200是通过第一开关160和第二开关260的操作而分离的相应电池,并且它们通过相应的第一转换器120和第二转换器220并联连接到主总线端子600。在这种情况下,第一高电压电池100用于与燃料电池300一起执行电动机400的混合驱动,并且第二高电压电池200用于根据需要输出补充电流。
根据本公开的实施例用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的系统包括电压传感器201,其检测每个燃料电池的电压,以实时计算电池电压比。最小电池电压比、危险电池电压比、限制输出电流和预限制电流被存储在存储器中,并且它们可以在控制过程中被更新以用于下一次点火。
该系统包括控制开关和燃料电池的驱动的控制器500。当电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时,控制器500将存储器中的预限制电流更新为燃料电池的输出电流;当电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为预限制电流并且通过开关切换到第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池的分割模式;以及当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围时,按照燃料电池的输出电流相对预限制电流的不足量,从第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
根据本公开用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法和系统,可以通过在燃料电池的电压下降时以电流限制保护燃料电池中,防止车辆的异常行为以及预测电池电压的下降,来增强燃料电池的耐用性并且有效地管理高电压电池。
虽然为了说明的目的已经公开了本公开的优选实施例,但是本领域技术人员将理解,在不脱离所附权利要求中公开的本公开的范围和精神的情况下,可以进行各种修改、添加和替换。
Claims (13)
1.一种控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法,包括以下步骤:
当通过将最小电池电压除以平均电池电压而得到的电池电压比达到最小电池电压比时,将此时的燃料电池的输出电流存储为预限制电流;
监测所述电池电压比;
当所述电池电压比达到危险电池电压比时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为所述预限制电流;
当所述电池电压比达到所述危险电池电压比时,将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子;以及
当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为所述预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围内时,按照燃料电池的输出电流相对所述预限制电流的不足量,从所述第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述最小电池电压比是当在燃料电池中生成输出时不生成反向电压的最小值。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述危险电池电压比大于所述最小电池电压比。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为所述预限制电流的步骤中,当所述电池电压比达到所述危险电池电压比,并且所述最小电池电压的下降变化率高于所述平均电池电压的下降变化率时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为所述预限制电流。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,进一步包括以下步骤:
当车辆的点火钥匙关断或点火关闭时,串联连接所述第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在将第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子的步骤中,当所述电池电压比达到所述危险电池电压比时,仅由燃料电池生成系统所需的输出,并且所述第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池被升压,使得它们的每个输出端处的电压达到燃料电池的输出端处的电压,然后所述第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池并联连接到主总线端子。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在从所述第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤之后,当系统所需的输出等于或小于基准值时,停止从所述第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在将燃料电池的输出电流存储为所述预限制电流的步骤中,当在系统所需的输出等于或大于基准值的状态下,所述电池电压比达到所述最小电池电压比时,将燃料电池的输出电流存储为所述预限制电流。
9.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,在从所述第二高电压电池输出补充电流的步骤中,当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为所述预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围内时,所述预限制电流被设定为限制保持电流,并且按照燃料电池的输出电流相对所述限制保持电流的不足量,从所述第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
10.一种用于控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的系统,所述系统执行根据权利要求1所述的控制燃料电池车辆中的能量供应的方法,所述系统包括:
开关,被配置为实现分割模式或整合模式,其中,在分割模式中,第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池通过相应的第一转换器和第二转换器并联连接到主总线端子,在整合模式中,所述第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池串联连接,同时通过所述第二转换器并联连接到所述主总线端子;
电压传感器,被配置为检测每个燃料电池的电压;
存储器,被配置为存储最小电池电压比、危险电池电压比、限制输出电流和预限制电流;和
控制器,用于控制开关和燃料电池的驱动,所述控制器被配置为:
当电池电压比达到所述最小电池电压比时,将存储器中的所述预限制电流更新为燃料电池的输出电流,
当所述电池电压比达到所述危险电池电压比时,将燃料电池的限制输出电流设定为所述预限制电流,并且通过开关切换到所述第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池的分割模式,以及
当燃料电池的输出电流达到被设定为所述预限制电流的限制输出电流的预定范围时,控制所述第二转换器,以便按照燃料电池的输出电流相对所述预限制电流的不足量,从所述第二高电压电池输出补充电流。
11.根据权利要求10所述的系统,其中,所述第一高电压电池和所述第一转换器连接到第一电路,所述第二高电压电池和所述第二转换器连接到第二电路,并且所述第一电路和第二电路通过第一开关和第二开关彼此分离或连接。
12.根据权利要求11所述的系统,其中,所述第一开关设置在所述第一高电压电池与所述第二高电压电池之间,使得所述第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池彼此分离或串联连接。
13.根据权利要求11所述的系统,其中,所述第二开关设置在所述第一高电压电池和第二高电压电池与所述第一转换器和第二转换器之间的点处,在所述第一电路与所述第二电路之间,使得所述第一电路和第二电路彼此分离或串联连接。
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