CN108239732A - A kind of heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy and its application - Google Patents
A kind of heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy and its application Download PDFInfo
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- CN108239732A CN108239732A CN201611206310.4A CN201611206310A CN108239732A CN 108239732 A CN108239732 A CN 108239732A CN 201611206310 A CN201611206310 A CN 201611206310A CN 108239732 A CN108239732 A CN 108239732A
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/043—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/002—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working by rapid cooling or quenching; cooling agents used therefor
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/047—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/05—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions
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Abstract
Heat treatment method and its application the present invention relates to a kind of 6000 line aluminium alloy, belong to field of aluminum alloy heat treatment technology.This method includes being made annealing treatment after hot rolling, before cold rolling, and 6000 line aluminium alloys are risen to temperature T by room temperature1Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t1, then by temperature T1It is cooled to room temperature；6000 line aluminium alloys are risen into temperature T by room temperature between cold rolling pass2Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t2, then by temperature T2It is cooled to room temperature；Wherein, 350 DEG C≤T1≤T2≤ 500 DEG C, 0.5h≤t1=t2≤ 5h, annealing and isothermal holding carry out in heat treatment heating furnace.The present invention is while 6000 line aluminium alloy plank mechanical property is kept, hence it is evident that improves the surface quality of 6000 line aluminium alloy planks, eliminates the surface defect of 6000 line aluminium alloy planks, this is of great significance to the application range for expanding car body of aluminum alloy plate.
Description
Technical field
Heat treatment method and its application the present invention relates to a kind of 6000 systems (Al-Mg-Si systems) aluminium alloy, more particularly to one
Kind is suitable for improving intermediate annealing heat treatment method and its application of 6000 line aluminium alloy car body panel surface defects, belongs to aluminium alloy
Technical field of heat treatment.
Background technology
Energy-saving and emission-reduction are the eternal development topics of auto industry, and currently, national governments have promulgated the method for energy-saving and emission-reduction in succession
Laws ＆ Regulations, CO2With the desired value of pernicious gas and particulate emission.In order to meet this target, automobile manufacturers are one after another by mesh
Light has turned to automotive light weight technology.Aluminium alloy is with lightweight, wear-resisting, corrosion-resistant, specific strength is high, shock resistance is good, easy surface
The features such as color and recoverable, becomes and is currently applied to one of main lightweighting materials of automobile industry.Body of a motor car accounts for about
More than 30% automobile gross weight replaces conventional steel plates that can make vehicle body loss of weight 40%~50%, light weight effect according to aluminium alloy
Significantly.In all automobile-used aluminum alloy materials, 6000 line aluminium alloys are because with excellent comprehensive performance, it has also become body of a motor car is used
The Main Trends of The Development of aluminium alloy.
6000 line aluminium alloys are typical heat-treatable strengthened wrought aluminium alloys, for vehicle body plate, need to be added in aluminium
Factory completes founding, strips off the skin, homogenizes heat treatment, hot rolling, intermediate annealing, cold rolling, solid solution and Pre-aging treatment, sawing and cleaning
Deng, then carry out factory testing, by the plank of detection it is packaged, transport reach automobile factory, in automobile factory to plate
Material carries out the processing such as stamping and subsequent application baking vanish.In stamping process, 6000 line aluminium alloy planks easily occur
A kind of entitled " roping " surface defect, this surface defect generally along the rolling direction of plank (Rolling Direction,
RD it) is distributed, naked eyes are as it can be seen that Fig. 1 show 6000 line aluminium alloy board surface defect schematic diagrames, and subsequent application paint baking
This defect can not be covered completely, this causes vehicle body plate that cannot meet requirement of the automobile exterior panel to performance attractive in appearance, influences
The extensive uses of 6000 line aluminium alloy planks.
The generations of 6000 line aluminium alloy surface defects and texture have a much relations, the generation of texture not only with rolling deformation mistake
Cheng Xiangguan, it is also closely coupled with heat treatment process.Wherein, the intermediate annealing between hot rolling and cold rolling is as essential heat together
Treatment process process, effect be to reduce or eliminate the energy stored in deformation process, avoid this portion of energy coarsened grain and
Precipitated phase；Another effect is that the tissue of crystal grain orientation random distribution is formed by intermediate annealing, to reduce or eliminate the table of plank
Planar defect.Intermediate annealing process is affected by alloying component, and when alloying component difference, intermediate annealing process should also carry out
Appropriate adjustment, if intermediate annealing process control is improper or is not suitable for, the crystal grain of formation is uneven with apparent orientation or size
It is even, then probably there is surface defect during being subsequently stamped and formed out, so as to influence the normal use of plank.
Therefore, how according to alloy feature, suitable intermediate annealing process is carried out to alloy, is realized to sheet alloy crystal grain
The accuracy controlling of pattern, size and orientation is most important to improve plank tissue and surface quality.
Invention content
It is that aluminium closes for current 6000 it is an object of the invention to overcome the shortcomings of existing 6000 line aluminium alloy preparation method
The more complicated technical characterstic of alloy system that golden car body panel shows is researched and developed a kind of centre suitable for complex alloys system and is moved back
Burning hot treatment process while improving alloy structure pattern, improving baking vanish hardening yield strength increment, improves the surface of plank
Quality.
Foregoing invention purpose can be achieved through the following technical solutions：
A kind of heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy, includes the following steps：Intermediate annealing process realizes in two steps, first
Step：After hot rolling, it is made annealing treatment before cold rolling, 6000 line aluminium alloys is risen into temperature T by room temperature1It carries out at heat preservation
Reason, soaking time t1, then by temperature T1It is cooled to room temperature；Second step：By 6000 line aluminium alloys by room temperature between cold rolling pass
Rise to temperature T2Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t2, then by temperature T2It is cooled to room temperature, wherein 350 DEG C≤T1≤T2≤
500 DEG C, 0.5h≤t1=t2≤ 5h, the annealing of the first step and the isothermal holding of second step in heat treatment heating furnace into
Row.
The present inventor is had found by numerous studies and commercial practice, by being heat-treated to 6000 line aluminium alloy intermediate annealings
Technique carry out fine selection with it is reasonably combined, grain morphology in tissue, size and orientation etc., acquisition surface quality can be significantly improved
Good plank.
The preferred technical solution of the present invention：Intermediate annealing process realizes in two steps, the first step：After hot rolling, cold rolling it
Before made annealing treatment, 6000 line aluminium alloys are risen into temperature T by room temperature1Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t1, then by
Temperature T1It is cooled to room temperature；Second step：By 6000 line aluminium alloys by room temperature liter after the first passage of cold rolling and before last a time
To temperature T2Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t2, then by temperature T2It is cooled to room temperature, wherein 380 DEG C≤T1≤T2≤460
DEG C, 0.5h≤t1=t2≤ 3h, the annealing of the first step and the isothermal holding of second step carry out in heat treatment heating furnace.
It is cold in the first step and second step in the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloys of the invention and its optimal technical scheme
But mode selects forced air cooling and is atomized the mode of one or both of cold combination, it is therefore intended that during avoiding Slow cooling
The Mg of precipitation2Si phases, which are roughened, grows up, and influences subsequent solution treatment.
Preferably, in the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloys of the invention and its optimal technical scheme, heating mode is
One or more of air furnace, induction furnace and infrared heating furnace combination may be selected in heat treatment heating furnace, and temperature is less than 40
I.e. it is believed that being cooled to room temperature below DEG C.
Preferably, containing Al, Mg, Si, Cu and Zn element and selected from Zr, Mn, Ti and V etc. in 6000 line aluminium alloy
At least one of trace element element.
Preferably, in 6000 line aluminium alloys, the mass percent of Zn is 0.3~1.5wt%.
Preferably, 6000 line aluminium alloys are plank or strip product.
The heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloys of the invention can be used as improving 6000 line aluminium alloy car body panel surface defects
Intermediate annealing heat treatment method, it can improve while improving alloy structure pattern, improving baking vanish hardening yield strength increment
The surface quality of plank.
Compared with conventional solution, the present invention is while 6000 line aluminium alloy plank mechanical property is kept, hence it is evident that changes
The surface quality of 6000 line aluminium alloy planks has been apt to it, has eliminated the surface defect of 6000 line aluminium alloy planks, this is closed to expanding aluminium
The application range of golden car body panel is of great significance.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is 6000 line aluminium alloy board surface defect schematic diagrames.
Specific embodiment
The intermediate annealing heat treatment method for being suitable for improving 6000 line aluminium alloy car body panel surface defects of the present invention, mainly
Include the following steps：6000 line aluminium alloy planks/band is rolled into heat treatment heating furnace, intermediate annealing process is real in two steps
It is existing, the first step：After hot rolling, intermediate annealing process is carried out before cold rolling, plank/band volume is risen into temperature T by room temperature1It carries out
Isothermal holding, soaking time t1, then by temperature T1Be cooled to room temperature, type of cooling selection forced air cooling or atomization it is cold in one kind
Or the mode of two kinds of combinations；Second step：Plank/band volume is risen into temperature by room temperature before last a time after the first passage of cold rolling
T2Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t2, then by temperature T2It is cooled to room temperature, during the type of cooling selects forced air cooling or atomization cold
One or two kinds of combinations modes, wherein 350 DEG C≤T1≤T2≤ 500 DEG C, 0.5h≤t1≤t2≤5h。
Embodiment 1
Apply the present invention to be commercialized AA6016 aluminium alloys, nominal composition range (mass fraction, %)：Mg 0.25
~0.6, Si 1.0~1.5, Cu≤0.2, Mn≤0.2, Zn≤0.2, Ti≤0.15, Fe≤0.5, surplus Al and inevitable
Other impurity；A kind of typical alloying component is selected wherein：0.45%Mg, 1.10%Si, 0.05%Cu, 0.15%Fe,
0.01%Ti, surplus Al and inevitably other impurity.Alloy through founding, homogenization heat treatment, hot rolling, intermediate annealing,
The links such as cold rolling obtain the plank that thickness is 1.0mm, and plank is put into air furnace, and intermediate annealing process is realized in two steps, the
One step：After hot rolling, intermediate annealing process is carried out before cold rolling, plank is risen into temperature T by room temperature1Carry out isothermal holding,
Soaking time is t1, then by temperature T1It is cooled to room temperature, the type of cooling is forced air cooling；Second step：It is last after the first passage of cold rolling
Plank/band volume is risen into temperature T by room temperature before a time2Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t2, then by temperature T2It is cooled to
Room temperature, the type of cooling is cold to be atomized, and wherein intermediate annealing process employs 9 kinds of different heat-treatment protocols, as shown in table 1.
It has then carried out solution treatment to cold rolling state plank, 130 has been carried out in solution hardening treated sample 30min
DEG C/Pre-aging treatment of 10min after obtain T4P state samples, later to a part of T4P states sample along TD (perpendicular to roll to) direction
10 ± 1% pre-stretching is carried out with the rate of 3mm/min, while a part of TP states sample has carried out 175 after being placed at room temperature for 2 weeks
DEG C/the simulation paint baking of 30min obtains T6B aspect product.Specimen surface coating lubricant (such as vegetable oil) after pre-stretching, is adopted
It is polished with the grinding stone of 320 mesh along sample length direction the sample after pre-stretching, sample is made to expose fresh metal surface,
Judge whether sample surface defect occurs with this.
It will be compared using above-described embodiment with the alloy property prepared by comparative example, wherein, evaluation surface quality etc.
The experiment of grade is carried out with reference to general 15420 standards of GMW, the table that surface quality represents plank by " 1 grade → 2 grades → 3 grades → 4 grades "
Face degradation, middle grade 1 and grade 2 represent that plate surface is normal, do not occur surface defect, and grade 3 and class 4 represent
There is surface defect in plank, if the surface defect occurs in plank, plank cannot meet the requirement of automobile exterior panel Surface Quality,
This normal use that will influence plank.Main performance testing results are as shown in table 2.
T4P states and T6B state properties energy in contrast table 2 are it can be found that 6016 aluminum alloy plate materials using technical solution of the present invention
Baking vanish hardening yield strength increment after baking vanish is a little higher than using conventional solution, and after different intermediate annealing process, T4P
The surface quality of state plank is apparently higher than using conventional solution, is satisfied by the requirement of automobile exterior panel Surface Quality.
The technological parameter of 9 kinds of different heat treatment schemes in 1 embodiment 1 of table
| Technique is numbered | Present invention process (Yes/No) | T1/℃ | t1/h | T2/℃ | t2/h |
| 1-1 | It is no | 400 | 1 | / | / |
| 1-2 | It is no | / | / | 400 | 1 |
| 1-3 | It is no | 415 | 1 | / | / |
| 1-4 | It is | 380 | 2 | 400 | 2 |
| 1-5 | It is | 400 | 2 | 400 | 2 |
| 1-6 | It is | 400 | 2 | 430 | 2 |
| 1-7 | It is | 430 | 2 | 430 | 2 |
| 1-8 | It is | 430 | 2 | 450 | 2 |
| 1-9 | It is | 450 | 2 | 500 | 2 |
By the alloy property of different heat treatment scheme processing in 2 embodiment 1 of table
Embodiment 2
Apply the present invention to a kind of novel 6000 line aluminium alloy, nominal composition range (mass fraction, %)：Mg
0.8-1.6, Si 0.4-1.0, Cu 0.05-0.3, Zn 0.3-0.85, Mn 0.05-0.15, Zr 0.05-0.15, Fe≤
0.35, surplus Al and inevitably other impurity；A kind of exemplary alloy ingredient is chosen wherein：1.20%Mg, 0.60%Si,
0.20%Cu, 0.63%Zn, 0.10%Mn, 0.12%Zr, 0.13%Fe, inevitably surplus Al and other impurity.Alloy
The plank that thickness is 1.0mm is obtained through links such as founding, homogenization heat treatment, hot rolling, intermediate annealing, cold rollings, plank is put into
In induction furnace, intermediate annealing process is realized in two steps, the first step：After hot rolling, intermediate annealing process is carried out before cold rolling, it will
Plank/band volume rises to temperature T by room temperature1Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t1, then by temperature T1It is cooled to room temperature, cooling side
Formula selection atomization is cold；Second step：Plank/band volume is risen into temperature T by room temperature before last a time after the first passage of cold rolling2Into
Row isothermal holding, soaking time t2, then by temperature T2It is cooled to room temperature, type of cooling selection forced air cooling and the cold two kinds of groups of atomization
The mode of conjunction, wherein intermediate annealing process employ 9 kinds of different heat-treatment protocols, as shown in table 3.
It has then carried out solution treatment to cold rolling state plank, 130 has been carried out in solution hardening treated sample 30min
DEG C/Pre-aging treatment of 10min after obtain T4P state samples, later to a part of T4P states sample along TD directions with 3mm/min's
Rate carries out 10 ± 1% pre-stretching, while a part of TP states sample has carried out 175 DEG C/30min's after being placed at room temperature for 2 weeks
It simulates paint baking and obtains T6B aspect product.Specimen surface coating lubricant (such as vegetable oil) after pre-stretching, using 320 purposes
Grinding stone polishes to the sample after pre-stretching along sample length direction, sample is made to expose fresh metal surface, is sentenced with this
Whether disconnected sample there is surface defect.
It will be compared using above-described embodiment with the alloy property prepared by comparative example, wherein, evaluation surface quality etc.
The experiment of grade is carried out with reference to general 15420 standards of GMW, the table that surface quality represents plank by " 1 grade → 2 grades → 3 grades → 4 grades "
Face degradation, middle grade 1 and grade 2 represent that plate surface is normal, do not occur surface defect, and grade 3 and class 4 represent
There is surface defect in plank, if the surface defect occurs in plank, plank cannot meet the requirement of automobile exterior panel Surface Quality,
This normal use that will influence plank.Main performance testing results are as shown in table 4.
The technological parameter of 9 kinds of different heat treatment schemes in 3 embodiment 2 of table
| Technique is numbered | Present invention process (Yes/No) | T1/℃ | t1/h | T2/℃ | t2/h |
| 2-1 | It is no | 400 | 2 | / | / |
| 2-2 | It is no | 410 | 1 | / | / |
| 2-3 | It is no | 420 | 1 | / | / |
| 2-4 | It is | 380 | 1 | 410 | 2 |
| 2-5 | It is | 410 | 1 | 410 | 2 |
| 2-6 | It is | 410 | 1 | 430 | 2 |
| 2-7 | It is | 430 | 1 | 430 | 2 |
| 2-8 | It is | 430 | 1 | 450 | 2 |
| 2-9 | It is | 450 | 1 | 450 | 2 |
It can be seen that compared with conventional solution from the performance data in table 4, it can be effective using technical solution of the present invention
Improve the baking vanish hardening yield strength increment and surface quality of 6000 line aluminium alloy planks, and the improvement of Surface Quality more has
Profit, the plate surface quality through different intermediate annealing process are satisfied by the requirement of automobile exterior panel.
By the alloy property of different heat treatment scheme processing in 4 embodiment 2 of table
From embodiment 1,2 as can be seen that by 6000 line aluminium alloy car body panel intermediate annealing heat treatment process parameters
Rationally adjustment can obtain 6000 line aluminium alloy car body panels special compared with the more excellent baking vanish hardening response of conventional solution
Property；What is more important, the surface quality using the plank of technical solution of the present invention is more excellent, and plank does not occur surface and lacks
It falls into, hence it is evident that better than conventional solution, be conducive to the subsequent processing of plank, and to further improving 6000 line aluminium alloy planks
Performance simultaneously expands its application range and is of great significance.
It should be noted that it is given above some specific embodiments in the only present invention, the protection to the present invention
Range is not limited in any way.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy, includes the following steps：
(1) it is made annealing treatment after hot rolling, before cold rolling, 6000 line aluminium alloys is risen into temperature T by room temperature1It is kept the temperature
Processing, soaking time t1, then by temperature T1It is cooled to room temperature；
(2) 6000 line aluminium alloys are risen into temperature T by room temperature between cold rolling pass2Carry out isothermal holding, soaking time t2, with
Afterwards by temperature T2It is cooled to room temperature；
Wherein, 350 DEG C≤T1≤T2≤ 500 DEG C, 0.5h≤t1=t2≤ 5h, in the annealing and step (2) in step (1)
Isothermal holding carries out in heat treatment heating furnace.
2. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The step (2) is
Temperature T is risen to by room temperature after the first passage of cold rolling and before last a time by 6000 line aluminium alloys2Isothermal holding is carried out, is protected
The warm time is t2, then by temperature T2It is cooled to room temperature.
3. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy according to claim 2, it is characterised in that：Institute in step (1) and (2)
The temperature and time stated is：380℃≤T1≤T2≤ 460 DEG C, 0.5h≤t1=t2≤3h。
4. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The mode of the cooling
For forced air cooling and the combination for being atomized one or both of cold mode.
5. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The heat treatment heating
Combination of the stove for one or more of air furnace, induction furnace and infrared heating furnace.
6. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：6000 line aluminium alloy
In contain Al, Mg, Si, Cu and Zn element and selected from least one of the trace elements such as Zr, Mn, Ti and V element.
7. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy according to claim 6, it is characterised in that：Described 6000 are that aluminium closes
The mass percent of Jin Zhong, Zn are 0.3~1.5wt%.
8. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloy according to claim 7, it is characterised in that：Described 6000 are that aluminium closes
Gold is plank or strip product.
9. the heat treatment method of 6000 line aluminium alloys described in any one of claim 1-8 is improving 6000 line aluminium alloy vehicle bodies
Application in plate surface defect.
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Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112626429A (en) * | 2019-10-08 | 2021-04-09 | 有研工程技术研究院有限公司 | Method for improving aging resistance stability of 6000 series aluminum alloy plate |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103255324A (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2013-08-21 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | Aluminum alloy material suitable for manufacturing car body panel and preparation method |
| CN106011560A (en) * | 2016-07-13 | 2016-10-12 | 苏州中色研达金属技术有限公司 | High-performance 5xxx series aluminium alloy and processing method thereof |
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Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103255324A (en) * | 2013-04-19 | 2013-08-21 | 北京有色金属研究总院 | Aluminum alloy material suitable for manufacturing car body panel and preparation method |
| CN106011560A (en) * | 2016-07-13 | 2016-10-12 | 苏州中色研达金属技术有限公司 | High-performance 5xxx series aluminium alloy and processing method thereof |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN112626429A (en) * | 2019-10-08 | 2021-04-09 | 有研工程技术研究院有限公司 | Method for improving aging resistance stability of 6000 series aluminum alloy plate |
| CN112626429B (en) * | 2019-10-08 | 2022-10-21 | 有研工程技术研究院有限公司 | Method for improving aging resistance stability of 6000 series aluminum alloy plate |
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