CN108233496B - 车辆充电器 - Google Patents

车辆充电器 Download PDF

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CN108233496B
CN108233496B CN201710505108.XA CN201710505108A CN108233496B CN 108233496 B CN108233496 B CN 108233496B CN 201710505108 A CN201710505108 A CN 201710505108A CN 108233496 B CN108233496 B CN 108233496B
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circuit unit
power
factor correction
switching circuit
power factor
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CN108233496A (zh
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张永振
姜亨奭
鲁成汉
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Hyundai Motor Co
Kia Corp
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Kia Motors Corp
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/10—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by the energy transfer between the charging station and the vehicle
    • B60L53/14—Conductive energy transfer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
    • B60L53/55—Capacitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J7/02—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries for charging batteries from ac mains by converters
    • H02J7/022—
    • H02J7/027—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
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    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H02M1/4225—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a non-isolated boost converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/51—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used
    • H03K17/56—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices
    • H03K17/687—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices the devices being field-effect transistors
    • H03K17/6871—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking characterised by the components used by the use, as active elements, of semiconductor devices the devices being field-effect transistors the output circuit comprising more than one controlled field-effect transistor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B60L2210/12—Buck converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/30—AC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/54—Drive Train control parameters related to batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
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    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种转换AC电力来生成能够对能量存储装置进行充电的DC电力的充电器。充电器包括：开关电路单元，其施加或阻断从外部输入的AC电力；以及功率因数校正电路单元，其将从开关电路单元施加的AC电力转换为DC电力。然后，DC‑DC转换器转换通过功率因数校正电路单元转换的DC电力的电压电平，并将所转换电压电平的DC电力供应给能量存储装置。电容器被配置成并联连接在功率因数校正电路单元和DC‑DC转换器之间。控制器操作开关电路单元和功率因数校正电路单元，以在能量存储装置的初始充电操作时以预定电压对电容器充电。

Description

车辆充电器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种充电器，更特别地，涉及一种转换交流(AC)电力以生成直流(DC)电力来对能量存储装置充电的充电器。
背景技术
电动车辆或插电式混合动力车辆包括充电器，其接收来自外部电源装置的AC电力并将AC电力转换为DC电力以对车辆内的诸如电池的能量存储装置充电。在这种车辆中使用的充电器通常包括：功率因数校正电路，其将AC电力转换为DC电力并校正功率因数；以及DC-DC充电电路，其将功率因数校正电路的DC电力输出的电压电平转换为电池的充电电压的电平。形成DC链路的电容器被设置在功率因数校正电路和DC-DC充电电路的连接端处。
通常，当充电器连接到外部电源装置时，为了防止电容器因突变冲击电流受到损坏，充电器包括在功率因数校正电路的输入端子处并联连接的初始充电电阻器和继电器。充电器被配置成在外部电源和充电器连接之前使继电器开路，以允许电流流经初始充电电阻器，并且被配置成当从外部施加电力时，利用来自外部的极限电流通过初始充电电阻器对电容器充电。此外，在以预定电压电平或更高电压电平对电容器充电之后，继电器被短路以将从外部供应的电力施加到功率因数校正电路上。
然而，现有充电器中使用的初始充电电阻器应当承受相当大量的电力，因此其尺寸大、成本高。此外，每次执行充电时，初始充电电阻器都接收相当大的负载，因此其寿命可能容易劣化，并且归因于其尺寸，因此也容易受到冲击。初始充电电阻器也消耗电能成为热能，因此其在能量效率方面也不利。另外，由于并联的初始充电电阻器和继电器的前端需要额外的继电器用于形成或阻断与外部电源装置的电连接，所以尺寸和成本随着继电器数量的增加而增大。
已经提供了作为相关技术描述的内容，仅用于帮助理解本发明的背景，并且不应被认为是对应于本领域技术人员已知的相关技术。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种能够去除初始充电电阻器、与初始充电电阻器并联连接的继电器以及设置在初始充电电阻器前端用于阻断或施加外部AC电力的继电器并解决在初始充电期间的过电流冲击问题的充电器。
根据本发明的示例性实施例，充电器可包括：开关电路单元，其被配置成施加或阻断从外部输入的AC电力；功率因数校正电路单元，其被配置成将从开关电路单元施加的AC电力转换为DC电力；DC-DC转换器，其被配置成转换由功率因数校正电路单元转换的DC电力的电压电平，并将所转换电压电平的DC电力供应给能量存储装置；电容器，其被配置成并联连接(shunt-connected)在功率因数校正电路单元和DC-DC转换器之间；以及控制器，其被配置成操作开关电路单元和功率因数校正电路单元以在能量存储装置的初始充电操作期间以预定电压对电容器充电。
控制器可被配置成在开始充电操作之前使开关电路单元开路，并在充电操作开始时对开关电路单元执行PWM控制以向电容器供应电流。功率因数校正电路单元可包括：电感器，其具有连接到开关电路单元的第一端；二极管，其具有连接到电感器的第二端的正极和连接到电容器的第一端的负极；以及开关元件，其形成或阻断电感器和正极的连接端与电容器的第二端之间的电连接，并且控制器可被配置成操作开关电路单元为开路/短路并操作开关元件为开路/短路以调节施加到电容器的电压。控制器可进一步被配置成在开始充电操作之前使开关电路单元开路，当充电操作开始时对开关电路单元执行PWM控制以使开关元件开路从而对电容器充电，以及当以预设电压电平或更高电压电平对电容器充电时，使开关电路单元短路并对开关元件执行PWM控制。
开关电路单元可包括第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET，其均具有通常接收来自控制器的控制信号的栅极，第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一源极可彼此连接，并且第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一漏极可逐个连接到AC电力输入端子和功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子。可选地，第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一漏极可彼此连接。另外，第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一源极可逐个连接到AC电力输入端子和功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子。充电器可进一步包括：二极管整流电路单元，其被设置在开关电路单元和功率因数校正电路单元之间。
根据本发明的另一示例性实施例，充电器可包括：开关电路单元，其被配置成施加或阻断从外部输入的AC电力；二极管整流电路单元，其被配置成整流通过开关电路单元施加的电力；功率因数校正电路单元，其被配置成将整流电路单元的输出电力转换为DC电力，并被实施为包括电感器、开关元件和二极管的升压转换器拓扑结构；DC-DC转换器，其被配置成转换通过功率因数校正电路单元转换的DC电力的电压电平，并将所转换的DC电力供应给能量存储装置；电容器，其被配置成并联连接在功率因数校正电路单元和DC-DC转换器之间；以及控制器，其被配置成操作开关电路单元和功率因数校正电路单元以在能量存储装置的初始充电操作时以预定电压对电容器充电。
控制器可被配置成在开始充电操作之前使开关电路单元开路，当充电操作开始时使开关元件开路并对开关电路单元执行PWM控制以使由开关电路单元、二极管整流电路单元和电感器配置的电路作为降压转换器操作，并且当通过降压转换器控制以预设电压电平或更高电压电平对电容器充电时，使开关电路单元短路并对开关元件执行PWM控制以使功率因数校正电路单元作为升压转换器操作。
开关电路单元可包括第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET，其均具有通常接收来自控制器的控制信号的栅极，第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一源极可彼此连接，并且第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一漏极可逐个连接到AC电力输入端子和功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子。可选地，第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一漏极可彼此连接，并且第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET的每一源极可逐个连接到AC电力输入端子和功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子。
附图说明
从以下结合附图对示例性实施例的描述，本公开的这些和/或其它方面将变得显而易见且更容易理解：
图1是示意性地说明根据本公开的示例性实施例的充电器的电路图；
图2和图3是说明根据本发明的示例性实施例的充电器的每一个操作模式的电路配置的电路图；以及
图4是说明根据本发明的示例性实施例的充电器的电容器电压的变化的曲线图。
具体实施方式
应理解的是，如本文使用的术语“车辆”或“车辆的”或其它类似术语通常包括机动车辆，诸如包括运动型多用途车辆(SUV)、公共汽车、卡车及各种商用车辆的乘用汽车，包括各种小船和大船的船只，飞行器等；并且包括混合动力车辆、电动车辆、插电式混合动力电动车辆、氢动力车辆和其它替代燃料(例如，来自石油以外的资源的燃料)车辆。如本文所述，混合动力车辆是具有两个或更多个动力源的车辆，例如汽油和电动双动力车辆。
虽然将示例性实施例描述为使用多个单元来执行示例性过程，但理解的是，示例性过程也可通过一个或多个模块执行。另外，理解的是，术语“控制器/控制单元”指包括存储器和处理器的硬件装置。存储器被配置成存储模块，处理器被特别地配置成执行所述模块以执行下面进一步描述的一个或多个过程。
本文使用的术语仅是为了描述特定实施例的目的，并不旨在限制本发明。除非上下文另有明确指示，否则如本文所使用的单数形式“一”、“一个”以及“该”也旨在包括复数形式。将进一步理解的是，当在本说明书中使用时，术语“包括”和/或“包括有”指定所述特征、整体、步骤、操作、元件和/或部件的存在，但不排除一个或多个其它特征、整体、步骤、操作、元件、部件和/或其组合的存在或添加。如本文所使用的，术语“和/或”包括一个或多个相关所列项目的任何和全部组合。
除非具体陈述或从上下文中显而易见，否则如本文所使用的术语“约”应被理解为在本领域的正常公差范围内，例如在平均值的2个标准偏差内。“约”可被理解为所述值的10％、9％、8％、7％、6％、5％、4％、3％、2％、1％、0.5％、0.1％、0.05％或0.01％。除非从上下文中另有说明，否则本文提供的所有数值均由术语“约”修饰。
将参照附图描述根据本发明的各个示例性实施例的充电器。图1是示意性地说明根据本公开的示例性实施例的充电器的电路图。参照图1，根据本发明的示例性实施例的充电器可包括开关电路单元20、功率因数校正电路单元10、DC-DC转换器40、电容器Cdc以及控制器100。控制器100可被配置成操作充电器的其它部件。
特别地，开关电路单元20可包括开关元件Q2和Q3，其被配置成基于从控制器100输出的控制信号而开路/短路(例如，开放状态或闭合状态)。开关电路单元20可被设置在输入到充电器的外部AC电力和功率因数校正电路单元10之间以被操作成处于短路状态或开路状态，从而基于该状态将AC电力施加到功率因数校正电路单元10或将AC电力与功率因数校正电路单元10阻断。
开关电路单元20可被实施为本发明所属领域中众所周知的各种开关元件。例如，开关电路单元20可被配置成包括两个MOSFET Q2和Q3。特别地，两个MOSFET Q2和Q3的每一源极可彼此连接，或者其漏极可彼此连接。当MOSFET Q2和Q3的源极彼此连接时，MOSFET Q2和Q3的每一漏极可逐个(例如，顺序地)连接到AC电力输入端子和功率因数校正电路单元10的输入端子，并且当MOSFET Q2和Q3的漏极彼此连接时，MOSFET Q2和Q3的每一源极可逐个(例如，顺序地)连接到AC电力输入端子和功率因数校正电路单元10的输入端子。
连接关系以MOSFET Q2和Q3的内部二极管连接关系为基础。当使用一个MOSFET时，可通过MOSFET内部二极管基于AC电力的交替来施加电力。例如，假设开关电路单元通过一个MOSFET来实施，并且一个MOSFET的源极连接到AC电力输入端子，并且该MOSFET的漏极连接到功率因数校正电路单元10的输入端子，则当AC电力为正时，即使在一个MOSFET为开路时，也可向MOSFET的内部二极管施加反向电压，以阻断电力供应。然而，当AC电力为负时，即使在一个MOSFET为开路时，也可向MOSFET的内部二极管施加正向电压，以向功率因数校正电路单元10的输入端子施加负电压。因此，开关电路单元20可通过如上所述的连接结构来互连两个MOSFET Q2和Q3，以阻断电力通过MOSFET内部二极管基于AC电力的交替来施加。通过控制器100接收的控制信号可被共同输入到两个MOSFET Q2和Q3的栅极。
功率因数校正电路单元10是被配置成将从外部电源装置供应的AC电力转换为DC电力并输出电力和调整所传输电力的功率因数的元件。例如，功率因数校正电路单元10可通过应用包括电感器、开关元件和二极管的升压转换器的拓扑结构来配置。换言之，如图1所示，功率因数校正电路单元10可包括：电感器L，其具有连接到开关电路单元20的第一端；二极管D，其具有连接到电感器的第二端的正极和连接到电容器Cdc的第一端的负极；以及开关元件Q1，其形成或阻断电感器L和二极管D的连接端与电容器C的第二端之间的电连接。
此外，功率因数校正电路单元10可在执行电容器C的初始充电操作之后通过对开关元件Q1执行PWM控制而作为升压转换器进行操作。此外，被配置成整流AC电力的整流电路单元30可被设置在开关电路单元20和功率因数校正电路单元10之间。整流电路单元30可包括具有由四个二极管配置的全桥电路的二极管整流电路单元30。DC-DC转换器40可被配置成转换从功率因数校正电路单元10输入的DC电压的电平并以适于对电池50充电的电压电平输出DC电压。例如，DC-DC转换器40可被实施为用于电绝缘的包括变压器的绝缘DC-DC转换器电路的拓扑结构。
图2和图3是说明根据本发明的示例性实施例的充电器的每一个操作模式的电路配置的电路图，图4是说明根据本发明的示例性实施例的充电器的电容器电压的变化的曲线图。控制器100可被配置成操作开关电路单元20以在充电器的初始状态，即在将外部AC电力施加到充电器之前(在图4的时间“T1”之前)使开关元件Q2和Q3保持在开路状态。例如，当根据本发明的示例性实施例的充电器是安装在车辆内的车载充电器时，即使当外部充电设施的连接器连接到设置在充电器的输入端子处的充电口时，在接收用于开始充电操作的输入之前，开关电路单元20可保持在开路状态，因此，可防止从外部充电设施提供的AC电力施加到在开关电路单元20的后端处的电路。
此外，当在时间“T1”时提供用于对电池50充电的输入时，控制器100可被配置成执行PWM控制来以预定占空比(duty)重复地接通和断开开关电路单元20，并且可断开功率因数校正电路单元10的开关元件Q1。因此，开关电路单元20、二极管整流电路单元30和电感器L具有单降压转换器结构。换言之，控制器100可被配置成使开关电路单元20作为降压转换器的开关元件操作以执行电压和电流调节。
特别地，控制器100可被配置成在充电器的充电操作开始之后，在由开关电路单元20、二极管整流电路单元30和电感器L配置的降压转换器的PWM控制下在预定的时间段(T1至T2)内调节电压和电流，从而对电容器Cdc充电。对电容器Cdc的初始充电的电压/电流控制(例如，电压和电流的调节)可在充电器操作的初始阶段期间通过降压转换器控制来执行，因此可替换通常已经使用的初始充电电阻器和继电器。另外，在充电开始之前可使用开关电路单元20阻断外部AC电力和设置在其后端处的电路之间的电连接，因此也可省略设置在初始充电电阻器的前端处的继电器。
如图3所示，当在初始充电期间电容器Cdc的电压通过控制器100的降压转换器控制达到期望的电平时(图4的时间“T2”)，控制器100可被配置成使开关电路单元20短路并以预定占空比重复地操作功率因数校正电路单元10的开关元件Q1以使功率因数校正电路单元10作为升压转换器操作。因此，可进一步增大电容器Cdc的电压。特别地，控制器100可被配置成当电容器Cdc的电压Vdc增大到初始充电所需的电压时在时间“T2”处停止如上所述的降压转换器控制，并且可被配置成当在开关电路单元20保持短路之后经过预定时间段时，在时间“T3”处执行功率因数校正电路单元10的升压转换器控制。
如上所述，根据本发明的各种示例性实施例的充电器可被配置成在充电操作开始之后立即通过降压转换器控制来调节电压和电流，从而去除通常用于阻断冲击电流的电阻器和继电器。因此，可以减小充电器的大小并降低整体制造成本。
另外，根据本发明的各个示例性实施例的充电器可被配置成在将外部电力施加到充电器之前通过外部电力来确定电压，从而通过确定输入电压来应对未指定数量的AC电源。此外，根据本发明的各种示例性实施例的充电器可通过移除通常使用的初始充电电阻器和两个继电器来消除由于初始充电电阻器引起的电力损耗，并且防止充电器的寿命因继电器的破损而劣化。
因此，应当理解的是，上述实施例不是限制性的，而是在所有方面都是示例性的。应当理解的是，本发明的范围将由权利要求而不是上述描述来限定，并且源自权利要求及其等同物的所有修改和替换都包括在本发明的范围内。

Claims (7)

1.一种充电器，其包括：
开关电路单元，其被配置成施加或阻断从外部输入的交流电力，即AC电力；
功率因数校正电路单元，其被配置成将从所述开关电路单元施加的所述AC电力转换为直流电力，即DC电力；
DC-DC转换器，其被配置成转换通过所述功率因数校正电路单元转换的所述DC电力的电压电平，并将所转换电压电平的DC电力供应给能量存储装置；
电容器，其被配置成并联连接在所述功率因数校正电路单元和所述DC-DC转换器之间；以及
控制器，其被配置成操作所述开关电路单元和所述功率因数校正电路单元以在所述能量存储装置的充电操作的初始阶段以预定电压对所述电容器充电，
其中所述开关电路单元包括：
第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET，其均具有通常接收来自所述控制器的控制信号的栅极，
其中所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一源极彼此连接，并且所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一漏极逐个连接到AC电力输入端子和所述功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子，或者所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一漏极彼此连接，并且所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一源极逐个连接到所述AC电力输入端子和所述功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的充电器，其中所述控制器被配置成在开始所述充电操作之前使所述开关电路单元开路并在所述充电操作开始时，对所述开关电路单元执行脉冲宽度调制控制即PWM控制以向所述电容器供应电流。
3.根据权利要求1所述的充电器，其中所述功率因数校正电路单元包括：
电感器，其具有连接到所述开关电路单元的第一端；
二极管，其具有连接到所述电感器的第二端的正极和连接到所述电容器的第一端的负极；以及
开关元件，其形成或阻断所述电感器和所述正极的连接端与所述电容器的第二端之间的电连接；
其中所述控制器被配置成操作所述开关电路单元为开路或短路并操作所述开关元件为开路或短路以调节施加到所述电容器的电压。
4.根据权利要求3所述的充电器，其中所述控制器被配置成在开始所述充电操作之前使所述开关电路单元开路，在所述充电操作开始时对所述开关电路单元执行脉冲宽度调制控制即PWM控制以使所述开关元件开路从而对所述电容器充电，以及当以预设电压电平或更高电压电平对所述电容器充电时，使所述开关电路单元短路并对所述开关元件执行所述PWM控制。
5.根据权利要求1所述的充电器，其进一步包括：
二极管整流电路单元，其被设置在所述开关电路单元和所述功率因数校正电路单元之间。
6.一种充电器，其包括：
开关电路单元，其被配置成施加或阻断从外部输入的交流电力，即AC电力；
二极管整流电路单元，其被配置成对从所述开关电路单元施加的电力整流；
功率因数校正电路单元，其被配置成将所述二极管整流电路单元的输出电力转换为直流电力即DC电力，并被实施为包括电感器、开关元件和二极管的升压转换器拓扑结构；
DC-DC转换器，其被配置成转换由所述功率因数校正电路单元转换的所述DC电力的电压电平，并将所转换的DC电力供应给能量存储装置；
电容器，其被配置成并联连接在所述功率因数校正电路单元和所述DC-DC转换器之间；以及
控制器，其被配置成操作所述开关电路单元和所述功率因数校正电路单元以在所述能量存储装置的初始充电操作时以预定电压对所述电容器充电，
其中所述控制器被进一步配置成：
在开始充电操作之前使所述开关电路单元开路，
当所述充电操作开始时断开所述开关元件并对所述开关电路单元执行脉冲宽度调制控制即PWM控制，以使包括所述开关电路单元、所述二极管整流电路单元和所述电感器的电路作为降压转换器操作，并且
当通过降压转换器控制以预设电压电平或更高电压电平对所述电容器充电时，使所述开关电路单元短路并对所述开关元件执行所述PWM控制，以使所述功率因数校正电路单元作为升压转换器操作。
7.根据权利要求6所述的充电器，其中所述开关电路单元包括：
第一MOSFET和第二MOSFET，其均具有通常接收来自所述控制器的控制信号的栅极，
其中所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一源极彼此连接，并且所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一漏极逐个连接到AC电力输入端子和所述功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子，或者所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一漏极彼此连接，并且所述第一MOSFET和所述第二MOSFET的每一源极逐个连接到所述AC电力输入端子和所述功率因数校正电路单元的输入端子。
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