CN108137846B - 制造含纳米泡孔微区的泡沫体的方法 - Google Patents
制造含纳米泡孔微区的泡沫体的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108137846B CN108137846B CN201680060876.2A CN201680060876A CN108137846B CN 108137846 B CN108137846 B CN 108137846B CN 201680060876 A CN201680060876 A CN 201680060876A CN 108137846 B CN108137846 B CN 108137846B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- domain
- crosslinked
- foam
- blowing agent
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 161
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 306
- 239000004604 Blowing Agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 93
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 109
- 229920002959 polymer blend Polymers 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 22
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004703 cross-linked polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003020 cross-linked polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002285 poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Polymers 0.000 claims 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 26
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 46
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 33
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 11
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical class CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 9
- -1 calendering Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 239000003063 flame retardant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)\C=C\Cl LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229920000147 Styrene maleic anhydride Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)F WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004699 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920000785 ultra high molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butadiene Chemical compound C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004801 Chlorinated PVC Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 4
- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920000457 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical class CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enenitrile;styrene Chemical compound C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SCUZVMOVTVSBLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920000638 styrene acrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 4
- WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F WZLFPVPRZGTCKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WGECXQBGLLYSFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylpentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C(C)C WGECXQBGLLYSFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- BZHMBWZPUJHVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylpentane Natural products CC(C)CC(C)C BZHMBWZPUJHVEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920002877 acrylic styrene acrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000013844 butane Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound F\C=C\C(F)(F)F CDOOAUSHHFGWSA-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YFMFNYKEUDLDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)C(F)(F)F YFMFNYKEUDLDTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYIRUPZTYPILDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)C(F)(F)F FYIRUPZTYPILDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZDCWZRQSHBQRGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FCC(F)C(F)(F)F ZDCWZRQSHBQRGN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CC(F)(F)F NSGXIBWMJZWTPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CXIGIYYQHHRBJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluorobutane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CCC(F)(F)F CXIGIYYQHHRBJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MWDWMQNTNBHJEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)C(F)F MWDWMQNTNBHJEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)F NPNPZTNLOVBDOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical class FC(F)(F)C=CCl LDTMPQQAWUMPKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GXDHCNNESPLIKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylhexane Natural products CCCCC(C)C GXDHCNNESPLIKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AORMDLNPRGXHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethylpentane Chemical compound CCC(CC)CC AORMDLNPRGXHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VLJXXKKOSFGPHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylhexane Chemical compound CCCC(C)CC VLJXXKKOSFGPHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylonitrile Chemical compound C=CC#N NLHHRLWOUZZQLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 2
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010006 flight Effects 0.000 description 2
- UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoroethane Chemical compound CCF UHCBBWUQDAVSMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000000497 foam cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexafluoropropylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)F HCDGVLDPFQMKDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N isobutane Chemical compound CC(C)C NNPPMTNAJDCUHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopentane Chemical compound CCC(C)C QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 2
- VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;hydrate Chemical compound C.O VUZPPFZMUPKLLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N neopentane Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C CRSOQBOWXPBRES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 2
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)CC(F)(F)F MSSNHSVIGIHOJA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZISSAWUMDACLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triptane Chemical compound CC(C)C(C)(C)C ZISSAWUMDACLOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WFLOTYSKFUPZQB-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-1,2-difluoroethene Chemical group F\C=C\F WFLOTYSKFUPZQB-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VJGCZWVJDRIHNC-NSCUHMNNSA-N (e)-1-fluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound C\C=C\F VJGCZWVJDRIHNC-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZNBIPPFCWSKMHR-ONEGZZNKSA-N (e)-2-fluorobut-2-ene Chemical compound C\C=C(/C)F ZNBIPPFCWSKMHR-ONEGZZNKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DYLIWHYUXAJDOJ-OWOJBTEDSA-N (e)-4-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)but-2-en-1-ol Chemical compound NC1=NC=NC2=C1N=CN2C\C=C\CO DYLIWHYUXAJDOJ-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SUAMPXQALWYDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)C(F)(F)F SUAMPXQALWYDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXVZGGVDYOBILI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)C(F)F ZXVZGGVDYOBILI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VCJNCDGXJQYDKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2,3-pentabromocyclohexane Chemical compound BrC1CCCC(Br)(Br)C1(Br)Br VCJNCDGXJQYDKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVJOQYFQSQJDDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3,4,4,4-octafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ZVJOQYFQSQJDDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)=C(F)F NDMMKOCNFSTXRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PKOMSEMCHKPPOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(F)C(F)=C(F)F PKOMSEMCHKPPOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNGDLROYEAUMEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound CC(F)=C(F)F LNGDLROYEAUMEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)=CC(F)(F)F QAERDLQYXMEHEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANELBWIZGLEFCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3-tetrafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound CC(F)(F)C=C(F)F ANELBWIZGLEFCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BNYODXFAOQCIIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C=C(F)F BNYODXFAOQCIIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URZZGOOCQOQVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FCC=C(F)F URZZGOOCQOQVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FRCHKSNAZZFGCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(Cl)Cl FRCHKSNAZZFGCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYICOSUAVXTZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound CCC=C(F)F CYICOSUAVXTZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940051271 1,1-difluoroethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YHLIEGBCOUQKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C(F)F YHLIEGBCOUQKHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PVYYRPAHXQUHAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC=C(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F PVYYRPAHXQUHAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DEIGXXQKDWULML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,5,6,9,10-hexabromocyclododecane Chemical compound BrC1CCC(Br)C(Br)CCC(Br)C(Br)CCC1Br DEIGXXQKDWULML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NDKGUMMLYBINOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloro-1-fluoroethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)CCl NDKGUMMLYBINOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFTOUVYEKNGDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC=CC(F)F FFTOUVYEKNGDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBNHMHOVKXPSOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC=CCC(F)(F)F HBNHMHOVKXPSOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHNZEZWIUMJCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)Cl BHNZEZWIUMJCGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFOIWBGKCSYBJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-fluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound CCC=CF WFOIWBGKCSYBJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)F FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FAOACLKUNWKVPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F FAOACLKUNWKVPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WMNDUXWIOZPSJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,4,4-pentafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)C(F)=C WMNDUXWIOZPSJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VXKZRIHWYAUMFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3-trifluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound CC(F)(F)C(F)=C VXKZRIHWYAUMFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JMRIJKGIVGYIAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)=C JMRIJKGIVGYIAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SGGPUNTZIKXDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FCC(F)=C SGGPUNTZIKXDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DKSYJUPLFVFPRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(=C)CC(F)(F)F DKSYJUPLFVFPRY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1h-imidazole Chemical compound FC1=CC=CC(C=2NC=CN=2)=C1 JAHNSTQSQJOJLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQISUJXQFPPARX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical class FC(F)(F)C(Cl)=C OQISUJXQFPPARX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloroethenylbenzene Chemical compound ClC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 SBYMUDUGTIKLCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WROUWQQRXUBECT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylacrylic acid Chemical compound CCC(=C)C(O)=O WROUWQQRXUBECT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MRZVFPZZWWSATG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-fluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound CCC(F)=C MRZVFPZZWWSATG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NGOCAPPEAVAHQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-fluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound CC(F)=C NGOCAPPEAVAHQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C=C CFVWNXQPGQOHRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C=C FDMFUZHCIRHGRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BNLLWAALHYCOQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)C=C BNLLWAALHYCOQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBHFDRQTJRIKGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-difluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound CC(F)(F)C=C DBHFDRQTJRIKGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BUMFHKJRHRUGNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C=C BUMFHKJRHRUGNU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FFXUNECBHNSUNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,4,4-tetrafluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound C=CC(F)C(F)(F)F FFXUNECBHNSUNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVQSHGCZMJQJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,4-trifluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)C=C KVQSHGCZMJQJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XIRDTMSOGDWMOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(Br)C(Br)=C(Br)C(Br)=C1C(O)=O XIRDTMSOGDWMOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-phenylethenyl)furan-2,5-dione Chemical group O=C1OC(=O)C(C=CC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCMKXHXKNIOBBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-fluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FCC=C QCMKXHXKNIOBBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCNKHTIPPVQEQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4,4-trifluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(F)CC=C WCNKHTIPPVQEQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABCATIFGNSHDMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4-difluorobut-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)CC=C ABCATIFGNSHDMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OMIHGPLIXGGMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-oxabicyclo[4.1.0]hepta-1,3,5-triene Chemical class C1=CC=C2OC2=C1 OMIHGPLIXGGMJB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004156 Azodicarbonamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004338 Dichlorodifluoromethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004697 Polyetherimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920010741 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YMOONIIMQBGTDU-VOTSOKGWSA-N [(e)-2-bromoethenyl]benzene Chemical compound Br\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 YMOONIIMQBGTDU-VOTSOKGWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZVQOOHYFBIDMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide Chemical compound N#CN=S(C)(=O)C(C)C1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)N=C1 ZVQOOHYFBIDMTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011354 acetal resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005907 alkyl ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Methylstyrene Chemical compound CC(=C)C1=CC=CC=C1 XYLMUPLGERFSHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002216 antistatic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N azodicarbonamide Chemical compound NC(=O)\N=N\C(N)=O XOZUGNYVDXMRKW-AATRIKPKSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019399 azodicarbonamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003139 biocide Substances 0.000 description 1
- MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-1-enylbenzene Chemical compound CCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MPMBRWOOISTHJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C=C CQEYYJKEWSMYFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002666 chemical blowing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)Cl UMNKXPULIDJLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940099364 dichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl butane Natural products CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007720 emulsion polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009969 flowable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006261 foam material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylenebutanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010755 mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002492 poly(sulfone) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001601 polyetherimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000582 polyisocyanurate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011495 polyisocyanurate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010094 polymer processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006324 polyoxymethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006380 polyphenylene oxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enylbenzene Chemical compound C=CCC1=CC=CC=C1 HJWLCRVIBGQPNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011145 styrene acrylonitrile resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010557 suspension polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002424 termiticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940029284 trichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/0061—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof characterized by the use of several polymeric components
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
- B29C44/22—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length consisting of at least two parts of chemically or physically different materials, e.g. having different densities
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/3461—Making or treating expandable particles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/36—Feeding the material to be shaped
- B29C44/46—Feeding the material to be shaped into an open space or onto moving surfaces, i.e. to make articles of indefinite length
- B29C44/50—Feeding the material to be shaped into an open space or onto moving surfaces, i.e. to make articles of indefinite length using pressure difference, e.g. by extrusion or by spraying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/001—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations
- B29C48/0012—Combinations of extrusion moulding with other shaping operations combined with shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. foaming
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar form; Layered products having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/06—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent
- C08J9/08—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a chemical blowing agent developing carbon dioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/122—Hydrogen, oxygen, CO2, nitrogen or noble gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/125—Water, e.g. hydrated salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/142—Compounds containing oxygen but no halogen atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/143—Halogen containing compounds
- C08J9/144—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only
- C08J9/146—Halogen containing compounds containing carbon, halogen and hydrogen only only fluorine as halogen atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/32—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof from compositions containing microballoons, e.g. syntactic foams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/35—Composite foams, i.e. continuous macromolecular foams containing discontinuous cellular particles or fragments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
- C08L25/06—Polystyrene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L25/00—Compositions of, homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L25/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08L25/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
- C08L25/08—Copolymers of styrene
- C08L25/12—Copolymers of styrene with unsaturated nitriles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2023/00—Use of polyalkenes or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2023/04—Polymers of ethylene
- B29K2023/06—PE, i.e. polyethylene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2025/00—Use of polymers of vinyl-aromatic compounds or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2025/04—Polymers of styrene
- B29K2025/06—PS, i.e. polystyrene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2025/00—Use of polymers of vinyl-aromatic compounds or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2025/04—Polymers of styrene
- B29K2025/08—Copolymers of styrene, e.g. AS or SAN, i.e. acrylonitrile styrene
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2027/00—Use of polyvinylhalogenides or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2027/06—PVC, i.e. polyvinylchloride
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2033/00—Use of polymers of unsaturated acids or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2033/04—Polymers of esters
- B29K2033/12—Polymers of methacrylic acid esters, e.g. PMMA, i.e. polymethylmethacrylate
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2055/00—Use of specific polymers obtained by polymerisation reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, not provided for in a single one of main groups B29K2023/00 - B29K2049/00, e.g. having a vinyl group, as moulding material
- B29K2055/02—ABS polymers, i.e. acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene polymers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2075/00—Use of PU, i.e. polyureas or polyurethanes or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2077/00—Use of PA, i.e. polyamides, e.g. polyesteramides or derivatives thereof, as moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2101/00—Use of unspecified macromolecular compounds as moulding material
- B29K2101/10—Thermosetting resins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2101/00—Use of unspecified macromolecular compounds as moulding material
- B29K2101/12—Thermoplastic materials
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/04—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous
- B29K2105/041—Microporous
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/04—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous
- B29K2105/046—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped cellular or porous with closed cells
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0012—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular thermal properties
- B29K2995/0015—Insulating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
- B29K2995/0012—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular thermal properties
- B29K2995/0016—Non-flammable or resistant to heat
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2201/00—Foams characterised by the foaming process
- C08J2201/02—Foams characterised by the foaming process characterised by mechanical pre- or post-treatments
- C08J2201/03—Extrusion of the foamable blend
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/06—CO2, N2 or noble gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/10—Water or water-releasing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/12—Organic compounds only containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, e.g. ketone or alcohol
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/14—Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. butane; Unspecified hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/14—Saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. butane; Unspecified hydrocarbons
- C08J2203/142—Halogenated saturated hydrocarbons, e.g. H3C-CF3
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/16—Unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C08J2203/162—Halogenated unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g. H2C=CF2
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/18—Binary blends of expanding agents
- C08J2203/182—Binary blends of expanding agents of physical blowing agents, e.g. acetone and butane
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2205/00—Foams characterised by their properties
- C08J2205/04—Foams characterised by their properties characterised by the foam pores
- C08J2205/042—Nanopores, i.e. the average diameter being smaller than 0,1 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2323/06—Polyethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2325/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2325/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08J2325/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
- C08J2325/06—Polystyrene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2325/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2325/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08J2325/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
- C08J2325/08—Copolymers of styrene
- C08J2325/12—Copolymers of styrene with unsaturated nitriles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2423/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2423/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2423/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
- C08J2423/06—Polyethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2425/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2425/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08J2425/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2425/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2425/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
- C08J2425/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
- C08J2425/06—Polystyrene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2433/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2433/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2433/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2433/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
- C08J2433/06—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C08J2433/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
- C08J2433/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/14—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent organic
- C08J9/149—Mixtures of blowing agents covered by more than one of the groups C08J9/141 - C08J9/143
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2203/00—Applications
- C08L2203/14—Applications used for foams
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
- C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2312/00—Crosslinking
Abstract
提供一种制造含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法。在所述聚合物泡沫体内的纳米泡孔微区增加聚合物泡沫产品的R‑值,并改进绝热性能。可使用二氧化碳基发泡剂,形成具有纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体。可在生产规模的设备上,以适合于大规模应用的量生产具有纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体。
Description
相关申请
本申请要求2015年10月21日提交的针对METHODS OF MANUFACTURING FOAMSCOMPRISING NANOCELLULAR DOMAINS的美国临时专利申请序列No.62/244,252的优先权和所有权益,其全部公开内容在本文中通过参考全文引入。
技术领域
本发明的公开内容涉及一种制造聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法。
背景技术
已知在典型的泡沫体内总的传热可分成三个组成部分:来自气体(或发泡剂)蒸气的热传导,来自聚合物固体(包括泡沫的泡孔壁和支架)的热传导,和跨越泡沫体的热辐射[Schutz和Glicksman,J.Cellular Plastics,3月-4月,114-121(1984)]。减少泡沫泡孔尺寸到气体分子的大致平均自由路径(典型地,小于约100nm)导致在泡孔内气体分子的碰撞数量显著下降和因此来自气体的热传导同样显著下降。这称为Knudsen效应。
已报道了含泡孔尺寸小于或等于1,000nm的泡沫体(纳米泡孔泡沫体”)具有优良的绝缘性能,这部分是由于Knudsen效应导致的。然而,这些泡沫体不适合于大规模应用。已知的纳米泡孔泡沫体常常要求昂贵的材料,例如气溶胶。已知的纳米泡孔泡沫体因规模问题导致还受限于小批次的生产,这进一步驱动成本上升。因此,已知的纳米泡孔泡沫体局限于仅仅在几个合适的应用中使用。对于经济和制造理由二者来说,在生产规模的挤出机上以适合于大规模应用的用量生产纳米泡孔泡沫体不是可行的。
发明概述
本发明的各种例举实施方案涉及制造聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法。制造本文公开的聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法包括在第一聚合物的连续母体(母体聚合物)内掺入第二聚合物的离散区域或“微区(domain)”(微区聚合物)。所述微区聚合物典型地不溶于母体聚合物。当形成含母体聚合物和微区聚合物的可发泡聚合物混合物时,母体聚合物形成典型的聚合物泡沫体和微区聚合物在聚合物泡沫体内形成纳米泡孔泡沫体的离散微区(“纳米泡孔微区”),以获得具有改进的绝热性能的泡沫体。
在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造挤出的泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述挤出的泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的挤出的泡沫体。在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造挤出聚苯乙烯(XPS)泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述挤出的聚苯乙烯泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的XPS泡沫体。在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造粒料-挤出的(bead-extruded)泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述粒料-挤出的泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的泡沫体。在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造膨胀的聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述膨胀的聚合物泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的泡沫体。在一些例举的实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区包括交联的聚合物。在一些例举的实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区由具有选择的熔体性能的聚合物形成。在一些例举的实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体包括二氧化碳基发泡剂。
根据一些例举的实施方案,公开了可发泡的聚合物混合物。可发泡的聚合物混合物包括母体聚合物、微区聚合物和发泡剂。可发泡的聚合物混合物形成聚合物泡沫体,所述聚合物泡沫体包括含微区聚合物的已发泡的纳米泡孔微区,和在微区聚合物内的泡孔的平均泡孔尺寸小于或等于1,000nm。
根据一些例举的实施方案,公开了制造挤出的聚合物泡沫体的方法。该方法包括引入含母体聚合物的组合物到螺杆挤出机内以形成母体聚合物熔体,引入微区聚合物到母体聚合物熔体内,注入发泡剂到母体聚合物熔体内以形成可发泡的聚合物混合物,和挤出可发泡的聚合物混合物以形成挤出的聚合物泡沫体。该挤出的聚合物泡沫体包括含微区聚合物的已发泡的纳米泡孔微区,和在所述微区聚合物内的泡孔的平均泡孔尺寸小于或等于1,000nm。
根据一些例举的实施方案,公开了挤出的聚合物泡沫体。挤出的聚合物泡沫体包括含母体聚合物、微区聚合物和发泡剂的可发泡聚合物混合物,其中发泡剂包括二氧化碳。挤出的聚合物泡沫体包括含微区聚合物的已发泡的纳米泡孔微区,和在微区聚合物内的泡孔的平均泡孔尺寸为小于或等于1,000nm。
附图简述
一旦考虑了本发明的下述详细公开内容,特别地当结合附图时,本发明的例举优点将变得显而易见,其中:
图1是可用于实践本发明方法的例举的挤出装置的示意图。
图2是阐述根据本发明形成含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体的截面示意图。
发明详述
本文详细地描述了制造聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法。所述聚合物泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的聚合物泡沫体。在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造挤出的泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述挤出的泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的挤出的泡沫体。在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造挤出的聚苯乙烯(XPS)泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述挤出的聚苯乙烯泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区以获得具有改进的绝热性能的XPS泡沫体。在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造粒料-挤出的泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述粒料-挤出的泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的泡沫体。在某些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造膨胀的聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述膨胀的聚合物泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的泡沫体。在一些例举的实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区包括交联的聚合物。在一些例举的实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区由具有选择的熔体性能的聚合物形成。在一些例举的实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体包括二氧化碳基发泡剂。下文详细地描述聚合物泡沫体的这些和其他特征,以及许多任选的变化和添加中的一些。
除非另外定义,本文中所使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。尽管可在本发明的实践或测试中使用与本文描述的那些类似或相当的任何方法和材料,但本文描述了优选的方法和材料。本文中引证的所有参考文献,其中包括公布的或相应的美国或外国专利申请、授权的美国或国外专利或任何其他参考文献,每一篇通过参考全文引入,其中包括在所引证的参考文献内的所有数据、表格、附图和文本。在附图中,为了清楚起见,线、层和区域的厚度可以放大。要注意,在附图当中相同数字表示相同元件。术语“组合物”与“本发明的组合物”在本文中可互换使用。
本文中所使用的数值范围拟包括在该范围内的每一数值和数值的子组,不管是否具体地公开。进一步地,这些数值范围应当解释为针对在该范围内的任何数值或数值子组的权利要求提供支持。例如,1-10的公开内容应当解释为支持2-8、3-7、5-6、1-9、3.6-4.6、3.5-9.9等的范围。
所有提到本发明公开内容的单数特征或限定应当包括相应的复数特征或限定,和反之亦然,除非另外规定或被该提及的上下文中清楚地相反暗指。
除非另外规定,本文中所使用的聚合物泡沫体,在聚合物泡沫体内的纳米泡孔微区或其他组合物中的各成分或组分的数值以组合物内每一成分的重量百分比或者wt%表达。所提供的数值包括一直到给出的端点且包括所给出的端点。除非另外规定,术语“%重量”和“wt%”可互换使用且是指表示百分比,基于100%所有成分的总重量,但不包括发泡剂组合物的重量或wt%。
涉及本发明的公开内容的“闭孔泡沫体”一般地是指至少95%的泡孔闭合的聚合物泡沫体。然而,本申请还考虑可以“开孔”或闭孔的泡孔(即本文公开的一些实施方案可显示出“开孔”聚合物泡沫体结构)。
涉及本发明的公开内容的“母体聚合物”是指构成聚合物泡沫体的本体或连续相的聚合物。“母体聚合物”也可以指代含母体聚合物和其他组分的组合物。涉及本发明的公开内容的“微区聚合物”是指构成在母体聚合物内包含的纳米泡孔微区的聚合物。“微区聚合物”也可指代含微区聚合物和其他组分的组合物。
本文中本发明的一般概念涉及制造聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述聚合物泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的聚合物泡沫体。在一些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造挤出的泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述挤出的泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的聚合物泡沫体。在一些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造XPS泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述XPS泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的XPS泡沫体。在一些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造粒料-挤出的泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述粒料-挤出的泡沫体包括纳米泡孔微区,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的泡沫体。在一些实施方案中,本文中本发明的概念涉及制造膨胀的聚合物泡沫体的组合物和方法,所述膨胀的聚合物泡沫体包括纳米泡孔泡沫体,以获得具有改进的绝热性能的泡沫体。
纳米泡孔微区包括在母体聚合物内不溶且当它与可发泡的聚合物混合物共混时保持在明显分离微区内的微区聚合物。当还添加合适的发泡剂到可发泡的聚合物混合物中,和可发泡的聚合物混合物通过挤出模头离开挤出装置时,可发泡的聚合物混合物经历发泡。所得发泡产品包括由母体聚合物形成的大泡孔的连续母体和由微区聚合物形成的纳米泡孔泡沫体的单独微区(即“纳米泡孔微区”),其中纳米泡孔微区分布在发泡产品的连续母体当中。在一些例举的实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区包括交联的聚苯乙烯。在一些例举的实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区由具有选择熔体性能的聚合物形成。在一些例举的实施方案中,挤出的聚合物泡沫体包括二氧化碳基发泡剂。
制造方法
含有纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体可以是挤出的泡沫体或膨胀的泡沫体。可通过改性已知的制造方法,使用典型的制造设备,来制造这些聚合物泡沫体。
在一些实施方案中,本发明公开内容的聚合物泡沫体是通过挤出方法制造的挤出的聚合物泡沫体。图1阐述了可用于实践本发明的一些例举实施方案的常规挤出装置100。挤出装置100可包括单或双(未示出)螺杆挤出机,所述挤出机包括围绕其上提供有螺线螺纹106的螺杆104的机筒102,其被构造以压缩和进而加热引入到螺杆挤出机内的材料。如图1中所示,可将聚合物组合物以可流动的固体(例如粒料、颗粒或粒料)或者以液体或半液体熔体形式从一个或多个进料斗108进料到螺杆挤出机内。在进料斗108内引入的聚合物混合物可包括母体聚合物,或者引入到进料斗108内的聚合物混合物可包括母体聚合物和微区聚合物二者,如以下所描述的。
当起始的聚合物混合物行进通过螺杆挤出机时,螺纹106的减少的间距确定了聚合物混合物因螺杆旋转而被强制通过其中的逐渐较少的空间。这种减少的体积起到增加聚合物混合物压力的作用以获得聚合物熔体(若使用固体起始材料)和/或增加聚合物熔体的压力。
当聚合物混合物行进通过螺杆挤出机100时,为注入一种或多种添加剂到聚合物混合物内而构造的端口110可以通过机筒102提供。在一些实施方案中,将一种或多种微区聚合物经端口110引入到聚合物混合物中。其他例举的添加剂,例如微区聚合物、加工助剂、成核剂、阻燃剂、抗氧剂或稳定剂也可经端口110引入到聚合物混合物中。类似地,一个或多个额外的端口112可经机筒102提供以注入一种或多种发泡剂到聚合物混合物内。在一些实施方案中,微区聚合物和一种或多种任选的加工助剂和发泡剂经单一端口(例如端口110)引入。在一些实施方案中,一种或多种任选的加工助剂和发泡剂经单一端口(例如端口110)引入。在一些实施方案中,成核剂和/或一种或多种任选的加工助剂和发泡剂经单一端口(例如端口110)引入。在一些实施方案中,微区聚合物、发泡剂和其他任选的添加剂经多个端口(例如端口110和112)引入。一旦这些添加剂和发泡剂已引入到聚合物混合物内,则对所得混合物进行一些额外的共混以足以将每一种添加剂一般均匀地分布在聚合物混合物中,以获得挤出组合物。
然后强制这一挤出组合物经过挤出模头114,并离开模头进入到减压区(它可以是低于大气压)内,进而允许发泡剂膨胀并产生聚合物泡沫材料。当挤出的聚合物混合物行进通过在模头内提供的逐渐较大的开口或者通过在挤出模头下游提供的一些合适的装置(未示出)用于在一定程度上控制施加到聚合物混合物上的压力下降的方式时,可逐渐获得这一压降。可对聚合物泡沫体进行额外的加工,例如压延、水浸渍、冷却喷洒或其他操作,以控制所得聚合物泡沫产品的厚度和其他性能。
在一些实施方案中,本发明公开内容的聚合物泡沫体是通过粒料挤出方法制造的挤出的聚合物粒料。粒料挤出类似于前面描述的挤出工艺。然而,在粒料挤出中,挤出模头114含有多个小孔,使得挤出组合物以粒料形式挤出。这些粒料的直径范围典型地为约0.05-2.0mm。此外,一旦含有挤出组合物的粒料离开挤出模头,则不允许挤出组合物发泡。相反,含有挤出组合物的粒料被排放到冷却腔室或冷却浴内,和粒料快速冷却到低于挤出组合物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。这一快速冷却防止粒料内的挤出组合物发泡。
在粒料挤出的一些实施方案中,将母体聚合物、微区聚合物、发泡剂和任选的添加剂引入到以上描述的挤出机中,形成挤出组合物。在粒料挤出的一些实施方案中,将母体聚合物、微区聚合物和任选的添加剂引入到以上描述的挤出机中,形成挤出组合物,但在粒料已挤出并冷却之后,借助压力容器,添加发泡剂到挤出的粒料中。
在一些实施方案中,本发明公开内容的聚合物泡沫体是通过乳液或悬浮聚合方法制造的膨胀的聚合物泡沫体。在膨胀的聚合物泡沫体的一些实施方案中,由在反应容器内分散在液相中的单体聚合得到母体聚合物。微区聚合物中的单体也加入到反应容器内的液相中。在一些实施方案中,母体聚合物和微区聚合物中的单体大致同时分散在反应容器内的液相中,并同时发生这两种聚合反应。在一些实施方案中,母体聚合物中的单体分散在反应容器内的液相中,并在微区聚合物中的单体分散在反应容器内的液相之前,发生聚合反应,形成母体聚合物。优选地,但并不必需,母体聚合物和微区聚合物中的单体与彼此且与液相不混溶。在一些实施方案中,通过添加到反应容器中的母体单体与微区单体之比来控制在母体聚合物内微区聚合物区的尺寸和浓度。在一些实施方案中,在所述聚合反应之一或二者期间,通过添加作为稀释剂的发泡剂到反应容器内的液相中,添加一种或多种发泡剂到聚合物混合物中。在一些实施方案中,在聚合反应之一或二者期间,一种或多种发泡剂用作反应容器内的液相。在一些实施方案中,在完成聚合反应之后,添加一种或多种发泡剂到压力容器内的聚合物混合物中。
母体聚合物
母体聚合物是配制剂的主要部分且给最终产品提供强度、挠性、韧度和耐久性。不特别限制母体聚合物,和一般地,可使用能发泡的任何聚合物作为树脂混合物内的母体聚合物。母体聚合物可以是热塑性或热固性的。可选择特定的母体聚合物,以提供充足的机械强度和/或与用于形成最终发泡的聚合物产品的工艺相容。另外,母体聚合物优选化学稳定,也就是说,在形成和随后在聚合物泡沫体中使用期间在预期的温度范围内通常不具有反应性。
本文中所使用的术语“聚合物”是术语“均聚物”,“共聚物”,“三元共聚物”和均聚物、共聚物和/或三元共聚物的组合的统称。合适的可发泡母体聚合物的非限制性实例包括链烯基芳族聚合物、聚氯乙烯("PVC")、氯化聚氯乙烯("CPVC")、聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚碳酸酯、聚异氰脲酸酯、聚醚酰亚胺、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚苯醚、聚氨酯、酚类树脂、聚烯烃、苯乙烯丙烯腈("SAN")、丙烯腈丁二烯苯乙烯("ABS")、丙烯酸类/苯乙烯/丙烯腈嵌段三元共聚物("ASA")、聚砜、聚氨酯、聚苯硫醚、缩醛树脂、聚酰胺、聚芳族酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚丙烯酸酯、乙烯和丙烯的共聚物、苯乙烯和丁二烯的共聚物、乙酸乙烯酯和乙烯的共聚物、橡胶改性的聚合物、热塑性聚合物共混物、及其组合。
在一些实施方案中,母体聚合物是链烯基芳族聚合物材料。合适的链烯基芳族聚合物材料包括链烯基芳族均聚物,和链烯基芳族化合物与可共聚的烯键式不饱和共聚单体的共聚物。另外,链烯基芳族聚合物材料可包括小比例非链烯基芳族聚合物。链烯基芳族聚合物材料可由一种或多种链烯基芳族均聚物、一种或多种链烯基芳族共聚物、每一种链烯基芳族均聚物和共聚物中的一种或多种的共混物、或者其与非链烯基芳族聚合物的共混物形成。
链烯基芳族聚合物的实例包括但不限于由链烯基芳族化合物(例如苯乙烯、苯乙烯丙烯腈(SAN)共聚物、α-甲基苯乙烯、乙基苯乙烯、乙烯基苯、乙烯基甲苯、氯苯乙烯和溴苯乙烯)衍生的那些链烯基芳族聚合物。在一些实施方案中,链烯基芳族聚合物是聚苯乙烯。
在一些实施方案中,少量的单烯键式不饱和单体(例如C2-C6烷基酸和酯、离聚物衍生物和C2-C6二烯烃)可与链烯基芳族单体共聚,形成链烯基芳族聚合物。可共聚的单体的非限制性实例包括丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、乙基丙烯酸、马来酸、衣康酸、丙烯腈、马来酸酐、丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸正丁酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、乙酸乙烯酯和丁二烯。
在一些实施方案中,母体聚合物可基本上(例如大于95%)由聚苯乙烯形成,和在某些例举的实施方案中,完全由聚苯乙烯形成。母体聚合物在聚合物泡沫体内的存在量可以是约10-95wt%,约50-95wt%,或约75-90wt%。在一些实施方案中,母体聚合物的存在量可以是约80-90wt%。
纳米泡孔微区
本文公开的可发泡的聚合物混合物包括至少一种微区聚合物,其在发泡时将形成在聚合物泡沫产品的母体内分布的单独的纳米泡孔微区。纳米泡孔微区增加聚合物泡沫产品的R-值。
图2是本发明的挤出的聚合物泡沫体的截面视图,它阐述了本发明一般原理。如前所述,在挤出装置的机筒102内,含母体聚合物202和微区聚合物204的可发泡的聚合物混合物熔融。微区聚合物204不溶于母体聚合物202。当微区聚合物204与母体聚合物202共混时,微区聚合物204保持在分散并分布于可发泡的聚合物混合物内的母体聚合物202中的多个明显分开的微区内。如前所述,还添加合适的发泡剂(未示出)到可发泡的聚合物混合物中。当可发泡的聚合物混合物通过挤出模头离开挤出装置时,可发泡的聚合物混合物经历发泡。所得发泡产品210包括由母体聚合物202形成的大泡孔212和由微区聚合物204形成的纳米泡孔微区214。
微区聚合物可具有各种形式,和可借助各种机理,形成纳米泡孔微区。下述例举的含纳米泡孔微区的泡沫体及其生产方法拟阐述但不限制本发明的泡沫产品。
交联的微区聚合物
在一些实施方案中,可发泡的聚合物混合物包括至少一种交联的微区聚合物混合物。在一些实施方案中,在挤出聚合物泡沫体之前,添加交联的微区聚合物到在挤出机内的熔融的母体聚合物中。在一些实施方案中,可将交联的微区聚合物与母体聚合物一起加入到挤出装置中。在一些实施方案中,交联的微区聚合物可与一些或所有的母体聚合物一起包括在母料内,和添加该母料到挤出装置中。在一些实施方案中,可通过挤出装置内的端口将交联的微区聚合物加入到母体聚合物中。
交联的微区聚合物可以是粒状形式。交联的微区聚合物典型地不溶于母体聚合物熔体中。一旦挤出,则母体聚合物将发泡,形成典型泡孔尺寸的泡沫体,和交联的微区聚合物也将发泡,但因交联的聚合物结构的物理约束导致将形成纳米泡孔尺寸的泡孔。这一工艺导致含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体。
交联的微区聚合物可包括不溶于母体聚合物熔体的任何合适的可交联聚合物。交联的微区聚合物应当能溶解用于生成泡沫体的发泡剂。交联的微区聚合物还应当能充分交联,以生成具有合适尺寸纳米孔的纳米泡孔泡沫结构,例如尺寸为约50-1,000nm(0.05-1μm)的单个的纳米孔。交联的微区聚合物的颗粒应当足够小到不阻塞挤出装置或挤出模头,同时足够大到在发泡之后形成有效尺寸的纳米泡孔微区。
用于交联的微区聚合物的合适聚合物包括交联的链烯基芳族聚合物、交联的聚烯烃和交联的聚丙烯酸酯。适合作为交联的微区聚合物的例举的聚合物包括交联的聚苯乙烯(PS)、交联的聚乙烯(PE)和交联聚的甲基丙酸甲酯(PMMA)。
交联的微区聚合物可以是粒状形式。交联的微区聚合物的颗粒应当是约5-200μm,其中包括10-200μm,约25-175μm,约50-150μm和约75-125μm。
交联的微区聚合物应当具有用于本发明目的的有效交联密度。太少的交联可导致交联的微区聚合物溶解在母体聚合物熔体内,或者导致在交联的微区聚合物泡沫泡孔的发泡期间生成太大的泡孔。太大的交联可降低发泡剂在交联的微区聚合物颗粒内的溶解度到不可接受的水平,或者使得交联的微区聚合物颗粒太硬以致于无法允许形成纳米泡孔泡沫体。有效的交联密度范围取决于在本发明聚合物中所使用的具体微区聚合物。在交联的微区聚合物内合适的交联密度范围可以是约0.5-80%,其中包括约1-50%,约1-5%,约5-25%和约10-20%。
交联的微区聚合物应当在浓度适合于形成具有所需绝缘性能的含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体下,加入到母体聚合物中。交联的微区聚合物的合适浓度范围可以是可发泡的聚合物混合物总重量(不包括发泡剂在内)的约1-80wt%。交联的微区聚合物的浓度范围可以是约2-50wt%的可发泡的聚合物混合物的总重量,其中包括约3-25wt%、约4-20wt%、约5-15wt%和约7-10wt%的可发泡的聚合物混合物的总重量。
具有选择熔体性能的微区聚合物
在一些实施方案中,可通过在可发泡的聚合物混合物内包括具有某些确定的熔体性能的微区聚合物,形成含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体。这些微区聚合物典型地包括在周围的母体聚合物熔体中不溶的聚合物,和因此微区聚合物在聚合物熔体的母体内形成微区。为了简便起见,具有某些确定的熔体性能的微区聚合物被称为“高粘度微区聚合物”,但这一表示并不暗含且不应当解释为限制本发明到其中微区聚合物的粘度是微区聚合物的唯一或主要熔体性能或特征的微区聚合物。
在一些实施方案中,在挤出聚合物泡沫体之前,将高粘度微区聚合物加入到在挤出机内的母体聚合物中。在一些实施方案中,可将高粘度微区聚合物与母体聚合物一起加入到挤出装置中。在一些实施方案中,高粘度微区聚合物可包括在具有一些或所有母体聚合物的母料内,且添加该母料到挤出装置中。在一些实施方案中,可通过挤出装置的端口将高粘度微区聚合物加入到母体聚合物中。
高粘度微区聚合物典型地不溶于母体聚合物熔体中。在挤出机内,高粘度微区聚合物应当优选熔融、软化、或在母体聚合物熔体的温度下变得柔韧。高粘度微区聚合物应当优选以微细液滴或颗粒形式基本上均匀地共混在母体聚合物熔体内。高粘度微区聚合物应当能溶解用于生成泡沫体的发泡剂。高粘度微区聚合物的微细液滴或颗粒应当足够小,以不阻塞挤出装置或挤出模头,同时足够大,以在发泡之后形成有效尺寸的纳米泡孔微区。例如,在母体聚合物熔体内高粘度微区聚合物的微细液滴或颗粒的范围可以是约5-200μm,其中包括10-175μm,包括约25-150μm,包括约30-125μm,和包括约50-100μm。
在一些实施方案中,高粘度微区聚合物应当具有增加形成纳米泡孔微区可能性的熔体性能。在一些实施方案中,高粘度微区聚合物更加可能形成纳米泡孔微区,因为高粘度微区聚合物具有比周围母体聚合物高的粘度。在发泡期间,高粘度微区聚合物将比母体聚合物更多限制泡孔生长,从而导致在含高粘度微区聚合物的微区内较小的泡孔。
在一些实施方案中,高粘度微区聚合物可具有比周围母体聚合物更高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。在发泡期间,具有更高Tg的高粘度微区聚合物在母体聚合物熔体之前首先硬化(即在更高温度下),这将在高粘度微区聚合物的微区内在比母体聚合物的泡孔小的尺寸下冷冻泡孔。
在一些实施方案中,高粘度微区聚合物具有比周围的母体聚合物更高的粘度和更高的Tg。在发泡期间,高粘度微区聚合物将更多地限制泡孔生长,和在高粘度微区聚合物的微区内泡孔将在母体聚合物内形成的泡孔之前硬化。
在一些实施方案中,母体聚合物和高粘度微区聚合物具有不同的化学(即,构成母体聚合物的单体单元与构成微区聚合物的单体单元不同)以及不同的粘度。这一化学和粘度的不同导致高粘度微区聚合物在母体聚合物熔体内不溶,和因此如前所述,微区聚合物在母体聚合物内形成微区。
在其中母体和高粘度微区聚合物具有不同化学和不同粘度的例举实施方案中,母体聚合物是聚苯乙烯(PS)和高粘度微区聚合物是苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物(SMA)。PS具有较低Tg(例如,约100℃)和较高粘度(例如,在200℃下,MFI大于约5g/10min),而SMA具有较高Tg(例如,约150℃)和较低粘度(例如,在200℃下MFI小于约1g/10min)。PS和SMA的共混物将形成其中SMA在周围PS母体内形成不同微区的混合物。当添加发泡剂到PS/SMA聚合物混合物中并使聚合物混合物发泡时,含SMA的微区将形成纳米泡孔微区和PS将形成周围的母体聚合物泡沫体。类似地,在其他实施方案中,具有不同化学以及不同粘度的母体和高粘度微区聚合物可选自诸如PVC、CPVC、SAN、PMMA、ABS、ASA、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯、酚类树脂等之类的聚合物,条件是粘度和加工条件使得较高粘度的微区聚合物在较低粘度的母体聚合物的母体内形成明显的微区。
在其他例举实施方案中,母体聚合物和高粘度微区聚合物具有相同的化学(即,构成聚合物的单体单元相同),但微区聚合物的粘度高于母体聚合物。这一粘度差别使得高粘度微区聚合物能保持在与母体聚合物分开的明显微区内。
在其中母体和高粘度微区聚合物具有相同化学但不同粘度的例举实施方案中,母体聚合物是低密度聚乙烯(LDPE),和高粘度微区聚合物是超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)。熔融的LDPE典型地具有适中的粘度,例如熔体流动指数(MFI)为约10,而熔融的UHMWPE典型地具有在典型的MFI试验条件下不可能测量的非常高的粘度。LDPE和UHMWPE的共混物将形成其中UHMWPE在周围LDPE的母体内形成明显微区的混合物。当添加发泡剂到LDPE/UHMWPE聚合物混合物中并使聚合物混合物发泡时,含UHMWPE的微区将形成纳米泡孔微区和LDPE将形成周围的母体聚合物泡沫体。类似地,在另一例举的实施方案中,母体聚合物是具有适中粘度的低分子量聚苯乙烯(LMWPS),和高粘度微区聚合物是超高分子量聚苯乙烯(UHMWPS)。在再一例举的实施方案中,具有相同化学但不同粘度的母体和官能度微区聚合物可选自诸如PVC、CPVC、SAN、PMMA、ABS、ASA、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚氨酯、酚类树脂等之类的聚合物,条件是粘度和加工条件使得较高粘度的聚合物在较低粘度的聚合物的母体内形成明显的微区。
高粘度微区聚合物应当在浓度适合于形成具有所需绝缘性能的含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体下,加入到母体聚合物熔体中。合适的高粘度微区聚合物的浓度范围可以是约1-80wt%的可发泡的聚合物混合物的总重量。高粘度微区聚合物的浓度范围可以是约2-50wt%的可发泡的聚合物混合物的总重量,其中包括约3-25wt%、约4-20wt%、约5-15wt%和约7-10wt%的可发泡的聚合物混合物的总重量。
发泡剂
本发明的例举实施方案使用发泡剂组合物。根据本发明可使用任何发泡剂。根据本发明的一个方面,基于低的全球变暖潜力、低导热率、不可燃性、在母体聚合物和微区聚合物内高溶解度、高发泡能力、低成本和发泡剂组合物总的安全度的考虑,选择发泡剂或助发泡剂。
由于对卤化烃(其中包括卤化发泡剂)的环境担心,因此可优选非卤化发泡剂或助发泡剂。卤化发泡剂也是昂贵的,因此可优选成本较低的发泡剂。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂或助发泡剂包括二氧化碳。在一些实施方案中,二氧化碳可构成唯一的发泡剂。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包括二氧化碳以及各种助发泡剂中的一种或多种,以实现在最终产物内所需的聚合物泡沫体性能。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包括二氧化碳和水。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包括二氧化碳和烃,例如戊烷。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包括二氧化碳和甲醇。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包括二氧化碳和乙醇。然而,在其他实施方案中,可使用不包含二氧化碳的发泡剂组合物。
在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物中的发泡剂或助发泡剂可包括烃气体和液体。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物中的发泡剂或助发泡剂可包括一种或多种卤化发泡剂,例如氢氟烃(HFCs)、氢氯氟烃、氢氟醚、氢氟烯烃(HFOs)、氢氯氟烯烃(HCFOs)、氢溴氟烯烃、氢氟酮、氢氯烯烃和氟碘烃。在一些例举的实施方案中,发泡剂组合物中的发泡剂或助发泡剂可包括液体,例如烷基酯,例如甲酸甲酯、水、醇例如乙醇、丙酮及其混合物。
烃发泡剂或助发泡剂可包括例如丙烷、丁烷类、戊烷类、己烷类和庚烷类。优选的发泡剂或助发泡剂包括但不限于丁烷类、戊烷类、庚烷类及其组合。丁烷发泡剂包括例如正丁烷和异丁烷。戊烷发泡剂包括例如正戊烷、异戊烷、新戊烷和环戊烷。庚烷发泡剂包括例如正庚烷、异庚烷、3-甲基己烷、2,2-二甲基戊烷、2,3-二甲基戊烷、2,4-二甲基戊烷、3,3-二甲基戊烷、3-乙基戊烷和2,2,3-三甲基丁烷。
氢氟烯烃发泡剂或助发泡剂可包括例如3,3,3-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf);2,3,3-三氟丙烯;(顺式和/或反式)-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234ze)、尤其是反式异构体;1,1,3,3-四氟丙烯;2,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234yf);(顺式和/或反式)-l,2,3,3,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225ye);1,1,3,3,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225zc);1,1,2,3,3-五氟丙烯(HFO-1225yc);六氟丙烯(HFO-1216);2-氟丙烯、1-氟丙烯;1,1-二氟丙烯;3,3-二氟丙烯;4,4,4-三氟-l-丁烯;2,4,4,4-四氟丁烯-1;3,4,4,4-四氟-l-丁烯;八氟-2-戊烯(HFO-1438);l,l,3,3,3-五氟-2-甲基-l-丙烯;八氟-1-丁烯;2,3,3,4,4,4-六氟-l-丁烯;l,l,l,4,4,4-六氟-2-丁烯(HFO-1336m/z);1,2-二氟乙烯(HFO-1132);l,l,l,2,4,4,4-七氟-2-丁烯;3-氟丙烯、2,3-二氟丙烯;1,1,3-三氟丙烯;1,3,3-三氟丙烯;1,1,2-三氟丙烯;1-氟丁烯;2-氟丁烯;2-氟-2-丁烯;1,1-二氟-1-丁烯;3,3-二氟-1-丁烯;3,4,4-三氟-1-丁烯;2,3,3-三氟-l-丁烯;1,1,3,3-四氟-1-丁烯;1,4,4,4-四氟-l-丁烯;3,3,4,4-四氟-l-丁烯;4,4-二氟-l-丁烯;1,1,l-三氟-2-丁烯;2,4,4,4-四氟-1-丁烯;l,l,l,2-四氟-2-丁烯;1,1,4,4,4-五氟l-丁烯;2,3,3,4,4-五氟-1-丁烯;1,2,3,3,4,4,4-七氟-l-丁烯;1,1,2,3,4,4,4-七氟-l-丁烯;和l,3,3,3-四氟-2-(三氟甲基)-丙烯。在一些例举的实施方案中,发泡剂或助发泡剂包括HFO-1234ze。
发泡剂或助发泡剂也可包括一种或多种氢氯氟烯烃(HCFO),氢氯氟烃(HCFCs)或氢氟烃(HFCs),例如HCFO-1233;l-氯-l,2,2,2-四氟乙烷(HCFC-124);1,1-二氯-l-氟乙烷(HCFC-141b);1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a);1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134);1-氯-1,1-二氟乙烷(HCFC-142b);1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷(HFC-365mfc);1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea);三氯氟甲烷(CFC-11);二氯二氟甲烷(CFC-12)和二氯氟甲烷(HCFC-22)。
本文中使用术语"HCFO-1233"指代所有三氟单氯丙烯。在三氟单氯丙烯当中包括顺式-和反式l,l,l-三氟-3-氯丙烯(HCFO-1233zd或1233zd)二者。本文中一般地使用术语"HCFO-1233zd"或"1233zd"指代l,l,l-三氟-3-氯-丙烯,而与它是顺式-还是反式-形式无关。本文中使用术语“顺式HCFO-1233zd”和“反式HCFO-1233zd”来分别描述1,1,1-三氟-3-氯丙烯的顺式-和反式-形式。术语"HCFO-1233zd"因此在其范围内包括顺式HCFO-1233zd(也称为1233zd(Z))、反式HCFO-1233zd(也称为1233(E))、和这些的所有组合及混合物。
在一些实施方案中,发泡剂或助发泡剂可包括一种或多种氢氟烃。不特别限制所使用的具体的氢氟烃。合适的HFC发泡剂或助发泡剂的实例的非穷举性列举包括1,1-二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)、1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)、1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134)、1,1,1-三氟乙烷(HFC-143a)、二氟甲烷(HFC-32)、1,3,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFO-1234ze)、五氟-乙烷(HFC-125)、氟乙烷(HFC-161)、1,1,2,2,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236ca)、1,1,1,2,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236ea)、1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236fa)、1,1,1,2,2,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-245ca)、1,1,2,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245ea)、1,1,1,2,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245eb)、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)、1,1,1,4,4,4-六氟丁烷(HFC-356mff)、1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷(HFC-365mfc)、及其组合。
在一些实施方案中,发泡剂或助发泡剂选自氢氟烯烃、氢氟烃及其混合物。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包括二氧化碳和助发泡剂HFC-134a。在一些实施方案中,发泡剂组合物包括二氧化碳和HFO-1234ze。本文中指出的助发泡剂可单独或结合使用。
在一些实施方案中,总的发泡剂组合物的存在量为约1-15wt%,和在一些实施方案中,为约3-10wt%或约3-9wt%(基于不包括发泡剂组合物的所有成分的总重量)。
可引入液体或气体形式(例如物理发泡剂)的发泡剂组合物,或者可在生产泡沫体的同时就地生成(例如化学发泡剂)。例如,可在生产发泡的热塑性材料期间,通过分解另一成分,形成发泡剂。例如,一旦加热则分解和/或降解形成氮气、二氧化碳和水的碳酸盐组分,聚碳酸,碳酸氢钠或偶氮二碳酰胺和其他可加入到可发泡树脂中,并且一旦在挤出工艺期间加热则生成二氧化碳。
泡沫体组合物可进一步含有用量为5wt%或更多的阻燃剂(基于不包括发泡剂组合物的所有成分的总重量)。例如,阻燃剂化学品可在聚合物泡沫体的制造工艺中添加,以赋予聚合物泡沫产品阻燃特征。在本发明组合物中使用的合适的阻燃剂化学品的非限制性实例包括溴化脂族化合物,例如六溴环十二烷(HBCD)和五溴环己烷,溴化苯醚,四溴对苯二甲酸的酯,溴化聚合物阻燃剂,磷基阻燃剂,矿物基阻燃剂,及其组合。
任选的添加剂,例如成核剂、增塑剂、颜料、弹性体、挤出助剂、抗氧剂、填料、抗静电剂、杀生物剂、杀白蚁剂、着色剂、油、蜡、阻燃剂增效剂和/或UV吸收剂,可掺入到本发明组合物内。可包括为获得可发泡凝胶或所得聚合物泡沫产品所需特征必需的用量的这些任选的添加剂。可添加所述添加剂到聚合物混合物中,或者可在制造聚合物所使用的聚合工艺之前、期间或之后将它们掺入到聚合物混合物中。
一旦聚合物加工助剂、发泡剂和任选的额外添加剂已引入到聚合物材料内,则对所得混合物进行一些额外的共混,其足以分配每一种添加剂基本上均匀地在聚合物混合物当中,以获得挤出组合物。
在一些例举的实施方案中,泡沫体组合物产生通过挤出工艺制备的硬质基本上闭孔的聚合物泡沫板。聚合物泡沫体具有由泡孔膜和支架确定的泡孔的泡孔结构。支架在泡孔膜的交叉点处形成,且泡孔膜覆盖支架之间的互连泡孔窗。
纳米泡孔泡沫体典型地具有比标准聚合物泡沫体更高的密度;然而,由于通过纳米泡孔微区提供给聚合物泡沫体整体的改进的绝缘值,因此可降低泡沫体中母体聚合物组分的密度且仍然维持典型的平均泡沫体密度和R值。
在一些实施方案中,泡沫体的平均密度小于10pcf,或小于5pcf,或小于3pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约1-4.5pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约1.2-4pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约1.3-3.5pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约1.4-3pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约1.5-2.5pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约1.75-2.25pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约2pcf。在一些实施方案中,聚合物泡沫体的密度为约1.5pcf,或低于1.5pcf。
要理解,措辞“基本上闭孔”是指表示泡沫体含有全部闭合的孔,或在泡孔结构内的几乎全部泡孔是闭合的。在一些实施方案中,不大于30%的泡孔是开孔,和特别地不大于10%或不大于5%是开孔或“非闭合的”泡孔。在一些实施方案中,约1.10-2.85%的泡孔是开孔。闭孔结构辅助增加所形成的发泡绝缘产品的R-值。然而,要理解,生产开孔结构也在本发明范围内。
另外,本发明的泡沫体组合物产生每英寸的绝缘值(R-值)为至少4或约4-7的聚合物泡沫体。在本发明的泡沫体和发泡产品内母体聚合物泡孔的平均泡孔尺寸可以是约0.05-0.4mm(50-400μm),在一些实施方案中,约0.1-0.3mm(100-300μm),和在一些实施方案中,约0.11-0.25mm(110-250μm)。在本发明的泡沫体和发泡产品内,在纳米泡孔微区内的微区聚合物泡孔的平均泡孔尺寸可以是约50-1,000纳米(0.05-1μm),在一些实施方案中,约60-800nm(0.06-0.8μm),在一些实施方案中,约70-600nm(0.07-0.6μm),在一些实施方案中,约75-500nm(0.075-0.5μm),在一些实施方案中,约80-250nm(0.08-0.25μm),和在一些实施方案中,约90-100nm(0.09-0.1μm)。可将本发明的泡沫体成型为绝缘产品,例如硬质绝缘板、绝缘泡沫体、包装产品、和建筑绝缘体或地下绝缘体(例如公路、机场跑道、铁路和地下设施绝缘体)。
本发明的可发泡聚合物混合物另外可生产具有高压缩强度的聚合物泡沫体,“压缩强度”定义为泡沫体材料耐受轴向推力的能力。在一些实施方案中,本发明的泡沫体组合物的压缩强度在聚合物泡沫体的所需范围内,为约6-120psi。在一些实施方案中,本发明的可发泡聚合物混合物生产出在30天老化之后压缩强度为约10-110psi的泡沫体。
本发明的可发泡聚合物混合物另外可生产具有高尺寸稳定性水平的聚合物泡沫体。例如,在任何方向上的尺寸变化小于或等于5%。本文中所使用的平均泡孔尺寸是在X、Y和Z方向上测定的泡孔尺寸的平均值。特别地,“X”方向是挤出方向,"Y"方向是横向,和"Z"方向是厚度。在本发明中,在泡孔扩大中的最高冲击在X和Y方向上,这从取向和R-值角度来说是所需的。另外,进一步的工艺改性将允许增加Z-取向,以改进机械性能,同时仍然实现可接受的热性能。可使用本发明的聚合物泡沫体制造绝缘产品,例如硬质绝缘板、绝缘泡沫体和包装产品。
正如本文中前面详细地公开的,含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体具有改进的绝热性能。在一些实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区占聚合物泡沫体的总体积的约1-80%。在一些实施方案中,纳米泡孔微区占聚合物泡沫体的总体积的约2-50%,其中包括约3-25%、约4-20%、约5-15%和约7-10%。在一些实施方案中,通过利用二氧化碳作为发泡剂,在降低的成本下,含纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体的绝缘性能接近于或超过使用热发泡剂的聚合物泡沫体的绝缘性能。
本发明说明书和所附权利要求中所使用的单数形式“一个”、“一种”和“所述”拟同样包括复数形式,除非上下文另外清楚地指明,就在说明书或权利要求中使用的术语“包括”或“含”来说,它拟以与术语“包含”类似的方式一样,为开放式的,因为当在权利要求中使用时,该术语被解释为过渡措辞。此外,就使用术语“或”(例如A或B)来说,它拟指A或B或二者。当申请人拟表示“仅仅A或B但并不是二者”时,将使用术语“仅仅A或B但并非二者”。因此,本文中使用术语“或”是开放式的,并不是排除式使用。此外,就说明书或权利要求中使用术语“在…中”或“在…里”来说,它拟另外是指“在…上”或“在…上面”。此外,说明书或权利要求中使用术语“连接”拟指不仅“直接连接到…上”,而且“间接连接到…上”,例如通过另一个或多个组件连接。
除非本文中另外指明,所有子实施方案和任选的实施方案是本文描述的所有实施方案的子实施方案和任选的实施方案。尽管通过实施方案的说明,阐述了本申请,和尽管相当详细地描述了实施方案,但申请人的意图不是限制或者绝对不限制所附权利要求的范围到这种细节上。额外的优点和改性对本领域技术人员来说是明显显而易见的。因此,在其较宽方面中,本申请并不限于所显示并描述的具体细节、代表性方法和示意性实例。因此,可在没有脱离本文申请人的一般公开内容的精神或范围的情况下,对这种细节作出背离。
Claims (20)
1.一种可发泡的聚合物混合物,其包括:
母体聚合物;
微区聚合物,其选自交联的微区聚合物、高粘度微区聚合物、及其组合,其中所述高粘度微区聚合物具有比所述母体聚合物更高的粘度和玻璃化转变温度;和
发泡剂;
其中将所述可发泡的聚合物混合物形成为含发泡的纳米泡孔微区的聚合物泡沫体,所述发泡的纳米泡孔微区包括平均泡孔尺寸小于或等于1,000nm的微区聚合物泡孔。
2.权利要求1的可发泡的聚合物混合物,其中所述微区聚合物泡孔的平均泡孔尺寸小于或等于100nm。
3.权利要求1的可发泡的聚合物混合物,其中所述发泡剂包括二氧化碳。
4.权利要求1的可发泡的聚合物混合物,其中所述发泡剂进一步包括至少一种助发泡剂。
5.权利要求4的可发泡的聚合物混合物,其中所述至少一种助发泡剂选自氢氟烯烃、氢氟烃、醇、水、及其混合物。
6.权利要求1的可发泡聚合物混合物,其中所述微区聚合物占所述可发泡聚合物混合物的1-80wt%。
7.权利要求1的可发泡的聚合物混合物,其中所述母体聚合物包括聚苯乙烯和苯乙烯丙烯腈共聚物中的至少一种。
8.权利要求1的可发泡的聚合物混合物,其中所述微区聚合物选自交联的聚苯乙烯、交联的聚乙烯、交联的聚丙烯酸酯、交联的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、高粘度聚苯乙烯、高粘度聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、及其组合。
9.一种制造挤出的聚合物泡沫体的方法,该方法包括:
将包含母体聚合物的组合物引入到螺杆挤出机中,形成母体聚合物熔体;
将微区聚合物引入到所述母体聚合物熔体内,其中所述微区聚合物选自交联的微区聚合物、高粘度微区聚合物、及其组合,其中所述高粘度微区聚合物具有比所述母体聚合物更高的粘度和玻璃化转变温度;
将发泡剂注入到所述母体聚合物熔体内,形成可发泡的聚合物混合物;和
挤出所述可发泡的聚合物混合物,形成挤出的聚合物泡沫体;
其中所述挤出的聚合物泡沫体包括发泡的纳米泡孔微区,所述发泡的纳米泡孔微区包括平均泡孔尺寸小于或等于1,000nm的微区聚合物泡孔。
10.权利要求9的方法,其中所述微区聚合物泡孔的平均泡孔尺寸小于或等于100nm。
11.权利要求9的方法,其中所述发泡剂包括二氧化碳。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中所述发泡剂进一步包括至少一种助发泡剂。
13.权利要求12的方法,其中所述至少一种助发泡剂选自氢氟烯烃、氢氟烃、醇、水、及其混合物。
14.权利要求9的方法,其中所述微区聚合物占所述可发泡的聚合物混合物的1-80wt%。
15.权利要求9的方法,其中所述母体聚合物包括聚苯乙烯或苯乙烯丙烯腈共聚物。
16.权利要求9的方法,其中所述微区聚合物选自交联的聚苯乙烯、交联的聚乙烯、交联的聚丙烯酸酯、交联的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、高粘度聚苯乙烯、高粘度聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、及其组合。
17.一种挤出的聚合物泡沫体,其包括可发泡的聚合物混合物,所述可发泡的聚合物混合物包含:母体聚合物、微区聚合物和包括二氧化碳的发泡剂;其中所述微区聚合物选自交联的微区聚合物、高粘度微区聚合物、及其组合,其中所述高粘度微区聚合物具有比所述母体聚合物更高的粘度和玻璃化转变温度;
其中所述挤出的聚合物泡沫体包括发泡的纳米泡孔微区,所述发泡的纳米泡孔微区包括平均泡孔尺寸小于或等于1,000nm的微区聚合物泡孔。
18.权利要求17的挤出的聚合物泡沫体,其中所述母体聚合物包括聚苯乙烯或苯乙烯丙烯腈共聚物。
19.权利要求17的挤出的聚合物泡沫体,其中所述微区聚合物选自交联的聚苯乙烯、交联的聚乙烯、交联的聚丙烯酸酯、交联的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、高粘度聚苯乙烯、高粘度聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、及其组合。
20.权利要求17的挤出的聚合物泡沫体,其中所述发泡的纳米泡孔微区占所述挤出的聚合物泡沫体的1-80体积%。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201562244252P | 2015-10-21 | 2015-10-21 | |
US62/244,252 | 2015-10-21 | ||
PCT/US2016/056936 WO2017070006A1 (en) | 2015-10-21 | 2016-10-14 | Methods of manufacturing foams comprising nanocellular domains |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN108137846A CN108137846A (zh) | 2018-06-08 |
CN108137846B true CN108137846B (zh) | 2021-07-16 |
Family
ID=58557911
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201680060876.2A Expired - Fee Related CN108137846B (zh) | 2015-10-21 | 2016-10-14 | 制造含纳米泡孔微区的泡沫体的方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20190153181A1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP3365386A4 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2018532857A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR20180073623A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN108137846B (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2999771A1 (zh) |
MX (1) | MX2018004714A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2017070006A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN108976684B (zh) * | 2018-08-06 | 2020-04-10 | 山东大学 | 一种纳米孔聚合物泡沫及其制备方法 |
JP7466187B2 (ja) | 2020-04-04 | 2024-04-12 | 酒井化学工業株式会社 | ポリエチレン系樹脂発泡シートの製造方法 |
CN112976463A (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2021-06-18 | 海南铭晟农业发展有限公司 | 一种环保型泡沫包装箱的加工方法 |
WO2023148102A1 (en) | 2022-02-04 | 2023-08-10 | Basf Se | Method for production of open-celled polymer foams for ultrafiltration applications |
GB2618097A (en) * | 2022-04-26 | 2023-11-01 | Tech 21 Licensing Ltd | A method of forming a protective article |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6123881A (en) * | 1998-09-16 | 2000-09-26 | Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc. | Process for producing extruded foam products having polystyrene blends with high levels of CO2 as a blowing agent |
WO2005092959A1 (de) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-10-06 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Nanoporöse polymerschaumstoffe aus treibmittelhaltigen, mehrphasigen polymermischungen |
CN1886449A (zh) * | 2003-11-26 | 2006-12-27 | 欧文斯科尔宁格公司 | 使用纳米颗粒形成热塑性泡沫塑料以控制泡孔形态的方法 |
CN101652416A (zh) * | 2007-04-11 | 2010-02-17 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 基于聚烯烃/苯乙烯聚合物混合物的弹性粒子泡沫 |
CN102782038A (zh) * | 2010-01-29 | 2012-11-14 | 欧文斯科宁知识产权资产有限公司 | 在热塑性泡沫体中改善水蒸气渗透度和提高泡孔尺寸的添加剂共混物 |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3159791B2 (ja) * | 1992-07-17 | 2001-04-23 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 発泡性熱可塑性樹脂組成物及び発泡体 |
JP4889005B2 (ja) * | 2005-04-21 | 2012-02-29 | 株式会社ジェイエスピー | ポリスチレン系樹脂押出発泡体の製造方法 |
CN101484514B (zh) * | 2006-07-06 | 2011-11-30 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 生产纳米孔模制件的方法 |
US7838108B2 (en) * | 2007-01-17 | 2010-11-23 | Sabic Innovative Plastics Ip B.V. | Nano-cellular polymer foam and methods for making them |
US9481774B2 (en) * | 2007-03-12 | 2016-11-01 | University Of Washington | Methods for altering the impact strength of noncellular thermoplastic materials |
JP5642494B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-09 | 2014-12-17 | 三井化学株式会社 | エラストマー組成物発泡体およびその製造方法 |
JP5960590B2 (ja) * | 2012-12-28 | 2016-08-02 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 熱可塑性樹脂発泡体の製造方法 |
-
2016
- 2016-10-14 EP EP16858017.3A patent/EP3365386A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-10-14 US US15/759,537 patent/US20190153181A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-10-14 KR KR1020187014207A patent/KR20180073623A/ko unknown
- 2016-10-14 CA CA2999771A patent/CA2999771A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-10-14 JP JP2018520145A patent/JP2018532857A/ja active Pending
- 2016-10-14 CN CN201680060876.2A patent/CN108137846B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2016-10-14 MX MX2018004714A patent/MX2018004714A/es unknown
- 2016-10-14 WO PCT/US2016/056936 patent/WO2017070006A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6123881A (en) * | 1998-09-16 | 2000-09-26 | Owens Corning Fiberglas Technology, Inc. | Process for producing extruded foam products having polystyrene blends with high levels of CO2 as a blowing agent |
CN1886449A (zh) * | 2003-11-26 | 2006-12-27 | 欧文斯科尔宁格公司 | 使用纳米颗粒形成热塑性泡沫塑料以控制泡孔形态的方法 |
WO2005092959A1 (de) * | 2004-03-25 | 2005-10-06 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Nanoporöse polymerschaumstoffe aus treibmittelhaltigen, mehrphasigen polymermischungen |
CN101652416A (zh) * | 2007-04-11 | 2010-02-17 | 巴斯夫欧洲公司 | 基于聚烯烃/苯乙烯聚合物混合物的弹性粒子泡沫 |
CN102782038A (zh) * | 2010-01-29 | 2012-11-14 | 欧文斯科宁知识产权资产有限公司 | 在热塑性泡沫体中改善水蒸气渗透度和提高泡孔尺寸的添加剂共混物 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3365386A4 (en) | 2019-06-26 |
MX2018004714A (es) | 2018-06-18 |
KR20180073623A (ko) | 2018-07-02 |
CN108137846A (zh) | 2018-06-08 |
WO2017070006A1 (en) | 2017-04-27 |
JP2018532857A (ja) | 2018-11-08 |
CA2999771A1 (en) | 2017-04-27 |
US20190153181A1 (en) | 2019-05-23 |
EP3365386A1 (en) | 2018-08-29 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN108137846B (zh) | 制造含纳米泡孔微区的泡沫体的方法 | |
US20230416484A1 (en) | Processing aids for use in manufacture extruded polystyrene foams using low global warming potential blowing agents | |
US11447613B2 (en) | Polymeric foam comprising low levels of brominated flame retardant and method of making same | |
US20190077935A1 (en) | Methods of manufacturing extruded polystyrene foams using carbon dioxide as a major blowing agent | |
JP7342098B2 (ja) | 押出ポリスチレンフォーム | |
US20230076355A1 (en) | Blowing agent compositions for insulating foams | |
CA2955293A1 (en) | Non-voc processing aids for use in manufacturing foams using low global warming potential blowing agents | |
US20230096736A1 (en) | Barrier coating composition for use in manufacturing polymer foam products | |
CN118043387A (zh) | 用于在制造聚合物泡沫产品中使用的阻隔涂料组合物 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20210716 Termination date: 20211014 |
|
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |