CN108077088B - Ecological fermentation bed and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Ecological fermentation bed and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108077088B CN108077088B CN201810122048.8A CN201810122048A CN108077088B CN 108077088 B CN108077088 B CN 108077088B CN 201810122048 A CN201810122048 A CN 201810122048A CN 108077088 B CN108077088 B CN 108077088B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
- A01K1/0152—Litter
- A01K1/0155—Litter comprising organic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K1/00—Housing animals; Equipment therefor
- A01K1/015—Floor coverings, e.g. bedding-down sheets ; Stable floors
- A01K1/0152—Litter
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/32—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from hydrolysates of wood or straw
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The invention relates to an ecological fermentation bed and a preparation method thereof. Above-mentioned ecological fermentation bed uses first straw layer and second straw layer as the supporting layer, use first microbial inoculum layer, first bedding material layer, third straw layer, second microbial inoculum layer, second bedding material layer, fourth straw layer, third microbial inoculum layer and third bedding material layer are the fermentation layer, adopt maize straw and straw to replace partial saw dust and rice husk, and adopt the mode of layering laying to maize straw, straw and saw dust and rice husk are laid, can reduce the cost of ecological fermentation bed by a wide margin, and adopt the mode of layering laying, with mutual range upon range of in turn between bedding material layer and the straw layer, can increase the gas permeability between the bedding material layer, help for ecological fermentation bed supplementary oxygen, improve fermentation efficiency.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of green ecological breeding, in particular to an ecological fermentation bed and a preparation method thereof.
Background
Along with the development of the pig industry, the discharge amount of pig manure and urine is increased rapidly, and particularly for large-scale pig farms, due to the fact that the discharge amount is large, biogas self-built by the pig farms cannot meet the requirement of pollution-free treatment of flushing sewage of the pollution-free pig farms, the problem of how to solve the pollution of a large amount of manure and urine in the large-scale pig farms to the environmental ecology is solved, and the problem becomes a main problem to be solved urgently for ensuring the continuous and healthy development of the pig industry. The fermentation bed pig raising technology is based on a raising mode for controlling the discharge and pollution of livestock and poultry manure, and the basic method is that padding is laid in a livestock house, pigs are raised on the padding, and excrement and urine are mixed and fermented with the padding, namely the raising mode is completed in the livestock house at the same time as the pig raising and the excrement and urine treatment. The novel natural agricultural concept and the microbial treatment technology are adopted, the pig raising is low in emission and odorless, the problem of environmental pollution of a large-scale pig farm is solved, and the novel environment-friendly pig raising mode is provided. However, the padding for raising pigs by the fermentation bed mostly adopts traditional raw materials such as sawdust and rice hulls, the prices of the raw materials such as the sawdust and the rice hulls are rapidly increased in recent years, the padding has production place limitation, and in addition, the padding has large volume, small density and huge long-distance transportation cost, so that the cost of the pig raising mode by the fermentation bed is rapidly increased, and the popularization and the utilization of the fermentation bed technology are seriously inhibited. In addition, the existing fermentation bed has the problem of poor air permeability, the air permeability of the fermentation bed is an important factor influencing the fermentation efficiency, and the problem to be solved by the fermentation bed pig raising technology is how to improve the air permeability of the fermentation bed.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, it is necessary to provide an ecological fermentation bed and a preparation method thereof, aiming at the problems of high cost and poor air permeability of the existing fermentation bed.
An ecological fermentation bed comprises a supporting layer and a fermentation layer;
the supporting layer comprises a first straw layer and a second straw layer which are sequentially stacked;
the fermentation layer comprises a first microbial agent layer, a first padding layer, a third straw layer, a second microbial agent layer, a second padding layer, a fourth straw layer, a third microbial agent layer and a third padding layer; the first microbial inoculum layer is stacked on the surface of the second straw layer, the first padding layer is stacked on the surface of the first microbial inoculum layer, the third straw layer is stacked on the surface of the first padding layer, the second microbial inoculum layer is stacked on the surface of the third straw layer, the second padding layer is stacked on the surface of the second microbial inoculum layer, the fourth straw layer is stacked on the surface of the second padding layer, the third microbial inoculum layer is stacked on the surface of the fourth straw layer, and the third padding layer is stacked on the surface of the third microbial inoculum layer;
wherein the first straw layer, the second straw layer, the third straw layer and the fourth straw layer are made of at least one material selected from corn straws and rice straws; the first padding layer, the second padding layer and the third padding layer are made of saw dust and rice hulls.
In one embodiment, the material forming the first straw layer comprises whole corn stover; the thickness of the first straw layer is 5 cm-10 cm.
In one embodiment, the material of the second straw layer comprises, by volume fraction, 30% to 35% of corn stalks and 65% to 70% of straw stalks, the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the second straw layer are in a strip structure, the lengths of the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the second straw layer are 5cm to 10cm, and the thickness of the second straw layer is 10cm to 15 cm.
In one embodiment, the material of the third straw layer comprises, by volume fraction, 30% to 35% of corn stalks and 65% to 70% of straw stalks, the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the third straw layer are in a strip structure, the lengths of the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the third straw layer are 1cm to 3cm, and the thickness of the third straw layer is 10cm to 12 cm.
In one embodiment, the material of the fourth straw layer comprises, by volume fraction, 30% to 35% of corn stalks and 65% to 70% of straw stalks, the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the fourth straw layer are in a strip structure, the lengths of the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the fourth straw layer are 1cm to 3cm, and the thickness of the fourth straw layer is 10cm to 12 cm.
In one embodiment, the materials of the first padding layer and the second padding layer respectively comprise 30% -40% of rice hulls and 60% -70% of sawdust by volume fraction, and the thicknesses of the first padding layer and the second padding layer are respectively 10 cm-12 cm.
In one embodiment, the material of the third padding layer comprises 25% -30% of rice hulls and 70% -75% of sawdust according to volume fraction, and the thickness of the third padding layer is 3-5 cm.
In one embodiment, the first microbial inoculum layer, the second microbial inoculum layer and the third microbial inoculum layer are respectively made of a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, and the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1: 1.5-1: 2.5; the fermentation bacteria comprise at least one of photosynthetic bacteria flora, lactic acid bacteria flora, yeast flora, actinomycete flora and fermentation system filamentous bacteria flora.
In one embodiment, the mass-to-volume ratio of the mixture of the fermentation bacteria and the corn flour in the first, second and third microbial inoculum layers to the ecological fermentation bed padding is 100g/m3～200g/m3。
The preparation method of the ecological fermentation bed comprises the following steps:
laying a first straw layer;
laying a second straw layer on the surface of the first straw layer;
paving a first microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the second straw layer;
paving a first padding layer on the surface of the first microbial inoculum layer;
paving a third straw layer on the surface of the first padding layer;
paving a second microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the third straw layer;
laying a second padding layer on the surface of the second microbial inoculum layer;
paving a fourth straw layer on the surface of the second padding layer;
paving a third microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the fourth straw layer; and
and paving a third padding layer on the surface of the third microbial inoculum layer.
Above-mentioned ecological fermentation bed uses first straw layer and second straw layer as the supporting layer, use first microbial inoculum layer, first bedding material layer, third straw layer, second microbial inoculum layer, second bedding material layer, fourth straw layer, third microbial inoculum layer and third bedding material layer are the fermentation layer, adopt maize straw and straw to replace partial saw dust and rice husk, and adopt the mode of layering laying to maize straw, straw and saw dust and rice husk are laid, can reduce the cost of ecological fermentation bed by a wide margin, and adopt the mode of layering laying, with mutual range upon range of in turn between bedding material layer and the straw layer, can increase the gas permeability between the bedding material layer, help for ecological fermentation bed supplementary oxygen, improve fermentation efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of an ecological fermentation bed according to an embodiment;
fig. 2 is a process flow diagram of a method for preparing an ecological fermentation bed according to an embodiment.
Detailed Description
The ecological fermentation bed and the preparation method thereof will be further described in detail with reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
Referring to fig. 1, an embodiment of an ecological fermentation bed 10 includes a support layer 110 and a fermentation layer 120.
In the illustrated embodiment, the support layer 110 includes a first straw layer 111 and a second straw layer 112 stacked in sequence. The support layer 110 mainly serves as a support. The first straw layer 111 is located at the bottommost part of the ecological fermentation bed 10, and further, the first straw layer 110 is formed by paving materials including whole corn straws. The corn stalks are thicker, have more branches and have higher hardness compared with the rice straws, and the whole corn stalks can well support the weight of the second stalk layer 112, the fermentation layer 120 and the pigs, so that the ecological fermentation bed 10 is prevented from being excessively compacted to influence the fermentation effect of the ecological fermentation bed 10; meanwhile, the stacking density of the corn straws is lower, which is beneficial to keeping better air permeability of the biological fermentation layer 10. In one embodiment, the thickness of the first straw layer 111 is 5cm to 10 cm.
The second straw layer 112 is laid on the surface of the first straw layer 111. The material of the second straw layer 112 comprises 30-35% of corn straw and 65-70% of straw according to volume fraction. Further, the material of the second straw layer 112 includes 31% -33% of corn stalks and 67% -69% of straw stalks. In one embodiment, the corn stalks and the rice stalks in the second stalk layer 112 are in a strip structure, and the second stalk layer 112 is obtained by crushing the corn stalks and the rice stalks to 5cm to 10cm in length, mixing the crushed corn stalks and the crushed rice stalks, and then laying the crushed corn stalks and the crushed rice stalks. The second straw layer 112 can prevent the padding with smaller particle size in the fermentation layer 120 from leaking through the first straw layer 111, thereby causing waste of padding and microbial inoculum, and is also beneficial to keeping the air permeability of the support layer 110. In one embodiment, the second straw layer 112 has a thickness of 10cm to 15 cm.
In the illustrated embodiment, the fermentation layer 120 includes a first microbial agent layer 121, a first padding layer 122, a third straw layer 123, a second microbial agent layer 124, a second padding layer 125, a fourth straw layer 126, a third microbial agent layer 127, and a third padding layer 128.
The first microbial inoculum layer 121 is laminated on the surface of the second straw layer 112. The material for preparing the first microbial inoculum layer 121 comprises a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, and further the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1: 1.5-1: 2.5. In one embodiment, the fermentation inoculum comprises at least one of a group of photosynthetic bacteria, a group of lactic acid bacteria, a group of yeast bacteria, a group of actinomycetes, and a group of fermentative filamentous bacteria. The first microbial inoculum layer 121 is formed by spreading on the surface of the second straw layer 112, and the mass-volume ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum, the corn flour and the padding of the ecological fermentation bed in the first microbial inoculum layer 121 is 100g/m3～200g/m3。
The first padding layer 122 is stacked on the surface of the first microbial agent layer 121. In one embodiment, the material from which the first padding layer 122 is made comprises, by volume fraction, 30% to 40% rice hulls and 60% to 70% sawdust. As the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the pig manure is low and the water content is high, the padding with high carbon-nitrogen ratio (especially carbohydrate with high wood fiber), looseness, porosity, good air permeability and water absorption, proper thickness, no toxicity, no harm and no obvious impurities is selected in the process of selecting the padding matrix of the fermentation bed, so that the fermentation of the pig manure and the urine is facilitated, and the efficient performance of the fermentation process is ensured. The sawdust is widely used as a fermenting bed padding because the sawdust has high lignin content, is resistant to fermentation, is loose and porous, and has good air permeability and water retention. When the sawdust is paved on a fermentation bed, a certain proportion of rice hulls can be mixed, the rice hulls have the characteristics of high elasticity and good air permeability, and the air permeability of the padding can be effectively improved. In one embodiment, the first padding layer 122 has a thickness of 10cm to 12 cm.
The third straw layer 123 is laminated on the surface of the first padding layer 122. In one embodiment, the material of the third straw layer 123 comprises 30-35% of corn stalks and 65-70% of straw stalks by volume fraction. Further, the material of the third straw layer 123 includes 34% -35% of corn stalks and 65% -66% of straw stalks. In one embodiment, the corn stalks and the rice stalks in the third stalk layer 123 are all in a strip structure, and the third stalk layer 123 is obtained by crushing the corn stalks and the rice stalks to a length of 1cm to 3cm, mixing the crushed corn stalks and the rice stalks, and then laying the crushed corn stalks and the rice stalks. The third straw layer 123 is beneficial to improving the air permeability between the first padding layer 122 and the second padding layer 125. In one embodiment, the third straw layer 123 has a thickness of 10cm to 12 cm.
The second microbial inoculum layer 124 is stacked on the surface of the third straw layer 123. The material for preparing the second microbial inoculum layer 124 comprises a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, and further, the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1: 1.5-1: 2.5. In one embodiment, the fermentation inoculum comprises photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast bacteria, actinomycetes and fermentation filamentous bacteria. The second microbial inoculum layer 124 is formed by spreading on the surface of the third straw layer 123, and the mass-volume ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum, the corn flour and the ecological fermentation bed in the second microbial inoculum layer 124 is 100g/m3～200g/m3。
The second padding layer 125 is stacked on the surface of the second microbial agent layer 124. In one embodiment, the material from which the second bedding layer 125 is made comprises 30% to 40% rice hulls and 60% to 70% sawdust by volume fraction. In one embodiment, the second padding layer 125 has a thickness of 10cm to 12 cm.
The fourth straw layer 126 is laminated on the surface of the second padding layer 125. In one embodiment, the material of the fourth straw layer 126 comprises 30-35% of corn stalks and 65-70% of straw stalks by volume fraction. Further, the material of the fourth straw layer 126 includes 34% -35% of corn stalks and 65% -66% of straw stalks. In one embodiment, the corn stalks and the rice straws in the fourth straw layer 126 are in a strip structure, and the fourth straw layer 126 is obtained by crushing the corn stalks and the rice straws to a length of 1cm to 3cm, mixing the crushed corn stalks and the crushed rice straws, and then laying the mixture. The fourth straw layer 126 is advantageous for improving the air permeability between the second bedding layer 125 and the third bedding layer 128. In one embodiment, the fourth straw layer 126 has a thickness of 10cm to 12 cm.
The third microbial inoculum layer 127 is laminated on the surface of the fourth straw layer 126. The material for preparing the third microbial inoculum layer 127 comprises a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, and further the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1: 1.5-1: 2.5. In one embodiment, the fermentation inoculum comprises photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeast bacteria, actinomycetes and fermentation filamentous bacteria. The third microbial inoculum layer 127 is formed by spreading on the surface of the fourth straw layer 126, and the mass-volume ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum, the corn flour and the ecological fermentation bed in the third microbial inoculum layer 127 is 100g/m3～200g/m3。
The third padding layer 128 is stacked on the surface of the third microbial agent layer 127. In one embodiment, the material from which the third bedding layer 128 is made comprises, by volume fraction, 25% to 30% rice hulls and 70% to 75% sawdust. In one embodiment, the third padding layer 128 has a thickness of 3cm to 5 cm.
Above-mentioned ecological fermentation bed adopts first straw layer and second straw layer to constitute the supporting layer, stacks gradually first microbial inoculum layer, first bedding bed, third straw layer, second microbial inoculum layer, second bedding bed, fourth straw layer, third microbial inoculum layer and third bedding bed layer formation fermentation bed on the second straw layer again for above-mentioned ecological fermentation bed has following advantage:
1. the ecological fermentation bed adopts corn straws and rice straw straws to replace partial sawdust and rice hulls, provides a simple and feasible straw utilization mode for vast farmers, and directly solves the straw burning problem of concentrated rice and wheat straws at the time point: the straw utilization mode is simple and easy to implement, the initiative of vast farmers in collecting and utilizing straw wastes is improved, and the seamless butt joint treatment is carried out between the use period of a colony house of the fermentation bed and the concentrated straw generation period, so that the concentrated straw generation and the concentrated straw utilization can be realized at once, the straw storage, loss and later-stage transportation and utilization cost are saved, and the serious air pollution problems of rice and wheat straw burning and haze caused by the rice and wheat straw burning in the harvest season are fundamentally solved;
2. greatly reduces the material and labor cost of pig raising and the consumption of water resources and energy. According to the existing research statistics, compared with the conventional pig raising excrement and urine pollutant collecting and treating facility investment, the pig raising mode adopting the ecological fermentation bed reduces the facility construction cost by more than 50%, saves excrement and sewage cleaning water by more than 90%, and saves the excrement and sewage cleaning labor cost by more than 80%; the cost of the padding used for pig raising of the traditional fermentation bed is 600 yuan/ton for sawdust and 800 yuan/ton for rice hull, and the cost of the corn stalks and the straw stalks is only less than 100 yuan/ton, and the cost of the padding of the ecological fermentation bed can be greatly reduced by adopting the ecological fermentation bed and replacing 60 to 70 percent of the traditional padding with the corn stalks and the straw stalks;
3. the ecological fermentation bed adopts a layered laying mode, the padding layers and the straw layers are alternately stacked, so that the air permeability between the padding layers can be increased, the ecological fermentation bed is favorably supplemented with oxygen, the fermentation efficiency is improved, the ventilation and heat dissipation of the ecological fermentation bed in summer are favorably realized, and the discomfort of pigs in the use process of the ecological fermentation bed is prevented;
4. the microbial inoculum layer, the straw layer and the padding layer are paved in a layered and cooperative manner, so that the utilization rate of the microbial inoculum can be improved, the using amount of the microbial inoculum is reduced, the microbial inoculum is paved in the fermentation layer, only the fermentation layer needs to be turned over and raked in the using process of the ecological fermentation bed, the supporting layer at the bottom does not need to be turned over and raked, the work amount of raking turning and the difficulty of raking turning are reduced, the fermentation layer can be only replaced after the ecological fermentation bed is used for a period of time, the supporting layer at the bottom can be continuously used, the work amount of padding replacement at each time is reduced, and the cost of the ecological fermentation bed is further reduced;
5. the first straw layer and the second straw layer are laid at the bottom of the ecological fermentation bed to serve as supporting layers, so that the supporting performance of the ecological fermentation bed can be improved, hardening of pigs caused by treading is prevented, the third padding layer is arranged on the surface layer of the fermentation layer and comprises rice hulls and saw dust, the rice hulls have strong supporting performance, and meanwhile, the surface elasticity and the surface layer air permeability of the fermentation bed can be improved;
6. realizes low-cost cyclic utilization of planting and breeding wastes, relieves land degeneration and promotes soil improvement. The cost reduction of ecological pig raising and fattening padding is realized, the straw resources are simple and centralized, and the three-stage synchronous operation mode of three processes of pig raising, straw degradation and in-situ composting fermentation to produce high-quality organic fertilizer is realized; a large number of researches prove that the ecological fermentation bed not only solves the problem of low-cost utilization of a large number of straws in a harvesting season, but also provides a large number of cheap organic base fertilizers for cultivated land, and fundamentally solves the problem of serious pollution caused by the production of the traditional pig farm, and moreover, the content of humus in the padding organic fertilizer generated by the ecological fermentation bed is obviously increased, and the effect of preventing soil degradation and improving soil can be achieved.
The preparation method of the ecological fermentation bed comprises the following steps:
s110, laying a first straw layer.
S120, paving a second straw layer on the surface of the first straw layer.
S130, paving a first microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the second straw layer.
S140, paving a first padding layer on the surface of the first microbial inoculum layer.
S150, paving a third straw layer on the surface of the first padding layer.
S160, paving a second microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the third straw layer.
S170, paving a second padding layer on the surface of the second microbial inoculum layer.
S180, paving a fourth straw layer on the surface of the second padding layer.
S190, paving a third microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the fourth straw layer.
S200, paving a third padding layer on the surface of the third microbial inoculum layer.
The preparation method of the ecological fermentation bed has simple process and is easy to realize industrial production.
The following are descriptions of specific examples, and unless otherwise specified, the following examples contain no other components not specifically mentioned except for inevitable impurities.
Example 1
The test is carried out in a certain pig farm in Yunyang area in Shizu of Hubei province, the starting time of the test is 7 and 1 days in 2017, the ending time of the test is 12 and 20 days in 2017, and the test period is 173 days.
(1) Design of experiment and daily ration
60 pigs of the Changbai pig breed with the weight of 15Kg are selected and randomly divided into three groups: test group 1 (20), test group 2 (20) and test group 3 (20).
The pigs of test group 1, test group 2 and test group 3 were fed with the same feed, which was purchased from a compound premix for pigs manufactured by Beijing Dabei agricultural group company as a pig feed. And the illumination, ventilation, drinking, immunity and management of the test group 1, the test group 2 and the test group 3 are all consistent.
(2) Preparation fermentation bed
Preparing a fermentation bed A:
the method is characterized in that the overground fermentation bed is manufactured, the length of a single fermentation bed is 6.9m, the width of the single fermentation bed is 4.0m, the height of the single fermentation bed is 0.6m, the height of the single fermentation bed is 0.1m, a brick-concrete structure is adopted, and the height of a fence is 0.9 m. Removing leaves of the whole corn straw, and spreading the whole corn straw at the bottom of a fermentation bed to form a first straw layer, wherein the thickness of the first straw layer is 10 cm; mixing 35% of corn straws and 65% of rice straws in volume fraction, crushing the mixture to 8cm in particle size, and paving the mixture on the first straw layer to form a second straw layer, wherein the thickness of the second straw layer is 10 cm; a first microbial inoculum layer is laid on the surface of the second straw layer, the first microbial inoculum layer comprises a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1:2.5, and the mass-volume ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum and the corn flour to the ecological fermentation bed in the first microbial inoculum layer is 100g/m3(ii) a Laying on the surface of the first microbial inoculum layerThe first padding layer comprises 30% of rice hulls and 70% of sawdust according to volume fraction, and the thickness of the first padding layer is 10 cm; laying a third straw layer on the surface of the first bedding material layer, crushing the corn straws with the volume fraction of 34% and the straw straws with the volume fraction of 66% into particles with the particle size of 2cm, and then mixing and laying the particles to form the third straw layer, wherein the thickness of the third straw layer is 10 cm; a second microbial inoculum layer is laid on the surface of the third straw layer, the second microbial inoculum layer comprises a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1:2, and the mass-volume ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum and the corn flour to the ecological fermentation bed in the second microbial inoculum layer is 150g/m3(ii) a Laying a second padding layer on the surface of the second microbial inoculum layer, wherein the second padding layer comprises 40% of rice hulls and 60% of sawdust according to volume fraction, and the thickness of the second padding layer is 10 cm; laying a fourth straw layer on the surface of the second bedding material layer, crushing 35% of corn straws and 65% of straw straws by volume into particles with the particle size of 2cm, and mixing and laying to form the fourth straw layer, wherein the thickness of the fourth straw layer is 10 cm; a third microbial inoculum layer is laid on the fourth straw layer, the third microbial inoculum layer comprises a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1:1.5, and the mass-volume ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum and the corn flour to the ecological fermentation bed in the third microbial inoculum layer is 200g/m3(ii) a And laying a third padding layer on the surface of the third microbial inoculum layer, wherein the third padding layer comprises 30% of rice hulls and 70% of sawdust according to volume fraction, and the thickness of the third padding layer is 5 cm.
Preparing a fermentation bed B:
the method is characterized in that the overground fermentation bed is manufactured, the length of a single fermentation bed is 6.9m, the width of the single fermentation bed is 4.0m, the height of the single fermentation bed is 0.6m, the height of the single fermentation bed is 0.1m, a brick-concrete structure is adopted, and the height of a fence is 0.9 m. Removing leaves of the whole corn straw, and spreading the whole corn straw at the bottom of a fermentation bed to form a first straw layer, wherein the thickness of the first straw layer is 20 cm; mixing 50% of corn straw with the grain diameter of 3cm and 50% of conventional padding according to the volume ratio, wherein the conventional padding comprises 70% of sawdust and 30% of rice husk according to the volume ratio, and adding microbial inoculum into the padding, wherein the microbial inoculum comprises fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1:2, and the adding amount of the microbial inoculum is200g/m3And uniformly mixing to obtain a mixed padding material, and paving the mixed padding material on the first straw layer to form a padding layer, wherein the thickness of the padding layer is 45 cm.
(3) Situation of rearing
The pigs of test group 1 were placed on the fermentation bed a for feeding, the pigs of test group 2 were placed on the fermentation bed B for feeding, and the pigs of test group 3 were placed on the cement floor for feeding, respectively.
(4) Raising results
The growth of the pigs is shown in table 1.
TABLE 1
| Test group 1 | Test group 2 | Test group 3 | |
| Pig quantity (only) | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Initial weight (Kg) | 14.63 | 15.10 | 14.87 |
| Ultimate weight (Kg) | 151.83 | 144.85 | 129.37 |
| Average daily gain (Kg) | 0.79 | 0.75 | 0.66 |
(5) Usage of fermentation bed
The culture density and packing density of the fermentation beds a and B and the cement area are shown in table 2.
Wherein, the breeding density is also called as feeding density, which is the number of animals fed per unit area; the culture density shown in table 2 is the lowest culture density value in the case where the fermentation beds a and B are kept from dead beds and rotten beds.
Dunnage bulk density refers to the mass per unit volume of a solid, granular or powdered material in its naturally packed state. The calculation formula is as follows: rho0＝m/V0In the formula: rho0For bulk density, units kg/m3(ii) a m is the mass of the material in a certain container, and the unit kg is; v0Is the bulk volume of the material, i.e. the volume filled into the container, in m3The total volume is the volume including the voids between the particles and the pores inside the particles.
TABLE 2
Microbial degradation of manure in a fermentation bed mainly utilizes the effect of aerobic fermentation, so that the padding has certain air permeability which can be reflected by the bulk density, and the larger the bulk density is, the poorer the air permeability is. According to literature data, the optimal oxygen content in the padding gap is 10%, and optimal growth conditions are provided for microorganisms. Can discover according to the experimentation, the particle diameter of the bedding and padding of participating in the dirty degradation of excrement can diminish gradually, adds trampling of pig for the bedding and padding is closely knit more and probably appear hardening, makes the bedding and padding bulk density increase, and the gas permeability reduces, consequently need reduce the bulk density of bedding and padding and turn over the throwing to the bedding and padding regularly, guarantees that there is sufficient space inside the bedding and padding, improves the gas permeability. The degradation capability of the fermentation bed to the excrement is ensured, thereby improving the feeding density of the pigs.
The technical features of the embodiments described above may be arbitrarily combined, and for the sake of brevity, all possible combinations of the technical features in the embodiments described above are not described, but should be considered as being within the scope of the present specification as long as there is no contradiction between the combinations of the technical features.
The above-mentioned embodiments only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but not construed as limiting the scope of the invention. It should be noted that, for a person skilled in the art, several variations and modifications can be made without departing from the inventive concept, which falls within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present patent shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. An ecological fermentation bed is characterized by comprising a supporting layer and a fermentation layer;
the supporting layer comprises a first straw layer and a second straw layer which are sequentially stacked;
the fermentation layer comprises a first microbial agent layer, a first padding layer, a third straw layer, a second microbial agent layer, a second padding layer, a fourth straw layer, a third microbial agent layer and a third padding layer; the first microbial inoculum layer is stacked on the surface of the second straw layer, the first padding layer is stacked on the surface of the first microbial inoculum layer, the third straw layer is stacked on the surface of the first padding layer, the second microbial inoculum layer is stacked on the surface of the third straw layer, the second padding layer is stacked on the surface of the second microbial inoculum layer, the fourth straw layer is stacked on the surface of the second padding layer, the third microbial inoculum layer is stacked on the surface of the fourth straw layer, and the third padding layer is stacked on the surface of the third microbial inoculum layer;
wherein the first straw layer, the second straw layer, the third straw layer and the fourth straw layer are made of at least one material selected from corn straws and rice straws; the first padding layer, the second padding layer and the third padding layer are made of saw dust and rice hulls.
2. The ecological fermentation bed of claim 1, wherein the material forming the first straw layer comprises whole corn stover; the thickness of the first straw layer is 5 cm-10 cm.
3. The ecological fermentation bed of claim 1, wherein the material of the second straw layer comprises 30-35% of corn stalks and 65-70% of straw stalks, the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the second straw layer are in a strip structure, the lengths of the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the second straw layer are 5-10 cm, and the thickness of the second straw layer is 10-15 cm.
4. The ecological fermentation bed of claim 1, wherein the material of the third straw layer comprises 30-35% of corn stalks and 65-70% of straw stalks, the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the third straw layer are in a strip structure, the lengths of the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the third straw layer are 1-3 cm, and the thickness of the third straw layer is 10-12 cm.
5. The ecological fermentation bed of claim 1, wherein the material of the fourth straw layer comprises 30-35% of corn stalks and 65-70% of straw stalks, the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the fourth straw layer are in a strip structure, the lengths of the corn stalks and the straw stalks in the fourth straw layer are 1-3 cm, and the thickness of the fourth straw layer is 10-12 cm.
6. The ecological fermentation bed according to claim 1, wherein the materials of the first padding layer and the second padding layer respectively comprise 30-40% of rice husk and 60-70% of sawdust by volume fraction, and the thickness of the first padding layer and the thickness of the second padding layer are respectively 10-12 cm.
7. The ecological fermentation bed according to claim 1, wherein the material of the third padding layer comprises 25-30% of rice hulls and 70-75% of sawdust by volume fraction, and the thickness of the third padding layer is 3-5 cm.
8. The ecological fermentation bed according to claim 1, wherein the first microbial inoculum layer, the second microbial inoculum layer and the third microbial inoculum layer are respectively made of a fermentation microbial inoculum and corn flour, and the mass ratio of the fermentation microbial inoculum to the corn flour is 1: 1.5-1: 2.5; the fermentation bacteria comprise at least one of photosynthetic bacteria flora, lactic acid bacteria flora, yeast flora, actinomycete flora and fermentation system filamentous bacteria flora.
9. The ecological fermentation bed of claim 8, wherein the mass-to-volume ratio of the mixture of the fermentation bacteria and the corn flour in the first, second and third microbial agent layers to the ecological fermentation bed padding is 100g/m3～200g/m3。
10. The method for preparing an ecological fermentation bed according to any one of claims 1 to 9, comprising the steps of:
laying a first straw layer;
laying a second straw layer on the surface of the first straw layer;
paving a first microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the second straw layer;
paving a first padding layer on the surface of the first microbial inoculum layer;
paving a third straw layer on the surface of the first padding layer;
paving a second microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the third straw layer;
laying a second padding layer on the surface of the second microbial inoculum layer;
paving a fourth straw layer on the surface of the second padding layer;
paving a third microbial inoculum layer on the surface of the fourth straw layer; and
and paving a third padding layer on the surface of the third microbial inoculum layer.
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| CN111053041A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-04-24 | 北京宜禾原现代农业科技研究院 | Cattle pen excrement absorption type healthy and sanitary corn straw mat and application thereof |
| CN111053042A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-04-24 | 北京宜禾原现代农业科技研究院 | Cattle pen manure is absorbed and is used ox mattress and application thereof |
| CN111053039A (en) * | 2019-12-23 | 2020-04-24 | 北京宜禾原现代农业科技研究院 | Cattle pen excrement absorption type straw mat and application thereof |
| CN111386936B (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2022-08-12 | 王智 | Manufacturing method of greenhouse hotbed |
| CN113179854B (en) * | 2021-06-02 | 2022-07-26 | 沧州职业技术学院 | Method for cultivating morchella in saline-alkali soil greenhouse |
| CN113716987A (en) * | 2021-06-08 | 2021-11-30 | 陈成华 | Fermentation process of green organic fertilizer |
| CN113940278A (en) * | 2021-10-19 | 2022-01-18 | 青岛万慧源环保科技有限公司 | Organic padding for livestock and poultry breeding and use method thereof |
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| CN101878746B (en) * | 2009-11-16 | 2011-08-24 | 山东省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究所 | Method for manufacturing swine fermentation bed |
| CN102106262A (en) * | 2010-12-28 | 2011-06-29 | 安徽阜康养猪专业合作社 | Fermentation bed used for ecological pig raising |
| CN104221886B (en) * | 2014-10-10 | 2016-10-05 | 安徽万利生态园林景观有限公司 | One is raised pigs bed special bedding and padding and preparation method thereof |
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Effective date of registration: 20221221 Address after: 518100 building C, No. 26, No. 1 Industrial Zone, Xiacun community, Gongming street, Guangming New Area, Shenzhen, Guangdong Patentee after: Shenzhen sower Ecological Technology Co.,Ltd. Address before: 518051 Room 210, No. 31 South Road, Mahong Village, Xili Town, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province Patentee before: SHENZHEN-HONGKONG INSTITUTION OF INDUSTRY, EDUCATION & RESEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNIQUE Co.,Ltd. |