CN1080374C - 往复活塞式柴油内燃机 - Google Patents

往复活塞式柴油内燃机 Download PDF

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CN1080374C
CN1080374C CN94117207A CN94117207A CN1080374C CN 1080374 C CN1080374 C CN 1080374C CN 94117207 A CN94117207 A CN 94117207A CN 94117207 A CN94117207 A CN 94117207A CN 1080374 C CN1080374 C CN 1080374C
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M·许茨
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Abstract

一种往复活塞式内燃机包括一气缸(1)，其中，在活塞(2)和气缸盖(3)之间形成一燃烧室(4)。至少设置两个燃料喷射阀(10，12)，每个喷射阀至少有一个喷嘴孔，燃料经该喷嘴孔被间隙地喷入燃烧室(4)，从气缸的轴线方向看去，燃料喷射阀(10，12)间隔距离为(A)。燃烧室的盘形区与每个燃料喷射喷射阀相关联；该区相对于气缸轴线(6)横向延伸，并且以喷嘴孔喷出的燃料射流充满这个区域。

Description

往复活塞式柴油内燃机
本发明涉及一种往复活塞式柴油内燃机，至少包括一个气缸，气缸包括一个活塞、一个盖住气缸，并与活塞一起确定燃烧室界限的气缸盖，以及至少两个燃料喷射阀，其中每个阀至少有一个喷嘴孔，燃料经过该喷嘴孔间歇地喷进燃烧室。
在这种大型内燃机中，由于每个气缸中至少有两个燃料喷射阀，所以燃料喷射阀位于相对于气缸轴线横向延伸的公共平面内。在燃料喷射阀内制成的喷嘴孔以这种方法钻成，使从喷嘴孔射出的燃料射流在盘形燃烧室内与压缩燃烧空气尽可能好地混合。然而，沿气缸轴线方向看，在具有长燃烧室的内燃发动机中，很难实现均匀的混合，因为燃料射流可能不易达到存在于燃烧室的两个轴向最外区域内的燃烧空气。此外，在燃烧空气在其中获得涡流运动的燃烧室内，由于空气涡流运动的偏移，使燃料射流沿气缸轴线方向很难扩散。这导致燃烧室中心有高的燃料浓度，从而使混合物形式很差。这使燃烧过程减慢，从而使热效率降低，并由此影响燃料消耗。如果改变喷嘴孔的轴线使它们以更大的角度延伸至燃料喷射阀所处的平面，就会有火焰达到确定燃烧室边界的活塞顶部和活塞的挤气表面或设置在气缸盖上的排气和进气阀的危险，这会烧毁它们或油焦沉积于其上，在局部截荷情况下尤其如此，这可以导致腐蚀和摩损的增加。
本发明的目的是改善所述类型的内燃发动机，从而即使在燃烧室的轴向尺寸很大时，在部分负荷期间也可以获得尽可能均匀的混合结构，达到低磨损地运转。
此目的是根据本发明达到的，本发明提供一种往复活塞式柴油内燃机，至少包括一个容纳一个活塞的气缸，一个盖住气缸并与活塞一起确定燃烧室界限的气缸盖，以及若干个燃料喷射阀，其中每个阀至少有一个喷嘴孔，燃料经过该喷嘴孔间歇地喷进分配给该特定燃料喷射阀的燃烧室区，该区被从喷嘴孔射出的射流所充满，沿气缸轴线的方向观测，燃料喷射阀设置在至少两个不同的轴线位置，其特征在于，分配给燃料喷射阀的所述燃烧室区包括至少两个盘形区，每一盘形区相对于气缸轴线横向延伸，并且所述区沿气缸轴线的方向相邻；另外，提供有分配装置，设计为能使燃料按需要流向不同区的每一燃料喷射阀，或者只流向一个区的每一燃料喷射阀，或者只流向另一个区的每一燃料喷射阀；和设置燃料喷射阀的两个不同轴向位置的轴向间隔至少为活塞冲程的2％。
根据本发明，即使在燃烧室的轴向方向很大的情况下，即使在部分负荷时，也可以达到以两层喷入的燃料与压缩燃烧空气有良好的混合。这种新的结构布局无须使喷嘴孔轴线相当对准活塞顶部以及挤气表面，以及可能还有设置在气缸盖上的排气阀和进气阀。这避免了在部分负荷下，在活塞和/或气缸以及可能在阀上的烧毁和油焦沉积。此外，还得到压缩燃烧空气和喷射燃料的均匀混合物，以及因此而未受干扰的燃烧。本发明可以用于二冲程循环和四冲程循环的两种大型内燃机。
参照各附图，在下面叙述中，将作为例子详细说明本发明的两个实施例。所有附图均为示意性的，表示如下：
图1是通过带有一个气缸盖的气缸上端所作的轴向剖视图，
图2是图1中气缸盖的平面视图(由气缸侧看)；
图3是通过气缸上端的一部分和气缸盖所做的轴向剖视图，其中燃烧室的形状与图1相比有所改动，
图3a和图3b是在燃料供应管中的分配元件的两个不同的操作位置，以及
图4是图3中的气缸盖自气缸侧看的平面视图，其比例较图3中的为小；
根据图1，活塞2处于一个未详细示出的两冲程柴油机的气缸套1内。图1所示的位于其上死点的活塞2在气缸套1内被导向，作上下移动。为了这个目的，活塞2以其本来已知的方式，通过一个活塞杆与一个十字头连接，一个由曲柄驱动的连杆与该十字头连接。气缸缸套1被气缸盖3所盖住，该气缸盖与活塞2一起限定了一个大体为圆柱形的盘形燃料室4，燃烧空气经过在活塞下死点区域内的气缸套内制成的未示出的气口进入气缸缸套1。空气伴有涡流运动进入，这种运动是在活塞的压缩冲程期间被保存的；在图2中，该运动由箭头B表示。在气缸盖3的中心设置一个排气阀5，当在压缩冲程的初始部分期间该阀开启时，废气从燃烧室经过排气阀5流向排气歧管。这样，该内燃机以直流扫气运行。标号6表示气缸套1和活塞2的公共轴线，在面对燃烧室的活塞2的顶部有一个盆形凹陷2’。
在确定燃烧室4界限的气缸盖3的圆柱部分设置两个燃料喷射阀10和12，每个燃料喷射阀以其喷嘴头10’或12’伸入在气缸内制成的并通向燃烧室的孔11或13内。沿轴线6的方向观测，燃料喷射阀10和12互相偏置的距离为A。它们也在燃烧室4的圆周方向互相偏置180°。喷油嘴10’有5个喷嘴孔，它们按这样的方式被钻孔，使从这些喷嘴孔喷出的燃料射流在图1上部只充满半个燃烧室4，同样，喷油嘴12’也有5个喷嘴孔，它们按这样的方式被钻孔，使从这些喷嘴孔喷入出的燃料射流在图1下部只充满半个燃烧室4。用这种方法，将相对于轴线6横向延伸的燃烧室的盘形区分配给两个燃料喷射阀10和12中的每一个；这样，如图1中的虚线15所示，燃烧室4大体上被分成一上一下两个区。
在图3和图4所示的实施例中，在气缸盖3中的燃烧室4被一个表面确定边界，该表面在图3下部处在也是圆柱形的并与具有和气缸套1的直径相同的部分内，在圆柱形部分的顶端连接一个锥形部分，该锥形部分向着排气阀5的方向收窄。气缸盖3共设置有四个燃料喷射阀20和22，在图3中仅仅表示出配置在一个共同径向平面内的两个阀。其它两个燃料喷射阀的布置从图4中可清楚看到。喷油嘴20’和22’分别伸入孔23和25，孔23和25被分别制成气缸盖的锥形部分和圆柱部分。位于一个径向平面内的燃料喷射阀相互间隔的距离仍为A，它相当于气缸套1内径的26％。或相当于活塞冲程的6.5％。每个设有5个喷嘴孔的喷嘴头仍以这种这式被钻孔，使从这些喷嘴孔喷出的燃料射流分别分配给燃烧室4的上、下两个区域。燃料喷射阀22的喷嘴孔可具有比燃料喷射阀20的喷嘴孔更大的横截面积。从图3中看得更清楚，处在一个径向平面内的两个燃料喷射阀总是与一个燃料供应总管24连通，该管分叉为两个支管24’和24″，其中支管24’通向燃料喷射阀20，而支管24″通向燃料喷射阀22。在管24的分叉处设置一个带有T形孔的分配阀26，该孔可被转到三个不同的操作位置上。位于图4中轴线6左边的两个燃料喷射阀也以相同的方式与设有一分配阀的燃料供应总管相连。这样，下述的操作位置也适用于其它两个喷射阀。
在图3所示的分配阀26的操作位置上，燃料流入支管24’和24″，从而两喷阀20、22可以工作，而发动机以满足荷工作。当发动机在部分负荷下工作时，对喷射阀20和22的燃料供应是以理想方式由分配阀26切断的，因此相应的燃料喷嘴出口的横截面积与满负荷的状态相比被减少。由于供应的燃料量保持相同，在部分负荷下导致更高的喷射压力和更长的喷射时间。在图3a所示的操作位置上，只有支管24″接收燃料，从而只有喷射阀22可以工作。根据图3a，发动机在高的部分负荷下工作，喷射阀20关闭，喷射阀22上游的燃料压力略高于满负荷工作时的压力。在图3b所示的分配阀26的工作位置上，对喷射阀22的燃料供应是被切断的，而燃料从管24经支管24’只流至喷射阀20。由于喷嘴孔的横截面积较小，这个喷射阀上游的燃料压力进一步增加。此外，喷射时间延长。发动机处在低的部分负荷下。由于分配阀26的三种所述的操作模式也在其它两个喷射阀的分配阀上同时发生，燃烧室4中的燃烧过程在全部三种工作负荷期间保持平衡。但是，可以有区别地操作该两分配阀，因此，如果在每个盘形区设置两个喷射阀，便会产生类似于图1所示方案的喷射状况。
与根据图1和图2的所述实施例不同，在这种情况下，在各个区域都可能设置两个或更多的喷射阀。这些阀围绕燃烧室4的周围最好均匀分布。在两个区域内的燃油阀，从轴线6方向看，可以类似于图3实施例一高一低地处在同一径向平面内，或沿燃烧室的圆周方向互相偏置。也可以沿轴向一前一后地设置两个以上的燃料阀，从而产生一上一下设置的三个或四个区域。可以在燃油供应管24的每个支管上设置一个开关阀，而不是设置如图3所示的分配阀26。
与上述实施例相反，本发明也可以用在筒形活塞式内燃机上。本发明对于活塞冲程与缸筒内径之比大于3.0的内燃机特别有意义。沿轴向观察，同一个燃料阀的最上燃料射流与最下燃料射流之间的夹角应不大于30°。

Claims (8)

1.一种往复活塞式柴油内燃机，至少包括一个容纳一个活塞的气缸，一个盖住气缸并与活塞一起确定燃烧室界限的气缸盖，以及若干个燃料喷射阀，其中每个阀至少有一个喷嘴孔，燃料经过该喷嘴孔间歇地喷进分配给该特定燃料喷射阀的燃烧室区，该区被从喷嘴孔射出的射流所充满，沿气缸轴线的方向观测，燃料喷射阀设置在至少两个不同的轴线位置，其特征在于，分配给燃料喷射阀的所述燃烧室区包括至少两个盘形区，每一盘形区相对于气缸轴线横向延伸，并且所述区沿气缸轴线的方向相邻；另外，提供有分配装置，设计为能使燃料按需要流向不同区的每一燃料喷射阀，或者只流向一个区的每一燃料喷射阀，或者只流向另一个区的每一燃料喷射阀；和设置燃料喷射阀的两个不同轴向位置的轴向间隔至少为活塞冲程的2％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的发动机，其特征在于，分配给相同区的燃料喷射阀沿气缸的圆周方向相互偏移。
3.根据权利要求1所述的发动机，每个区至少有两个燃油喷射阀，空气在燃烧室内绕气缸轴线做涡流运动，其特征在于，在所有区内的燃料喷射阀是这样设置的，至少有一些燃料喷流沿与涡流运动相同的方向从喷嘴孔喷出。
4.根据权利要求1所述的发动机，其特征在于，该发动机被制成二冲程发动机。
5.根据权利要求1所述的发动机，其特征在于，废气排气阀设置在气缸盖的中心。
6.根据权利要求1所述的发动机，其特征在于，位于一个径向平面内的燃料喷射阀与燃料供给总管相连。
7.根据权利要求6所述的发动机，包括每一燃料供应管有两个燃料喷射阀，其特征在于，燃料供给总管包括一个歧管，其中装有一个可转动的分配元件，根据其设定位置，该分配元件使燃料能从供应管流向两个燃料喷射阀，或流向两个燃料喷射阀中的一个，或流向两个燃料喷射阀中的另一个。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一权利要求所述的发动机，其特征在于，活塞冲程与气缸内径之比至少是3.5。
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