CN108008346A - A kind of radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays - Google Patents
A kind of radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays Download PDFInfo
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- CN108008346A CN108008346A CN201710939225.7A CN201710939225A CN108008346A CN 108008346 A CN108008346 A CN 108008346A CN 201710939225 A CN201710939225 A CN 201710939225A CN 108008346 A CN108008346 A CN 108008346A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S3/00—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received
- G01S3/02—Direction-finders for determining the direction from which infrasonic, sonic, ultrasonic, or electromagnetic waves, or particle emission, not having a directional significance, are being received using radio waves
- G01S3/14—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction
- G01S3/143—Systems for determining direction or deviation from predetermined direction by vectorial combination of signals derived from differently oriented antennae
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays, including aerial array, the electromagnetic wave of reception space and to space radiation electromagnetic energy；Single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch, when in emission state, which is in closure state, and when in reception state, which is in modulation condition；Power splitter, two aerial arrays are evenly distributed to by the energy for launching signal, merge the energy that signal is received on two aerial arrays；Single-pole double throw RF switch, the reiving/transmitting state of control radar system；Control and signal processing unit, are controlled single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch and single-pole double throw RF switch, and the spectrum signature of received signal is analyzed, and estimation receives the incident direction of signal.The present invention is without mechanical scanning or electron scanning, and for the demand tracked at the same time to multiple targets in radar system, using two unit time-modulation array emitters and return pulse signal, the position and direction of multiple targets are estimated by signal processing.
Description
Technical field
It is more particularly to a kind of that multiple targets of different directions can be carried out at the same time the invention belongs to radar engineering technical field
The radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays of detection.
Background technology
Radar system has a wide range of applications in military and civil field.Traditional radar utilizes mechanical rotation stage,
The direction finding of target is completed by the narrow beam characteristic of radar antenna in itself.Phased-array radar then utilizes electron scanning, by varying
Amplitude and phase on each unit passage complete narrow beam scanning, while realize the direction finding to target.
Direction finding of the existing radar system to target echo is by continuing to scan on or electron scanning is completed, thus is needed
Complicated mechanical scanning or electronic scanning system.
Therefore it provides a complexity that existing radar system can be reduced, and can realize to the thunder in multiple directions
Up to the radar system of direction finding while echo, become this area urgent problem to be solved.
Currently without the explanation or report for finding technology similar to the present invention, money similar both at home and abroad is also not yet collected into
Material.
The content of the invention
For above-mentioned deficiency existing in the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide one kind to be based on two unit time-modulations
Mechanical scanning or electronic scanning system is not required in the radar system of array, the radar system, and the harmonic wave of signal is received by analyzing
Feature, to estimate the direction of radar echo signal.The present invention can measure the target echo signal in multiple directions, and energy at the same time
Reduce the complexity and cost of existing radar system.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions.
A kind of radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays, including：
Aerial array 1, the aerial array 1 are two, are used to connect to spatial emission radar pulse signal and from space
Receive target echo signal；
Single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch 2, the single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch 2 are two, and right with two aerial arrays 1 respectively
It should connect；When in emission state, two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches are in closure state, by radar pulse signal feed-in
Two aerial arrays 1 and to spatial emission；When in reception state, two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches are in modulation shape
State, connects on two aerial arrays 1 target echo signal received in turn；
Power splitter 3, is connected with two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches 2, and when in emission state, power splitter 3 will be pending
The energy in part of radar pulse signal is penetrated into two parts, passes through the corresponding antenna array of two 2 feed-ins of single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch respectively
Row 1 are launched；When in reception state, power splitter receives the target echo signal that two aerial arrays 1 receive and feed-in in turn
Receiving branch；
Single-pole double throw RF switch 4, is connected with power splitter 3, transmitting and reception shape for gated radar pulse signal
State；
Power amplifier 5, is connected to the receiving terminal of single-pole double throw RF switch 4, for amplifying radar pulse signal；
Low-noise amplifier 6, is connected to the transmitting terminal of single-pole double throw RF switch 4, for docking received target echo
Signal carries out low noise amplification；
Frequency mixer 7, the frequency mixer 7 is two, and is connected respectively with power amplifier 5 and low-noise amplifier 6, is used
In to transmitting and received signal progress up-conversion and down coversion；
Local oscillator 8, is connected between two frequency mixers 7, for providing reference signal for frequency mixer 7；
Low-pass filter 9, the low-pass filter 9 are two, and connection corresponding with two frequency mixers 7 respectively, wherein, hair
The low-pass filter penetrated on branch is also connected with digital analog converter 10, for filtering out the harmonic wave produced in digital analog converter 10 point
Measure, the low-pass filter on receiving branch is used to filter out the high fdrequency component produced in down coversion；
Digital analog converter 10, is connected with the low-pass filter on transmitting branch, for by the low pass filtered on transmitting branch
The digital medium-frequency signal that ripple device produces is converted to analog if signal；
Analog-digital converter 11, is connected with the low-pass filter on receiving branch, for by the low pass filtered on receiving branch
The analog if signal that ripple device receives is converted to digital signal；
Control and signal processing unit 12, for being controlled to single-pole single-throw switch (SPST) and single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT), producing thunder
Spectrum signature up to pulse signal, the docking collection of letters number is analyzed and estimates to receive the incident direction of signal.
Preferably, the control and signal processing unit 12 include：
Control module, for controlling the state of single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT) and carrying out state control to two single-pole single-throw switch (SPST)s
And modulation；
Signal emission module, for producing radar pulse signal；
Signal processing module, the spectrum signature for docking the collection of letters number are analyzed, and estimate to receive the incidence side of signal
To.
Preferably, the radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays, including following parameter：
T：The pulse-recurrence time of radar；
τ：The pulse duration of radar；
Δt：Target echo is relative to exomonental time delay；
Tp：The modulation period of single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch；Wherein, two antennas are connected in preceding half period, receiving branch
One of them in array, in second half of the cycle, receiving branch connects another in two aerial arrays.
Preferably, collection of letters incidence is analyzed and docked to the spectrum signature of the signal processing module docking collection of letters number
The estimation in direction, is specially：
By target echo distance R of the target relative to radar system can be calculated relative to exomonental time delay：
Wherein, c is the light velocity in vacuum；
If exomonental carrier frequency is Fc, then target echo signal is through single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch progress periodicity tune
After system, generation carrier frequency is FcFundametal compoment, and carrier frequency is Fc±kFpHarmonic component, wherein, k is harmonic wave
Exponent number, FpFor the switching frequency of RF switch；It is F that if RF local oscillator, which produces frequency,oSimple signal, by frequency mixer and low pass
After wave filter, it comprising carrier frequency is F to receive in signalc-FoFundametal compoment, and carrier frequency is Fc-Fo±kFpHarmonic wave
Component；After Fourier transformation, it is α to calculate fundametal compoment0, the first order harmonic components are α1, then target echo signal enter
The angle, θ for penetrating direction is：
Wherein, D is the distance between two antenna elements, and K is corresponding to carrier frequency FcWave number, i.e.,：
A kind of radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays provided by the invention, its operation principle are as follows：
The radar system has two kinds of operating modes, i.e. emission mode and reception pattern.When radar system is operated in transmitting mould
During formula, feed-in constant amplitude and is radiated with the radar pulse signal of phase into space in two aerial arrays.When radar system has been launched
After one radar pulse signal, it is controlled to enter reception state by single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT).In receive state, two aerial arrays
The target echo signal that the single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch control of upper connection receives enters receiving channel in turn.Since single-pole single-throw(SPST is penetrated
The periodic modulation of frequency switch, can produce fundametal compoment and each harmonic component in the target echo signal of reception.Pass through and compare
The mathematical relationship of fundametal compoment and the first order harmonic components, you can calculate the direction of target echo signal.Thunder proposed by the present invention
Up in system, the range information of target is realized by comparing the time difference of transmitting pulse and echo-signal.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial effect：
1st, present invention reduces the complexity of radar system, and realize to being surveyed while radar return in multiple directions
To；
2nd, the present invention itself be not required mechanical scanning or electron scanning, just can at the same time to the target echo in all directions into
Row direction finding, so that it is determined that the orientation of multiple targets；
3rd, the present invention has the advantages such as simple in structure, algorithm complex is low, is particularly suitable for missile-borne, unmanned vehicle, unmanned plane
Deng miniaturization platform；
4th, the present invention has the characteristics that low cost, is adapted to promote.
Brief description of the drawings
Upon reading the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the following drawings, further feature of the invention,
Objects and advantages will become more apparent upon：
Fig. 1 is the principle and structure diagram of radar system of the present invention；
Fig. 2 is that radar system of the present invention launches radar pulse and the schematic diagram of receives echo-signal；
Fig. 3 is the echo-signal for the radar pulse and reception launched in embodiment 1；
Fig. 4 is the frequency spectrum of the echo-signal of middle reception in embodiment 1；
Fig. 5 is the echo-signal for the radar pulse and reception launched in embodiment 2；
Fig. 6 is three-dimensional time-frequency spectrum of the echo-signal for the radar pulse and reception launched in embodiment 2；
Fig. 7 is the two-dimensional time-frequency spectrum of the echo-signal for the radar pulse and reception launched in embodiment 2；
In figure：1 is aerial array, and 2 be single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch, and 3 be power splitter, and 4 be single-pole double throw RF switch, 5
It is low-noise amplifier for power amplifier, 6,7 be frequency mixer, and 8 be local oscillator, and 9 be low-pass filter, and 10 be digital analog converter,
11 be analog-digital converter, and 12 in order to control and signal processing unit.
Embodiment
Elaborate below to the embodiment of the present invention：The present embodiment is carried out lower premised on technical solution of the present invention
Implement, give detailed embodiment and specific operating process.It should be pointed out that to those of ordinary skill in the art
For, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made, these belong to the guarantor of the present invention
Protect scope.
Embodiment
A kind of radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays is present embodiments provided, its composition includes：
Unit two (two) aerial array 1：For reception space electromagnetic wave and to space radiation electromagnetic energy；
Two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches 2：When system is in emission state, which is in closure state, works as system
During in reception state, which is in modulation condition；
Power splitter 3：For the energy for launching signal to be evenly distributed to two aerial arrays, and merge two antenna arrays
The energy of signal is received on row；
Single-pole double throw RF switch 4：Reiving/transmitting state for control radar system；
Control and signal processing unit 12：For being controlled to single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch and single-pole double throw RF switch
System, and the spectrum signature of received signal is analyzed, estimation receives the incident direction of signal；
The present embodiment further includes：Power amplifier 5, low-noise amplifier 6, frequency mixer 7, RF local oscillator 8, low-pass filter
9th, digital analog converter 10 and analog-digital converter 11.The working status of radar system described in the present embodiment is as follows：
When radar system is in emission state, single-pole double throw RF switch is connected on transmitting branch.Control and signal
Processing unit produce digital radar pulse signal, by digital analog converter 10, low-pass filter 9, frequency mixer 8, power amplifier,
After single-pole double throw RF switch 4, power splitter 3, single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch 2, through two aerial arrays 1 to space radiation.At this time,
Two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches are in closure state all the time.
After radar system has launched a radar pulse signal, single-pole double throw RF switch is connected on receiving branch.
The target echo signal that aerial array 1 receives is after the modulation of single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch 2, into power splitter 3.Power splitter is defeated
The reception signal gone out is by single-pole double throw RF switch 4, low-noise amplifier 6, frequency mixer 8, low-pass filter 9, analog-to-digital conversion
After device 11, in numeric field, the time delay between transmitting pulse and echo-signal is compared by control and signal processing unit, estimates mesh
Target distance.Meanwhile control and the signal processing unit docking collection of letters number carry out a spectrum analysis, are calculated back by the result of spectrum analysis
The direction of ripple signal.
The control and signal processing unit 12 includes：
Control module：For controlling the state of single-pole double throw RF switch, for two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches into
Row state controls and modulation.
Signal emission module：For producing radar pulse signal；
Signal processing module：Spectrum signature for docking the collection of letters number is analyzed, and estimation receives the incidence side of signal
To；
Fig. 1 gives radar system each several part disclosed in the present embodiment and the schematic diagram of connection relation.Given in Fig. 2
In one pulse-recurrence time of radar, the schematic diagram of the pulse signal of transmitting and the echo-signal received.Can from figure
Go out, within a pulse repetition period, radar emission pure-tone pulse signal, then system enter reception state prepare receive target
Echo.The echo-signal of reception is modulated by single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch so that the echo received on two aerial arrays
Signal enters receiving channel (receiving branch) in turn.
The important technological parameters of radar system disclosed in the present embodiment include：
T：The pulse-recurrence time of radar；
τ：The pulse duration of radar；
Δt：Target echo is relative to exomonental time delay；
Tp：The modulation period of single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch.Wherein, two antennas are connected in preceding half period, receiving branch
An aerial array in array；In second half of the cycle, receiving branch connects another aerial array in two aerial arrays.
By target echo distance of the target relative to radar system can be calculated relative to exomonental time delay：
Wherein, c is the light velocity in vacuum.
If the carrier frequency for penetrating pulse is Fc, then echo-signal through single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch carry out periodic modulation after,
It is F that carrier frequency, which can be produced,cFundametal compoment, and carrier frequency is Fc±kFpHarmonic component, wherein, k is harmonic order
Number, FpFor the switching frequency of RF switch；It is F that if RF local oscillator, which produces frequency,oSimple signal, by frequency mixer and low pass filtered
After ripple device, it comprising carrier frequency is F to receive in signalc-FoFundametal compoment, and carrier frequency is Fc-Fo±kFpHarmonic wave point
Amount.After Fourier transformation, it is α to calculate fundametal compoment0, the first order harmonic components are α1, then the incident direction of echo-signal
Normal direction deviation angle relative to two element antenna arrays is：
Wherein, D is the distance between two antenna elements, and K is corresponding to carrier frequency FcWave number, i.e.,：
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and above-described embodiment is described in further detail in instantiation.
1. single goal sounding of instantiation
If forming the aerial array of radar system of the present invention as omnidirectional, the distance between two aerial arrays are
1.5m.As shown in figure 3, within a pulse-recurrence time (20 μ s), radar system is first in emission state, and single-pole double throw is penetrated
Frequency switch is connected to transmitting branch, and two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches are in closure state.At this time, two aerial array compositions one
A two element antennas array radiates single frequency sinusoidal signal to aerial.The amplitude of radiation signal is 1, and the pulse duration is 1 μ s, hair
The signal-to-noise ratio for penetrating system is 30dB.After the completion of radar pulse transmitting, single-pole double throw RF switch is immediately connected to reception state, with
Receive the echo-signal of target.It is assumed that on+25 ° of directions, there is a target radar signal reflected at radar 900m, its radar dissipates
Area is penetrated so that the amplitude for the simple signal that radar system receives is 0.2, the signal-to-noise ratio of receiving channel is 10dB.Receiving shape
Under state, two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches control the radiofrequency signal received on two aerial arrays to enter receiving branch in turn, its
Cycle is 0.1 μ s (corresponding modulating frequency is 10MHz).
The position of target range radar system can be obtained by comparing the time delay of transmitting pulse and echo-signal.It is assumed that connect
Received echo-signal is 6 μ s relative to exomonental time delay, then target is relative to the distance of radar system：
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is carried out to echo-signal, the normalized power spectrum of obtained echo-signal is as shown in Figure 4.From
It can be seen from the figure that, fundametal compoment are located at 30MHz, its power is 0dB, and the first order harmonic components are located at 40MHz, its power
For -6.1dB.The orientation that target is calculated by formula (1.2) is as follows：
2. multiple target sounding of instantiation
Radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays as shown in Figure 1, if the distance of two antenna elements is 1.5m.
Radar emission carrier frequency is 100MHz, and width is the radar pulse signal of 10 μ s.The pulse-recurrence time of radar is 200 μ s.
If distance is respectively 6km, 9km, 21km, direction is respectively that 5 °, 40 ° and 75 ° of position respectively has a target echo.In an arteries and veins
Rush in the repetition time, radar system transmitting and the radar signal received are as shown in Figure 5.It can be seen from the figure that three received
The duration of echo-signal be respectively [40 μ s, 50 μ s], [60 μ s, 70 μ s] and [140 μ s, 150 μ s].From echo-signal
Time of return can estimate that the distance of three targets is respectively 6km, 9km and 21km.
Given in Fig. 6 in a pulse-recurrence time, transmitting signal is composed with receiving the T/F of signal.From figure
As can be seen that at [0 μ s, 10 μ s] in the period, exomonental energy is concentrated mainly on 100MHz.[40 μ s, 50 μ s], [60 μ
S, 70 μ s] and [140 μ s, the 150 μ s] period be three target echo signals, its energy is assigned to 100MHz (fundamental waves point
Amount), and 100MHz ± k10MHz (harmonic component) place.Fig. 7 gives the when m- frequency spectrum spectrum of two dimension, its abscissa represents
Time, ordinate represent frequency, and the gray scale of its color was represented within the corresponding time, the energy intensity at corresponding frequencies.From figure
As can be seen that when echo signal is in different azimuth, after the modulation of single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch, the energy of the harmonic component of generation
Amount distribution is also different.Using foregoing method, it is estimated that the orientation of three echo signals is respectively 4.9 °, 40.0 °
With 74.8 °.
A kind of radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays provided in this embodiment, in radar-probing system
Multiple targets are carried out at the same time with the demand of tracking, using two unit time-modulation array emitters and return pulse signal, passes through spy
Fixed signal processing method estimates the position and direction of multiple targets.The radar system that the present embodiment proposes without mechanical scanning or
Person's electron scanning, be particularly suitable for need minimize and lightweight guidance radar, the guided missile for forfending building radar, unmanned vehicle and nobody
The platforms such as machine.
The specific embodiment of the present invention is described above.It is to be appreciated that the invention is not limited in above-mentioned
Particular implementation, those skilled in the art can make various deformations or amendments within the scope of the claims, this not shadow
Ring the substantive content of the present invention.
Claims (4)
- A kind of 1. radar system based on two unit time-modulation arrays, it is characterised in that including：Aerial array (1), the aerial array (1) are two, are used to connect to spatial emission radar pulse signal and from space Receive target echo signal；Single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch (2), the single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch (2) be two, and respectively with two aerial arrays (1) Corresponding connection；When in emission state, two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches are in closure state, and radar pulse signal is presented Enter two aerial arrays (1) and to spatial emission；When in reception state, two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches are in modulating State, connects on two aerial arrays (1) target echo signal received in turn；Power splitter (3), is connected with two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switches (2), and when in emission state, power splitter (3) will be treated Launch the energy in part of radar pulse signal into two parts, pass through the corresponding day of two single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch (2) feed-ins respectively Linear array (1) is launched；When in reception state, power splitter receives the target echo letter that two aerial arrays (1) receive in turn Number and feed-in receiving branch；Single-pole double throw RF switch (4), is connected with power splitter (3), transmitting and reception shape for gated radar pulse signal State；Power amplifier (5), is connected to the receiving terminal of single-pole double throw RF switch (4), for amplifying radar pulse signal；Low-noise amplifier (6), is connected to the transmitting terminal of single-pole double throw RF switch (4), for docking received target echo Signal carries out low noise amplification；Frequency mixer (7), the frequency mixer (7) is two, and is connected respectively with power amplifier (5) and low-noise amplifier (6) Connect, for carrying out up-conversion and down coversion to transmitting and received signal；Local oscillator (8), is connected between two frequency mixers (7), for providing reference signal for frequency mixer (7)；Low-pass filter (9), the low-pass filter (9) they are two, and connection corresponding with two frequency mixers (7) respectively, wherein, Low-pass filter on transmitting branch is also connected with digital analog converter (10), for filtering out what is produced in digital analog converter (10) Harmonic component, the low-pass filter on receiving branch are used to filter out the high fdrequency component produced in down coversion；Digital analog converter (10), is connected with the low-pass filter on transmitting branch, for by the low-pass filtering on transmitting branch The digital medium-frequency signal that device produces is converted to analog if signal；Analog-digital converter (11), is connected with the low-pass filter on receiving branch, for by the low-pass filtering on receiving branch The analog if signal that device receives is converted to digital signal；Control and signal processing unit (12), for being controlled to single-pole single-throw switch (SPST) and single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT), producing radar Pulse signal, the spectrum signature of the docking collection of letters number are analyzed and estimate to receive the incident direction of signal.
- 2. the radar system according to claim 1 based on two unit time-modulation arrays, it is characterised in that the control And signal processing unit (12) includes：Control module, for controlling the state of single-pole double-throw switch (SPDT) and carrying out state control and tune to two single-pole single-throw switch (SPST)s System；Signal emission module, for producing radar pulse signal；Signal processing module, the spectrum signature for docking the collection of letters number are analyzed, and estimate to receive the incident direction of signal.
- 3. the radar system according to claim 1 or 2 based on two unit time-modulation arrays, it is characterised in that including Following parameter：T：The pulse-recurrence time of radar；τ：The pulse duration of radar；Δt：Target echo is relative to exomonental time delay；Tp：The modulation period of single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch；Wherein, connected in preceding half period, receiving branch in two aerial arrays One of them, in second half of the cycle, receiving branch connects another in two aerial arrays.
- 4. the radar system according to claim 3 based on two unit time-modulation arrays, it is characterised in that the signal The estimation for receiving signal incident direction is analyzed and docked to the spectrum signature of the processing module docking collection of letters number, is specially：By target echo distance R of the target relative to radar system can be calculated relative to exomonental time delay：<mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mi>&Delta;</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1.1</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow>Wherein, c is the light velocity in vacuum；If exomonental carrier frequency is Fc, then target echo signal through single-pole single-throw(SPST RF switch carry out periodic modulation after, Generation carrier frequency is FcFundametal compoment, and carrier frequency is Fc±kFpHarmonic component, wherein, k is harmonic order number, FpFor the switching frequency of RF switch；It is F that if RF local oscillator, which produces frequency,oSimple signal, by frequency mixer and low-pass filter Afterwards, it is F comprising carrier frequency in reception signalc-FoFundametal compoment, and carrier frequency is Fc-Fo±kFpHarmonic component； After Fourier transformation, it is α to calculate fundametal compoment0, the first order harmonic components are α1, then the incidence side of target echo signal To be relative to the normal direction deviation angle θ of two element antenna arrays：<mrow> <mi>&theta;</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> <mi>a</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>&pi;&alpha;</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>&alpha;</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1.2</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow>Wherein, D is the distance between two antenna elements, and K is corresponding to carrier frequency FcWave number, i.e.,：<mrow> <mi>K</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <msub> <mi>&pi;F</mi> <mi>c</mi> </msub> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mo>-</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mn>1.3</mn> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mrow>
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