CN108004054B - Softening functional particle for washing powder and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Softening functional particle for washing powder and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN108004054B CN108004054B CN201711386849.7A CN201711386849A CN108004054B CN 108004054 B CN108004054 B CN 108004054B CN 201711386849 A CN201711386849 A CN 201711386849A CN 108004054 B CN108004054 B CN 108004054B
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/0005—Other compounding ingredients characterised by their effect
- C11D3/001—Softening compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/12—Water-insoluble compounds
- C11D3/124—Silicon containing, e.g. silica, silex, quartz or glass beads
- C11D3/1246—Silicates, e.g. diatomaceous earth
- C11D3/1253—Layer silicates, e.g. talcum, kaolin, clay, bentonite, smectite, montmorillonite, hectorite or attapulgite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
- C11D3/2086—Hydroxy carboxylic acids-salts thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/37—Polymers
- C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C11D3/373—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicones
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Abstract
The invention discloses a softening functional particle for washing powder, which is characterized by comprising the following components in parts by weight: 74-94% of modified bentonite; 5-25% of sodium citrate; 1-10% of modified polysiloxane. The softening functional particle for the washing powder can enhance the dirt-removing capacity of a detergent and has an excellent softening effect, so that the washing powder can soften clothes while washing the clothes, and a remarkable effect is achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a softening functional particle for washing powder and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical field of daily washing products.
Background
In the prior art, washing powder aims at decontamination and cleaning, and at present, a great part of domestic detergents are anionic surfactants as main active substances. The softener is used for making washed fabrics feel soft and comfortable, and is mainly a cationic surfactant. Therefore, the existing washing powder (or washing liquid and detergent) and softener cannot be used simultaneously, otherwise the anionic and cationic surfactants can react to cause the washing powder to lose efficacy. At present, people basically adopt machines (washing machines) to wash clothes, and washing powder (detergent) and softener cannot be added simultaneously, so that great trouble is brought to the washing process.
On the other hand, bentonite resources in China are rich in variety and huge in reserve, due to the specific nanoscale layered structure of the bentonite, the bentonite is endowed with good thixotropy, suspension property, slow release property, adsorbability and other properties, and friction factors among fabric fibers can be effectively reduced in the washing process, so that the fibers can freely stretch and are not easy to bond into a mass, and the effect of softening the fabric and enhancing the washing effect is achieved. However, the existing bentonite used in the detergent has no obvious effect of improving the softening effect. Those skilled in the art will appreciate improvements that have been made in view of the above-mentioned problems. For example, chinese patent application CN101280126A discloses a modified bentonite, which comprises bentonite and a cationic surfactant with macromolecular spatial configuration, wherein the cationic surfactant with macromolecular spatial configuration is a quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant in which N atom is connected with 2 or more than 2 long carbon chain groups, and the long carbon chains have functional groups; the modified bentonite accounts for 2-20% of the washing powder by weight, so that the washing powder of the system has a good decontamination effect and can further highlight a softening effect. However, experiments prove that the bentonite modified by the quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant is poor in dissolution and dispersion in water, the quaternary ammonium salt cationic surfactant which actually plays a role is less, and the softening effect is limited.
In addition, since bentonite contains a large amount of calcium/magnesium ions, the detergency of the detergent is affected. Therefore, the bentonite is difficult to be applied in the washing industry at present.
Therefore, the development of the softening functional particles for the washing powder with good dissolution and dispersion properties enables the washing powder to soften clothes while washing the clothes, and obviously has practical positive significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a softening functional particle for washing powder and a preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a softening functional particle for washing powder comprises the following components in parts by weight:
74-94% of modified bentonite
5 to 25 percent of sodium citrate
1-10% of modified polysiloxane;
the preparation method of the modified bentonite comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: crushing a bentonite raw material into 200-325 meshes, wherein the bentonite raw material is one or two of calcium bentonite and sodium bentonite;
the second step is that: adding water into the crushed bentonite raw material to prepare slurry, wherein the concentration is 10-20%, so that the bentonite absorbs water and disintegrates, then placing the bentonite into a sand mill, adding a first inorganic modifier, stirring, fully stripping the bentonite into single crystal pieces, and sanding for 1-6 hours; obtaining sanding slurry;
the first inorganic modifier is a mixture of inorganic sodium salt and inorganic lithium salt, and the molar ratio of the inorganic sodium salt to the inorganic lithium salt is 20: 1-1: 10; the inorganic sodium salt is selected from one or more of sodium carbonate, sodium fluoride and sodium chloride, and the inorganic lithium salt is selected from one or two of lithium carbonate and lithium fluoride;
the first inorganic modifier accounts for 1-10% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the third step: adding a second inorganic modifier into the sanding slurry, and carrying out high-speed dispersion mixing reaction for 10-30 min;
the second inorganic modifier is selected from one or more of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tetrametaphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate;
the second inorganic modifier accounts for 0.05-1% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the fourth step: and centrifuging the slurry, taking the upper layer slurry, and drying to obtain the modified bentonite.
As mentioned above, the bentonite raw material in the first step is preferably sodium bentonite.
According to the invention, the bentonite is subjected to composite modification, so that impurities in the bentonite are removed, the content of calcium/magnesium ions in the bentonite is reduced to the maximum extent, and the chelating capacity of the bentonite on calcium and magnesium ions in hard water is enhanced; then adding modified polysiloxane and sodium citrate to effectively improve the dispersion speed of the particles in water and the flexibility of clothes. The modified siloxane and the modified bentonite have good synergistic effect in the washing process. The modified bentonite can wrap the modified polysiloxane, so that the loss of the modified polysiloxane in the washing process is reduced, the modified polysiloxane is helped to be adsorbed on clothes, and the washing softening effect is enhanced. The sodium citrate is quick in disintegration speed in water, can improve the dispersion and dissolution performance of particles in water, and further promotes the decontamination performance of the detergent.
In the technical scheme, in the preparation method of the modified bentonite, a centrifugal machine is adopted for centrifugation in the fourth step, and the rotation speed of the centrifugal machine is 1000-6000 revolutions per minute.
In the technical scheme, the modified polysiloxane is selected from one or more of amino modified polysiloxane, hydroxyl modified polysiloxane, carboxyl modified polysiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, epoxy alkyl modified polysiloxane and polyether-amino-epoxy-carboxyl co-modified polysiloxane.
Preferably, the modified polysiloxane is selected from one or more of amino modified polysiloxane, hydroxyl modified polysiloxane, carboxyl modified polysiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, epoxy alkyl modified polysiloxane and polyether-amino-epoxy-carboxyl co-modified polysiloxane. More preferably, the modified polysiloxane is amino modified polysiloxane or polyether-amino-epoxy-carboxyl co-modified polysiloxane.
Preferably, the composition consists of the following components in percentage by weight:
74-94% of modified bentonite
5 to 25 percent of sodium citrate
1-10% of modified polysiloxane.
Preferably, the compliant functional particles are 10-60 mesh particles.
Preferably, the proportion of the modified polysiloxane is 2-5%.
The invention also discloses a preparation method of the soft and smooth functional particles for the washing powder, which comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: crushing a bentonite raw material into 200-325 meshes, wherein the bentonite raw material is one or two of calcium bentonite and sodium bentonite;
the second step is that: adding water into the crushed bentonite raw material to prepare slurry, wherein the concentration is 10-20%, so that the bentonite absorbs water and disintegrates, then placing the bentonite into a sand mill, adding a first inorganic modifier, stirring, fully stripping the bentonite into single crystal pieces, and sanding for 1-6 hours; obtaining sanding slurry;
the first inorganic modifier is a mixture of inorganic sodium salt and inorganic lithium salt, and the molar ratio of the inorganic sodium salt to the inorganic lithium salt is 20: 1-1: 10; the inorganic sodium salt is selected from one or more of sodium carbonate, sodium fluoride and sodium chloride, and the inorganic lithium salt is selected from one or two of lithium carbonate and lithium fluoride;
the first inorganic modifier accounts for 1-10% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the third step: adding a second inorganic modifier into the sanding slurry, and carrying out high-speed dispersion mixing reaction for 10-30 min;
the second inorganic modifier is selected from one or more of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tetrametaphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate;
the second inorganic modifier accounts for 0.05-1% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the fourth step: centrifuging the slurry, and taking the upper-layer slurry to obtain modified bentonite slurry;
the fifth step: adding sodium citrate and modified polysiloxane into the modified bentonite slurry according to a proportion, and fully mixing; obtaining a mixture;
and a sixth step: and drying the mixture until the water content is 20-50%, then granulating, conveying the manufactured particles into a fluidized bed for drying, and screening to obtain the soft and smooth functional particles.
As mentioned above, the bentonite raw material in the first step is preferably sodium bentonite.
Preferably, the compliant functional particles are 10-60 mesh particles.
Preferably, in the sixth step, the drying temperature is 100-200 ℃.
The invention also provides washing powder, which contains the softening functional particles for the washing powder, wherein the content of the softening functional particles in the washing powder is 10-20% by weight.
Due to the application of the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. the invention develops a novel softening functional particle for washing powder, which not only can enhance the dirt-removing capacity of a detergent, but also has excellent softening effect, so that the washing powder can soften clothes while washing the clothes, and remarkable effect is achieved; experiments prove that: compared with the prior art (CN 101280126A), the detergent has better softening effect and improved dirt-removing capacity, thereby having more practicability;
2. the softening functional particles have the advantages of high dissolving speed, hard water softening and good softening performance, have strong calcium and magnesium ion chelating capacity, have good synergistic effect with active substances in a detergent, improve the dirt-removing capacity of the detergent, and simultaneously can effectively reduce the friction factor among fabric fibers in the washing process, so that the fibers can freely stretch and are not easy to bond into a mass, play a role in softening the fabric, and ensure that the washed clothes have good flexibility;
3. the preparation method is simple and easy to implement, has low cost and is suitable for popularization and application.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to examples.
Example one
A softening functional particle for washing powder comprises the following components in parts by weight: 90% of modified bentonite, 5% of sodium citrate and 5% of modified polysiloxane.
Wherein, the first inorganic modifier in the preparation of the modified bentonite is selected from sodium carbonate: lithium carbonate = 10: 1, the using amount is 3 percent of the total amount of the bentonite; the second inorganic modifier is sodium pyrophosphate, and the using amount of the second inorganic modifier is 0.2 percent of the total amount of the bentonite; the modified polysiloxane is selected from amino modified polysiloxane and hydroxyl modified polysiloxane mixture. The preparation method of the soft and smooth functional particles comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: crushing bentonite mineral powder to 200-325 meshes, wherein the bentonite is sodium bentonite as a raw material;
the second step is that: adding water into a crushed bentonite raw material to prepare slurry, wherein the concentration of the slurry is 10-20%, so that the bentonite absorbs water and disintegrates, placing the slurry in a sand mill, adding a first inorganic modifier, and mechanically stirring to fully peel the bentonite into single crystal pieces, wherein the sand milling time is 1-6 hours;
the third step: adding a second inorganic modifier into the sanded slurry, and carrying out high-speed dispersion mixing reaction for 10-30 min;
the fourth step: centrifuging the modified slurry at the rotating speed of a centrifugal machine of 1000-6000 rpm; taking the upper layer slurry as modified bentonite slurry for later use;
the fifth step: sequentially adding sodium citrate and modified polysiloxane into the modified bentonite slurry according to a proportion, and fully mixing and reacting for 1-3 hours;
and a sixth step: and drying the mixture until the water content is 20-50%, sending the mixture to a granulator for granulation, sending the manufactured particles to a fluidized bed for drying, sieving the particles through a 10-60-mesh sieve at the drying temperature of 100-200 ℃, and packaging the particles with the particle size of 10-60 meshes. The inspection result of the particle product index is as follows:
then, the functional particles of the embodiment are added into the national standard washing powder, and the weight ratio is as follows: national standard washing powder = 5: 100, respectively; the washing powder of the first example was obtained. Then, the soil release performance test was carried out, and compared with a national standard washing powder and a washing powder added with the modified bentonite described in the Chinese invention patent application CN101280126A (the weight ratio of the modified bentonite to the national standard washing powder = 5: 100) (the washing powder is marked as a first comparative example), the results are as follows:
then, a compliance performance test is carried out by the following method: 20 towels are taken in each test, a full-automatic washing machine is used, the towels are washed once (10 min), rinsed for 2 times (5 min), and naturally dried, and the result is that:
note: the larger the difference, the better the sample loft.
From the above 3 tables, it can be seen that, in the aspect of flexibility, the flexibility of the first embodiment is far better than that of the unadditized national standard washing powder, and is slightly improved compared with the first comparative example; with the increase of the washing times, the flexibility of the embodiment is gradually improved, the flexibility of a sample (national standard washing powder) which is not added with particles for washing is gradually reduced, and the flexibility difference is obvious after three times of washing; the comparative example was inferior to the example in the improvement of the flexibility after three washes. Compared with the first washing powder and the national standard washing powder, the fluffiness of the washing powder is better in the examples.
Example two
A softening functional particle for washing powder comprises the following components in parts by weight: 88% of modified bentonite, 10% of sodium citrate and 2% of modified polysiloxane.
Wherein, the first inorganic modifier in the preparation of the modified bentonite is selected from sodium carbonate: lithium carbonate = 1: 1, the using amount is 3 percent of the total amount of the bentonite; the second inorganic modifier is sodium pyrophosphate, and the using amount of the second inorganic modifier is 0.2 percent of the total amount of the bentonite; the modified polysiloxane is selected from amino modified polysiloxane and hydroxyl modified polysiloxane mixture. The preparation method of the soft and smooth functional particles comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: crushing bentonite mineral powder to 200-325 meshes, wherein the bentonite is sodium bentonite as a raw material;
the second step is that: adding water into a crushed bentonite raw material to prepare slurry, wherein the concentration of the slurry is 10-20%, so that the bentonite absorbs water and disintegrates, placing the slurry in a sand mill, adding a first inorganic modifier, and mechanically stirring to fully peel the bentonite into single crystal pieces, wherein the sand milling time is 1-6 hours;
the third step: adding a second inorganic modifier into the sanded slurry, and carrying out high-speed dispersion mixing reaction for 10-30 min;
the fourth step: centrifuging the modified slurry at the rotating speed of a centrifugal machine of 1000-6000 rpm; taking the upper layer slurry as modified bentonite slurry for later use;
the fifth step: sequentially adding sodium citrate and modified polysiloxane into the modified bentonite slurry according to a proportion, and fully mixing and reacting for 1-3 hours;
and a sixth step: and drying the mixture until the water content is 20-50%, sending the mixture to a granulator for granulation, sending the manufactured particles to a fluidized bed for drying, sieving the particles through a 10-60-mesh sieve at the drying temperature of 100-200 ℃, and packaging the particles with the particle size of 10-60 meshes. The inspection result of the particle product index is as follows:
then, the functional particles of the embodiment are added into the national standard washing powder, and the weight ratio is as follows: national standard washing powder = 5: 100, respectively; the washing powder of the second embodiment is obtained. Then, the soil release performance test was carried out, and compared with a national standard washing powder and a washing powder added with the modified bentonite described in the Chinese invention patent application CN101280126A (the weight ratio of the modified bentonite to the national standard washing powder = 5: 100) (the washing powder is marked as a comparative example II), the results were:
then, a compliance performance test is carried out by the following method: 20 towels are taken in each test, a full-automatic washing machine is used, the towels are washed once (10 min), rinsed for 2 times (5 min), and naturally dried, and the result is that:
note: the larger the difference, the better the sample loft.
As can be seen from the above 3 tables, the flexibility of the example is much better than that of the unadditized national standard washing powder, and is slightly improved compared with the comparative example; with the increase of the washing times, the flexibility of the embodiment is gradually improved, the flexibility of a sample (national standard washing powder) which is not added with particles for washing is gradually reduced, and the flexibility difference is obvious after three times of washing; the comparative example was inferior to the example in the improvement of the pliability after three washes. Compared with a comparative example and national standard washing powder, the fluffiness of the washing powder is better in the examples.
The particular embodiments of the invention described above will be obvious to those skilled in the art that many other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and it is, therefore, intended that the appended claims cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. The softening functional particle for the washing powder is characterized by consisting of the following components in parts by weight:
74-94% of modified bentonite
5 to 25 percent of sodium citrate
1-10% of modified polysiloxane;
the preparation method of the modified bentonite comprises the following steps:
the first step is as follows: crushing a bentonite raw material into 200-325 meshes, wherein the bentonite raw material is one or two of calcium bentonite and sodium bentonite;
the second step is that: adding water into the crushed bentonite raw material to prepare slurry, wherein the concentration is 10-20%, so that the bentonite absorbs water and disintegrates, then placing the bentonite into a sand mill, adding a first inorganic modifier, stirring, fully stripping the bentonite into single crystal pieces, and sanding for 1-6 hours; obtaining sanding slurry;
the first inorganic modifier is a mixture of inorganic sodium salt and inorganic lithium salt, and the molar ratio of the inorganic sodium salt to the inorganic lithium salt is 20: 1-1: 10; the inorganic sodium salt is selected from one or more of sodium carbonate, sodium fluoride and sodium chloride, and the inorganic lithium salt is selected from one or two of lithium carbonate and lithium fluoride;
the first inorganic modifier accounts for 1-10% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the third step: adding a second inorganic modifier into the sanding slurry, and carrying out high-speed dispersion mixing reaction for 10-30 min;
the second inorganic modifier is selected from one or more of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tetrametaphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate;
the second inorganic modifier accounts for 0.05-1% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the fourth step: and centrifuging the slurry, taking the upper layer slurry, and drying to obtain the modified bentonite.
2. The compliant functional particle for a laundry powder of claim 1, wherein: in the preparation method of the modified bentonite, a centrifugal machine is adopted for centrifugation in the fourth step, and the rotation speed of the centrifugal machine is 1000-6000 rpm.
3. The compliant functional particle for a laundry powder of claim 1, wherein: the modified polysiloxane is selected from one or more of amino modified polysiloxane, hydroxyl modified polysiloxane, carboxyl modified polysiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, epoxy alkyl modified polysiloxane and polyether-amino-epoxy-carboxyl co-modified polysiloxane.
4. The compliant functional particle for a laundry powder of claim 3, wherein: the modified polysiloxane is selected from one or more of amino modified polysiloxane, hydroxyl modified polysiloxane, carboxyl modified polysiloxane, polyether modified polysiloxane, epoxy alkyl modified polysiloxane and polyether-amino-epoxy-carboxyl co-modified polysiloxane.
5. The compliant functional particle for a laundry powder of claim 1, wherein: the composition consists of the following components in parts by weight:
74-94% of modified bentonite
5 to 25 percent of sodium citrate
1-10% of modified polysiloxane.
6. The compliant functional particle for a laundry powder of claim 1, wherein: the soft and smooth functional particles are 10-60 mesh particles.
7. The method for preparing the softening functional particles for the washing powder according to claim 1, comprising the steps of:
the first step is as follows: crushing a bentonite raw material into 200-325 meshes, wherein the bentonite raw material is one or two of calcium bentonite and sodium bentonite;
the second step is that: adding water into the crushed bentonite raw material to prepare slurry, wherein the concentration is 10-20%, so that the bentonite absorbs water and disintegrates, then placing the bentonite into a sand mill, adding a first inorganic modifier, stirring, fully stripping the bentonite into single crystal pieces, and sanding for 1-6 hours; obtaining sanding slurry;
the first inorganic modifier is a mixture of inorganic sodium salt and inorganic lithium salt, and the molar ratio of the inorganic sodium salt to the inorganic lithium salt is 20: 1-1: 10; the inorganic sodium salt is selected from one or more of sodium carbonate, sodium fluoride and sodium chloride, and the inorganic lithium salt is selected from one or two of lithium carbonate and lithium fluoride;
the first inorganic modifier accounts for 1-10% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the third step: adding a second inorganic modifier into the sanding slurry, and carrying out high-speed dispersion mixing reaction for 10-30 min;
the second inorganic modifier is selected from one or more of sodium pyrophosphate, sodium trimetaphosphate, sodium tetrametaphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate;
the second inorganic modifier accounts for 0.05-1% of the bentonite raw material by weight;
the fourth step: centrifuging the slurry, and taking the upper-layer slurry to obtain modified bentonite slurry;
the fifth step: adding sodium citrate and modified polysiloxane into the modified bentonite slurry according to the proportion of claim 1, and fully mixing; obtaining a mixture;
and a sixth step: and drying the mixture until the water content is 20-50%, then granulating, conveying the manufactured particles into a fluidized bed for drying, and screening to obtain the soft and smooth functional particles.
8. The method for preparing a softening functional particle for washing powder according to claim 7, wherein: the soft and smooth functional particles are 10-60 mesh particles.
9. The method for preparing a softening functional particle for washing powder according to claim 7, wherein: in the sixth step, the drying temperature is 100-200 ℃.
10. The washing powder is characterized by comprising the softening functional particles for the washing powder according to claim 1, wherein the content of the softening functional particles in the washing powder is 10-20% by weight.
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