CN1079885C - 无焰燃烧器和其点火方法 - Google Patents
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- E21B36/00—Heating, cooling or insulating arrangements for boreholes or wells, e.g. for use in permafrost zones
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- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
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Abstract
一种无焰燃烧器消除了作为辐射热源的火焰,从而在整个燃烧器长度上产生了更均匀的温度分布。无焰燃烧通过把燃料和助燃空气预热到高于该混合物的自燃温度来完成。本发明通过在要求的燃烧室内设置一个催化表面降低了自燃温度。使温度保持在催化的自燃温度以上但是低于未催化反应的自燃温度。这样,可以通过变化燃烧器内催化剂的量和分布来控制反应的量和位置。与燃烧室的不同部位内燃料的氧化反应相对应的从燃烧室内排出的热量可以导致从燃烧器内排出的热量处于较低的温度和较均匀的分布。
Description
本发明涉及一种无焰燃烧器和其点火方法。
美国专利No.4,640,352和No.4,886,118提出了对低渗透性的含油地下岩层的传导加热来回收其中的油。低渗透性的岩层包括硅藻土、类脂煤、焦油砂和油页岩。低渗透性岩层对油的增强性回收方法,如蒸汽、二氧化碳或火焰溢流等方法不敏感。溢流材料趋于优先通过裂缝穿透具有低渗透性的岩层。注入的材料绕过了大部分岩层中的烃。相反,传导加热不需要流体迁移进入岩层。所以岩层内的油不会象在溢流法中那样被绕过。在通过传导加热提高了岩层的温度时,垂直的温度分布将趋于比较均匀,因为岩层一般具有较为均匀的热传导性和比热。热传导法中烃的迁移是通过禁锢在岩层的岩石气孔中的油和水的压力驱动、蒸发、和热膨胀进行的。烃通过热应力以及油和水的膨胀与蒸发产生的细小裂缝进行迁移。
美国专利No.3,113,623和No.3,181,613提出了用于加热地下岩层的燃气热喷射燃烧器。这些燃烧器利用多孔材料吸住火焰,然后把火焰扩散到更长的长度上。通过提供吸住火焰的多孔介质避免了火焰对炉壁的辐射加热。但是对于在多孔介质中进行的燃烧,燃料气或助燃空气必须预先混合。如果预先混合的燃料气和助燃空气的温度超过混合物的自燃温度,它们就会在预先混合时发生反应,而不是在多孔介质中进行反应。用于这些发明的实施例中的岩层最高只能达到约15m厚,仅到覆盖层之下约4.5m。所以,燃料气和助燃空气在到达燃烧器时温度较低。如果要加热的岩层更深,该燃烧器就不能起到预定的作用。
美国专利No.5,255,742提出了一种用于加热地下岩层的无焰燃烧器,利用预热的燃料气和/或助燃空气,其中,燃料气以增量的形式与助燃空气进行混合,所说的增量应该足够小,从而避免了火焰的出现。几乎可以消除NOx的产生,因为构造材料较为便宜,所以加热器的成本大大降低。除非向燃料气中加入CO2、H2、水蒸气或其它焦炭抑制剂,否则,根据这个以前技术的说明进行的燃料气的预热会导致焦炭的形成。此外,这种已知的加热器的起始运行是费时的过程,因为它必须在高于燃料气混合物的自燃温度的温度下操作。在温度高到足以正常运行之前,起始运行需要长时间的非常低流量的操作过程。
催化燃烧器也是已知的。例如,美国专利No.3,928,961提出了一种催化支持的热燃烧设备,其中,通过在高于燃料的自燃温度的温度下进行燃烧消除了NOx的形成,但是在低于这些温度下燃烧会导致氮的氧化物的大量生成。
例如,在美国专利No.5,355,668和No.4,065,917中提出了用氧化反应催化剂涂覆的金属涂层表面。这些专利建议在燃气涡轮发动机的部件上使用催化剂涂覆表面。所说的美国专利No.4,065,917建议使用催化剂涂覆表面用于涡轮机的起动,并建议一个起动操作中传质控制限制阶段。
从美国专利5404952中可以知道本申请权利要求1,10和13前序部分中所述的无焰燃烧器以及点火方法。在这些已知的燃烧器和点火方法中,在燃烧室内离喷嘴一段距离处悬挂卷绕的电阻丝,但这会延迟点火或使点火变得复杂。
所以本发明的一个目的是提供一种无焰的燃烧方法和设备,可以容易地点火并达到运行温度。在本发明的另一个方面,本发明的目的是提供一种NOx的形成最少的燃烧方法和设备。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种热效率高的方法。
根据本发明的一个方面,一种无焰燃烧器,包括:
一个轴流式的燃烧室,一端与氧化剂进口相连,另一端与燃烧产物出口相连;
一个在所说的轴流式燃烧室之内的燃料导管,该燃料导管确定了一个燃料空间,所说的燃料空间与燃料供应装置相连,并通过沿着燃料导管的许多喷嘴与燃烧室相连,每个喷嘴间隔一定距离,其中,在氧化剂从进口端向着燃烧产物出口通过时,氧化剂可以通过燃烧室并与通过喷嘴的来自所述的燃料空间的燃料混合;
一个位于轴流式燃烧室之内的催化表面,所说的催化表面有效地降低燃料和氧化剂的混合物的自燃温度,从未催化的自燃温度降低到催化的自燃温度;
所说的燃烧器还包括用于在轴流式燃烧室内点燃氧化剂和燃料混合物的电加热装置,该电加热装置包括一个电源供给装置,能够有效地使得一定量的电流通过燃料导管,所说的电流在所说的燃料通过所说的喷嘴时,能够有效地把至少一个喷嘴附近的燃料导管加热到燃料点火温度以上。
优选的是,所说的催化表面包括燃料导管的外表面和/或燃烧室的内表面。同样优选的是所说的催化表面包括钯。
根据本发明的另一个方面的一种无焰燃烧器,包括:
一个轴流式的燃烧室,一端与氧化剂进口相连,另一端与燃烧产物出口相连;
一个在所说的轴流式燃烧室之内的燃料导管,该燃料导管确定了燃料空间,所说的燃料空间与燃料源相连,并通过沿着燃料导管的许多喷嘴与燃烧室相连,其中,所说的燃料导管由一种导电材料构成;
一个电加热装置,用于在轴流式燃烧室内点燃氧化剂和燃料混合物;其中,所述电加热装置包括一个电源供给装置,能够有效地使得一定量的电流通过燃料导管,所述电流在所述的燃料通过所说的喷嘴时,能够有效地把至少在一个喷嘴附近的燃料导管加热到燃料点火温度以上。
合适的是,所说的燃烧器位于一个地下的井眼之内,所说的燃料导管是一个从井盖悬浮的一个管;在井盖上通电;燃料导管在喷嘴附近比在喷嘴之上的厚度小;所说的导管在至少一个喷嘴下面的一点接地。
本发明还涉及一种使无焰燃烧器点火的方法,该方法包括:
提供一个轴流式燃烧室,一端与氧化剂进口相连,另一端与燃烧产物出口相连;
提供一个在所说的轴流式燃烧室内的燃料导管,所说的燃料导管确定了一个燃料空间,所说的燃料空间与燃料供应装置连接,并通过许多沿着燃料导管布置的喷嘴与所说的燃烧室相连;
向所说的燃烧室内通入一种氧化剂;
向所说的燃料空间通入一个燃料流;
使电流通过燃料导管,由此把所说的燃料流、氧化剂流或燃料和氧化剂两者加热到当燃料与所说的氧化剂混合时可以导致所说的氧化剂与所说的燃料发生反应的温度;
其中,所述的氧化剂选自由氮的氧化物和过量氧气组成的组,并且上述方法还包括:
不断向所说的燃烧室通入所说的氧化剂,并且不断向所说的燃料导管通入燃料,直至所说的燃烧室内的温度超过所说的燃料在空气中的自燃温度;
在所说的燃烧室内的温度超过所说的燃料在空气中的自燃温度之后,用空气代替所说的氧化剂。
合适的是,根据本发明的方法还包括使燃料导管通过一定量的电流的步骤,通过的电流量应该足以使至少一个喷嘴附近的导管部分加热到至少260℃。
优选的是,根据本发明的方法还包括提供一个位于轴流式燃烧室之内的催化表面的步骤,所说的催化表面有效地降低催化表面附近的燃料和氧化剂的反应温度。
在根据本发明的方法的起动阶段中使用的合适的燃料是氢气以及氢气和一氧化碳混合物,这些燃料的点火温度低。
本发明的无焰燃烧方法和燃烧器使氮的氧化物的产生量最少,所以不需要其它除去或防止氮的氧化物形成的措施。
现在参考附图更详细地描述本发明,其中:
图1表示一个适用于本发明的燃烧器。
图2是表面本发明的实用性燃烧器消耗的燃料量与温度之间的关系图。
美国专利No.5,255,742中提出了一种可以利用的根据本发明改进的无焰燃烧器,该专利提出的内容在本文中引作参考。本发明的改进包括三个与这样的燃烧器的起始阶段有关的改进。这三个改进可以单独使用,但是优选的是至少两个改进结合使用。本发明的三个改进包括:用燃料气导管作为电阻加热器为起始阶段提供加热;用燃烧室内的催化表面降低燃料发生氧化反应的温度;用氧化剂而不是空气,或与空气一起降低起始阶段的自燃温度。
本发明的无焰燃烧器的一个重要特征是沿着燃烧室的轴向排出热量,从而使得温度明显低于绝热燃烧温度。这几乎可以消除NOx的形成,同时达到降低冶金上的要求,从而得到了较便宜的燃烧器。
一般来说,通过充分地预热助燃空气和燃料气,使得两个气流混合时,混合物的温度超过混合物的自燃温度,但是低于在混合时氧化反应受到混合速度限制时的温度,可以完成无焰燃烧。把所说的气流预热到约815℃~1260℃之间的温度,然后把燃料气以较小的增量混入到助燃空气中可以导致无焰燃烧。燃料气与助燃空气流混合的增量优选的是导致助燃空气流由于燃料燃烧产生约10~110℃的温度升高。
参见图1,表示了一个能进行本发明的热喷射井和燃烧器。要加热的岩层1在覆盖层2之下。一个井眼通过覆盖层到达要加热的岩层中或靠近底部的位置。表示了一个垂直的井,但是所说的井眼也可以是倾斜的或水平的。在水平断裂的岩层中可以提供水平的热喷射井来通过平行驱动法回收烃。浅油页岩岩层是这样的岩层的实例。水平加热器也可以有效地用于薄矿床来限制向覆盖层和基体岩石的热损失。在图1所示的实施方案中,所说的井眼用井壁4防护。所说的井眼的较低部分可以用水泥7胶结,它具有适合于耐较高温度和导热的特性。作为良好的隔热材料8的水泥,优选的是用于井眼的上部以防止系统的热损失。一个氧化剂导管10从井盖(未表示)伸入到井眼的下部。燃料导管12也从井盖伸入到井眼的底部。所说的燃料导管确定了一个燃料导管内部的燃料空间。所说的燃料空间与燃料源相连,并通过许多喷嘴与燃料导管周围的燃烧室相连。
适合于胶结井眼的高温部分的井壁和导管的高温水泥是可以得到的。在美国专利No.3,507,332和No.3,180,748中提出了一些实例。优选的是以水泥砂浆中的固体为基准,氧化铝的含量高于50wt%。
在浅岩层中,直接把加热器锤击进入岩层中可能是优选的。当把加热器直接锤击进入岩层中时,不需要加热器在岩层中的胶结,但是加热器的上部可以胶结以防止到表面的流体损失。
图1的实施方案中的井壁4的直径选择是在井壁的费用与热量向岩层传递速率之间的折衷选择。由于所需的冶金方面的要求,所说的井壁一般是喷射井中最贵的部件。可以向岩层传递的热量随井壁的直径增加显著增大。内径为约10~20cm之间的井壁一般会提供在初始费用和热传递之间的最佳折衷。
燃料气导管沿着导管的长度方向在待加热的岩石内部含有许多喷嘴13(表示了8个)。喷嘴之间间隔一定的距离,该距离应该足以使氧化剂和喷嘴之间的燃料明显反应,并沿着喷嘴之间的燃烧室的长度方向从加热器中排出热量。喷嘴13提供在由燃料导管12确定的空间和轴流式燃烧室之间的连接。对该喷嘴提供了在待加热的岩层内部的热释放的分布。燃料分段向氧化剂/燃烧产物气流中释放导致了热量的分阶段产生,以及图1的实施方案中的井眼的均匀热传递,在井眼内部的温度远低于绝热燃烧温度。避免了温度过高,明显降低了冶金方面的要求,因此降低了设备的成本。此外,远低于绝热燃烧温度的温度避免了NOx的产生。
确定喷嘴的尺寸以便得到井壁内接近均匀的温度分布。井壁内接近均匀的温度分布曲线在待加热的岩层内产生更均匀的热量分布。在岩层内的接近均匀的热量分布在传导加热的烃回收法中得到更有效的热量利用。更均匀的温度分布对于相同的热量释放还会导致较低的最高温度。因为燃烧器和井眼系统的构造材料限定了最高温度,均匀的温度分布对于相同的构造材料会增大可能的热量释放。喷嘴的数量仅受所使用的喷嘴的尺寸限制。如果使用更多的喷嘴,它们一般必须具有较小的尺寸。较小的喷嘴比较大的喷嘴更容易堵塞。喷嘴的数量是在温度均匀性与堵塞的可能性之间的折衷选择。
喷嘴的数量、尺寸和空隙与燃烧室的热量排出一起优选的是使得燃烧器内的最高温度低于1100℃。这使得市售材料具有更长的使用寿命。
在本发明的燃烧器的运行中重要的是热量从燃料喷嘴之间的燃烧室排出。在本发明在井眼热喷射器中的应用中,热量传递到井眼周围的岩层中。本发明的加热器也可以用于其它用途中,例如蒸汽发生系统和化学工业或精炼过程的加热器中。
另外,通过在助燃空气导管中而不是在燃料导管中提供喷嘴,可以把空气和/或另一种氧化剂分阶段加入到燃料中。
输送到井眼底部的燃料和氧化剂在导管14周围的井眼空间内混合并反应,形成燃烧产物。这个空间是本发明的轴流式燃烧室。燃烧产物向井眼上部移动,并在井盖处的废气出口排出。可以处理燃烧产物除去污染物,并且通过膨胀涡轮机或热交换器从燃烧产物中回收能量也是希望的。
当燃烧产物在井眼中升高到待加热的岩层之上时,在氧化剂和沿着导管向下流动的燃料与燃烧产物之间进行了热交换。这种热交换不仅节约了能量,而且产生了本发明希望的无焰燃烧。燃料和氧化剂在其沿着各自的导管向下流动时被充分预热使得在最终混合点处两种气流的混合物的温度高于其自燃温度。产生了无焰燃烧,避免了作为辐射加热源的火焰。因此,热量以基本均匀的方式从井眼中传递出来。
电线15可以与一个接头16或其它方式在电绝缘的下面连接到靠近井盖的燃料管线12上,为燃烧器的起始加热和起动提供电能。在靠近井眼的底部在燃料导管17的周围和氧化剂导管18的周围可以用一个或多个导电定中心装置提供电接地。在燃料导管上在电接地定中心装置之上的定中心装置是电绝缘定中心装置。优选的是在喷嘴附近燃料导管的壁厚减小使得对燃料气导管施加的电能在喷嘴的上方产生可以忽略的电阻加热,而在喷嘴的下方产生显著的电阻加热。优选的是提供足够的热量,使得从喷嘴排出到流动的氧化剂(或空气)流中的燃料在与所说的氧化剂混合时,其温度为燃料-氧化剂混合物的自燃温度或高于该温度。最优选的是,在这些起动条件下,燃料和氧化剂的混合物的温度高于所说的混合物的自燃温度。这样,当燃料通过喷嘴并在喷嘴之间的氧化剂混合后,燃料将会点火。
优选的是通过在喷嘴附近提供催化表面19降低燃料-氧化剂的自燃温度。优选的是在氧化剂导管10的内表面提供这个催化表面。此外,可以为燃料导管提供这样的表面,或者在氧化剂导管内单独放置一个管或含有催化剂的表面。也可以提供其它的催化表面,例如,在氧化剂导管的外面的燃烧产物环状空间内。这种附加的催化表面可以保证在井眼内部产生完全燃烧。所说的催化表面还可以明显地增大温度范围,在该温度范围内,所说的燃烧器可以通过降低燃料发生氧化的温度进行运行。
本发明的无焰燃烧器的起动可以通过在起动阶段提供过量的氧化剂,和/或使用具有低点火温度的燃料(如氢气)进一步增强。优选的氧化剂包括过量的氧气和氮的氧化物。可以与天然气一起提供氢气,也可以把氢气作为替换气体与存在的一氧化碳和/或存在的二氧化碳一起提供。二氧化碳的存在不是优选的,但是是可以容忍的,一些二氧化碳的去除在经济上可能是不可行的。
可以接受的催化剂材料包括贵金属、半贵金属和过渡金属氧化物。一般来说,已知的氧化催化剂可以用于本发明。也可以使用这样的金属或金属氧化物。
起动的氧化剂和/或燃料优选的是仅使用到把燃烧器加热到足以用甲烷(天然气)作燃料,用空气作氧化剂就可以运行的温度(即,把燃烧器加热到甲烷在空气中的点火温度以上)。
为了获得无焰燃烧而对甲烷等燃料气进行的预热可能导致在燃料导管内大量产生碳,除非在燃料气流中含有碳形成抑制剂。碳形成抑制剂可以是二氧化碳、水蒸气、氢气或其混合物。由于氢气的成本一般较高,二氧化碳和水蒸气是优选的。
当氧化剂气流和燃料之间的反应不受混合过程限制并且混合气流的温度高于混合气流的自燃温度时,一般发生无焰燃烧。通过在混合点避免高温并向含有氧化剂的气流中混入较小增量的燃料可以做到这一点。通过未燃烧的燃料和燃烧产物之间的明亮界面可以证实火焰的存在。为了避免火焰的产生,优选的是在混合前把燃料和氧化剂加热到约815℃和约1260℃之间的某一温度。优选的是把所说的燃料以较小的增量与氧化剂气流混合以促进更快的混合。例如,可以以一定的增量加入足够的燃料,该增量能使燃烧把所说的气流的温度提高约28℃~56℃。
使用燃料导管作为电阻加热器为本发明的无焰燃烧器的起动提高起始的热量是一个有意义的改进,因为无论如何燃料导管都是存在的,一般是用导电材料制成的,并且一般较厚,可以期望它是一个可靠的加热器。可以变化燃料导管的厚度使得在燃料导管的长度上的预定位置上产生热量的释放。例如,在井式热喷射器应用中,为了在燃料的最高浓度处点燃所说的混合气流,并且在废气通过井眼向上排出之前使燃料燃烧,可以希望对井眼的最低部分进行电加热。可以在井盖上把电能与燃料导管相连,燃料导管用绝缘支架支撑,并用绝缘定中心装置保持在空气供应导管之内的中心。然后在用作加热器的部分之下把燃料导管接地。
钯或铂等催化金属可以涂敷(优选的是通过刷式电镀法)在燃烧室内的表面上,以增强低温下燃料的氧化。已经发现这样的催化表面在温度低至260℃时能非常有效地促进甲烷在空气中的氧化反应。这个反应在催化剂表面快速发生,一般来说,靠近催化表面的边界层内的气体能够快速完全反应。在燃烧室内有一个显著的催化表面的优点是无焰燃烧器能够运行的温度范围可以大大增大。
实施例
使用各种燃料、氧化剂和催化剂表面的组合,用一个热反应器来提供发生氧化反应的温度。所说的反应器是一个用电阻加热线圈缠绕并覆盖绝缘材料的2.54cm的不锈钢管。控温热电偶放在靠近所说的管子的外表面的绝缘材料之下。在所说的管子内,在进口、中间和出口处也提供热电偶。把贵金属带或带有贵金属涂层的不锈钢带悬挂在管子内以试验催化活性。把预热到低于希望的试验温度的某一温度的空气注入到管子中的电加热的试验区域内。变化电阻加热器的电能直至在试验区域内获得要求的温度并通过安装在管内的热电偶测量达到稳定状态。然后通过混合的T形管向预热的空气流中注入燃料并使其流过电加热区域。把4个0.32cm宽、约40cm长的铂带或两面涂有铂或钯的0.95cm宽、约0.16cm厚、约40cm长的不锈钢带悬挂在管内以试验催化活性。当试验区域内含有催化剂涂敷的带或贵金属带时,并且高于催化点火温度时,燃料的添加使内部中间处和出口的热电偶温度升高。在催化的点火温度之下时,没有观察到这样的温度升高。在没有催化剂涂敷的带或贵金属带存在时,在观察到温度升高之前必须把试验区域加热到燃料的自燃温度。测量的未催化的和催化的自燃温度总结在表中,测量的未催化的或催化的自燃温度称为实测自燃温度。
表
燃料 | 实测自动点火温度℃ | 空气流量CC/MIN | 空气中的燃料浓度VOL% | 空气中加速剂的量VOL% | 催化剂 |
天然气 | 788 | 380 | 10.5 | ||
天然气 | 732 | 380 | 2.6 | N2O/21 | |
天然气 | 677 | 380 | 2.6 | O2/40 | |
二甲醚 | 510 | 380 | 2.6 | ||
二甲醚 | 316 | 380 | 2.6 | N2O/21 | |
H2 | 659 | 380 | 13 | ||
H2 | 49 | 380 | 13 | Pt | |
66.6%H233.3%CO | 676 | 380 | 13 | ||
66.6%H233.3%CO | 213 | 380 | 13 | Pt | |
66.6%H233.3%CO | 211 | 380 | 13 | N2O/44.7 | Pt |
66.6%H233.3%CO | 149 | 0 | 13 | 380CC/MIN100%N2O | Pt |
甲烷 | 310 | 380 | 13 | - | Pd |
H2 | 149 | 380 | 13 | - | Pd |
66.6%H233.3%CO | 154 | 380 | 13 | - | Pd |
从该表中可以看出,向燃料气流中添加N2O达到降低了混合物的实测自燃温度。而且,氢气作为燃料的掺入和催化表面的存在也大大降低了动力学自燃温度。
用一个3.048m的试验燃烧器在分布式燃烧器应用中试验一英寸反应器的结果。在内径为5.08cm的燃烧管线内提供一个外径2.54cm的燃料气管线。所说的燃料注入管线向靠近燃烧管线的进口端的燃料注入孔提供一个燃料导管。在一个隔热的管中放置所说的燃烧管线,并把热电偶沿燃料供应管线放置。利用两个不同的燃烧管线。一个燃烧管线用“HAYNES 120”合金板制造。把该合金板的一面电刷镀平均厚度为0.000254cm的钯。然后把该合金板折断成形、弯曲并焊接在一个内表面涂敷钯的3.048m长的管子内。用一个“MAXON”燃烧器向所说的3.048m长燃烧管线提供助燃气体。并在所说的燃烧器和燃烧管线之间的混合区内用来自“MAXON”燃烧器的废气与不同量的空气和/或气体添加剂混合。为了在所说的燃烧管线内维持均匀的温度,把三个电加热器(每个加热器带有自己的控制器)沿着所说的燃烧管线的长度方向上放在外面。
进行了一系列试验,一个试验用涂敷钯的燃烧管线,一个试验用未涂敷钯的管线。在温度约为15℃,压力约为1大气压下测定时,以约0.635m3/小时的流量通过燃料气注入孔注入燃料气,以约374m3/小时的流量注入空气,包括燃烧器的气体和二次空气。向燃烧器提供足够的燃料气体以在燃烧管线的进口达到目标温度。对于催化的结构(曲线A)和不催化的结构(曲线B),注入甲烷的燃烧百分数在图2中表示为燃烧管线进口温度的函数。从图2可以看出,在设备可以运行的最低的温度下约为260℃,用钯涂敷的燃烧管线,55%的甲烷被氧化。最低的运行温度可以略低于260℃,但是,可以得到的设备在更低的温度下不能运行。在使用没有钯涂层的燃烧管线时,甲烷的一些氧化约在704℃发生,甲烷的氧化在约816℃下快速发生。在871℃和871℃以上的温度,钯表面的存在没有影响,因为无论用不用钯表面,甲烷的氧化都能快速进行并完成。
低于704℃氧化的甲烷的温度无关性趋于证实在钯表面处的边界层内的甲烷快速氧化,甲烷到该边界层的传送而不是反应动力学控制着甲烷氧化的程度。在约704℃和更高的温度下,放热氧化反应变得占优势,温度依赖性是由于这种放热氧化反应。
Claims (17)
1、无焰燃烧器,包括:
一个轴流式燃烧室(14),一端与氧化剂进口相连,另一端与燃烧产物出口相连;
一个在所说的轴流式燃烧室(14)内的燃料导管(12),所说的燃料导管(12)确定了一个燃料空间,所说的燃料空间与燃料供应装置连接,并通过许多沿着燃料导管(12)布置的喷嘴(13)与所说的燃烧室相连,每个喷嘴(13)之间分开一定的距离,其中,在所说的氧化剂从进口端向燃烧产物出口端流过时,所说的氧化剂可以通过所说的燃烧室(14)并与通过喷嘴(13)来自所说的燃料空间的燃料混合;
一个位于所说的轴流式燃烧室(14)内的催化表面(19),所说的催化表面(19)能有效地把燃料与氧化剂的混合物的自燃温度从未催化的自燃温度降低到催化的自燃温度,
用于在轴流式燃烧室内点燃氧化剂和燃料混合物的电加热装置;其特征在于,电加热装置包括一个电源供给装置(15),能够有效地使得一定量的电流通过所说的燃料导管(12),所说的电流在所说的燃料通过所说的喷嘴(13)时,可以有效地把至少一个喷嘴(13)附近的燃料导管(12)加热到燃料点火温度以上。
2、根据权利要求1的燃烧器,其中,所说的催化表面(19)包括所说的燃料导管(12)的外表面。
3、根据权利要求1的燃烧器,其中,所说的催化表面(19)包括所说的燃烧室(14)的内表面。
4、根据权利要求1的燃烧器,其中,所说的燃烧室(14)由在井眼内的一个管(10)的内表面形成。
5、根据权利要求1的燃烧器,还包括一种从至少两个喷嘴(13)之间的燃烧室(14)空隙内排出热量的装置,所说的排出热量的装置能排出一定量的热量,这些热量可以导致燃烧室(14)内的温度在稳定态时高于燃料在空气中的自燃温度,但是低于1100℃。
6、根据权利要求5的燃烧器,其中,所说的从至少两个喷嘴(13)之间的燃烧室空隙内排出热量的装置包括岩层(1),热量可以通过在所说的燃烧室(14)周围的环形空间通过对流和传导从所说的燃烧室(14)传递到所说的岩层(1)上。
7、根据权利要求1的燃烧器,其中,所说的催化表面(19)包括钯。
8、根据权利要求1的燃烧器,其中,所说的燃烧器在一个井眼(3)内。
9、根据权利要求8的燃烧器,其中,所说的燃料导管(12)是一个从井盖悬浮下来的管子,所说的燃烧器还包括:一个在井盖处的电源供给装置(15);所说的燃料导管在喷嘴附近比在喷嘴以上的厚度更薄,所说的燃料导管从至少一个喷嘴之下的一点接地。
10、一种无焰燃烧器,包括:
一个轴流式燃烧室(14),一端与氧化剂进口相连,另一端与燃烧产物出口相连;
一个在所说的轴流式燃烧室(14)内的燃料导管(12),所说的燃料导管(12)确定了一个燃料空间,所说的燃料空间与燃料供应装置连接,并通过许多沿着燃料导管(12)布置的喷嘴(13)与所说的燃烧室(14)相连,其中,所说的燃料导管(12)由一种导电材料构成;
一个电加热装置,用于在轴流式燃烧室内点燃氧化剂和燃料混合物,
其特征在于,所述的电加热装置包括一个电源供给装置(15),能够有效地使得一定量的电流通过所说的燃料导管(12),所说的电流在所说的燃料通过所说的喷嘴时,可以有效地把至少一个喷嘴(13)附近的燃料导管加热到燃料点火温度以上。
11、根据权利要求10的燃烧器,其中,所说的燃烧器在一个井眼(3)之内。
12、根据权利要求11的燃烧器,其中,所说的燃料导管(12)是一个从井盖上悬浮的一个管;在井盖处提供电源;所说的燃料导管在所说的喷嘴(13)附近比在喷嘴(13)以上更薄;所说的燃料导管从至少一个喷嘴(13)之下的一点接地。
13、一种使无焰燃烧器点火的方法,包括:
提供一个轴流式燃烧室(14),一端与氧化剂进口相连,另一端与燃烧产物出口相连;
提供一个在所说的轴流式燃烧室(14)内的燃料导管(12),所说的燃料导管(12)确定了一个燃料空间,所说的燃料空间与燃料供应装置连接,并通过许多沿着燃料导管(12)布置的喷嘴(13)与所说的燃烧室(14)相连;
向所说的燃烧室(14)内通入一种氧化剂;
向所说的燃料空间通入一个燃料流;
使电流通过燃料导管(12),由此把所说的燃料流、氧化剂流或燃料和氧化剂两者加热到当燃料与所说的氧化剂混合时可以导致所说的氧化剂与所说的燃料发生反应的温度;
其特征在于,所述的氧化剂选自由氮的氧化物和过量氧气组成的组,并且上述方法还包括:
不断向所说的燃烧室(14)通入所说的氧化剂,并且不断向所说的燃料导管通入燃料,直至所说的燃烧室(14)内的温度超过所说的燃料在空气中的自燃温度;
在所说的燃烧室(14)内的温度超过所说的燃料在空气中的自燃温度之后,用空气代替所说的氧化剂。
14、根据权利要求13的方法,还包括使所说的燃料导管(12)通过一定量电流的步骤,所说的电流量应该足以使所说的燃料导管(12)在至少一个喷嘴(13)附近的至少一部分导管加热到至少260℃的温度。
15、根据权利要求13的方法,还包括在所说的燃烧室(14)内提供催化表面(19)的步骤,所说的催化表面(19)有效地降低燃料和氧化剂在所说的催化表面(19)反应的温度。
16、根据权利要求13的方法,其中,所说的燃料是氢气。
17、根据权利要求13的方法,其中,所说的燃料包括氢气和一氧化碳。
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US5297626A (en) * | 1992-06-12 | 1994-03-29 | Shell Oil Company | Oil recovery process |
US5355668A (en) * | 1993-01-29 | 1994-10-18 | General Electric Company | Catalyst-bearing component of gas turbine engine |
US5433271A (en) * | 1993-12-20 | 1995-07-18 | Shell Oil Company | Heat injection process |
JP3747066B2 (ja) * | 1995-12-27 | 2006-02-22 | シエル・インターナシヨネイル・リサーチ・マーチヤツピイ・ベー・ウイ | 無炎燃焼器 |
US5862858A (en) * | 1996-12-26 | 1999-01-26 | Shell Oil Company | Flameless combustor |
-
1996
- 1996-12-17 JP JP52401097A patent/JP3747066B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 ES ES96944607T patent/ES2145513T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 CN CN96199386A patent/CN1079885C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 DE DE69607485T patent/DE69607485T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 TR TR1998/01220T patent/TR199801220T2/xx unknown
- 1996-12-17 CA CA002240411A patent/CA2240411C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 AU AU13033/97A patent/AU696743B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1996-12-17 WO PCT/EP1996/005753 patent/WO1997024509A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1996-12-17 BR BR9612363A patent/BR9612363A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 KR KR10-1998-0704983A patent/KR100445853B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 AT AT96944607T patent/ATE191254T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 IL IL12480696A patent/IL124806A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 PT PT96944607T patent/PT870100E/pt unknown
- 1996-12-17 TR TR1999/00452T patent/TR199900452T2/xx unknown
- 1996-12-17 EP EP96944607A patent/EP0870100B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-12-17 EA EA199800600A patent/EA000249B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1996-12-17 DK DK96944607T patent/DK0870100T3/da active
- 1996-12-25 MA MA24441A patent/MA24040A1/fr unknown
- 1996-12-25 EG EG118796A patent/EG21060A/xx active
- 1996-12-26 JO JO19961948A patent/JO1948B1/en active
- 1996-12-26 US US08/774,168 patent/US5899269A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-01-19 US US09/233,300 patent/US6269882B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-01-19 US US09/233,301 patent/US6019172A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
2000
- 2000-06-07 GR GR20000401304T patent/GR3033618T3/el not_active IP Right Cessation
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US4445570A (en) * | 1982-02-25 | 1984-05-01 | Retallick William B | High pressure combustor having a catalytic air preheater |
US5404952A (en) * | 1993-12-20 | 1995-04-11 | Shell Oil Company | Heat injection process and apparatus |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0870100B1 (en) | 2000-03-29 |
EP0870100A1 (en) | 1998-10-14 |
PT870100E (pt) | 2000-09-29 |
BR9612363A (pt) | 1999-07-13 |
KR19990076856A (ko) | 1999-10-25 |
US5899269A (en) | 1999-05-04 |
DK0870100T3 (da) | 2000-07-17 |
US6269882B1 (en) | 2001-08-07 |
JP3747066B2 (ja) | 2006-02-22 |
DE69607485D1 (de) | 2000-05-04 |
ATE191254T1 (de) | 2000-04-15 |
CA2240411A1 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
MA24040A1 (fr) | 1997-07-01 |
WO1997024509A1 (en) | 1997-07-10 |
CA2240411C (en) | 2005-02-22 |
IL124806A (en) | 2001-04-30 |
GR3033618T3 (en) | 2000-10-31 |
EA199800600A1 (ru) | 1998-12-24 |
US6019172A (en) | 2000-02-01 |
TR199801220T2 (xx) | 1998-10-21 |
ES2145513T3 (es) | 2000-07-01 |
EG21060A (en) | 2000-10-31 |
AU696743B2 (en) | 1998-09-17 |
DE69607485T2 (de) | 2000-09-14 |
KR100445853B1 (ko) | 2004-10-15 |
AU1303397A (en) | 1997-07-28 |
JO1948B1 (en) | 1997-12-15 |
TR199900452T2 (xx) | 1999-07-21 |
EA000249B1 (ru) | 1999-02-25 |
CN1206447A (zh) | 1999-01-27 |
JP2000503084A (ja) | 2000-03-14 |
IL124806A0 (en) | 1999-01-26 |
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