CN107975378A - The U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound - Google Patents
The U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound Download PDFInfo
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- CN107975378A CN107975378A CN201711438449.6A CN201711438449A CN107975378A CN 107975378 A CN107975378 A CN 107975378A CN 201711438449 A CN201711438449 A CN 201711438449A CN 107975378 A CN107975378 A CN 107975378A
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- tunnel
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- bottom plate
- shaped wall
- liner structure
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- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011378 shotcrete Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 28
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001131 transforming effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006508 Nelumbo nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002853 Nelumbo nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006510 Nelumbo pentapetala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012407 engineering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010181 polygamy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012876 topography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/003—Linings or provisions thereon, specially adapted for traffic tunnels, e.g. with built-in cleaning devices
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/04—Lining with building materials
- E21D11/10—Lining with building materials with concrete cast in situ; Shuttering also lost shutterings, e.g. made of blocks, of metal plates or other equipment adapted therefor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D11/00—Lining tunnels, galleries or other underground cavities, e.g. large underground chambers; Linings therefor; Making such linings in situ, e.g. by assembling
- E21D11/38—Waterproofing; Heat insulating; Soundproofing; Electric insulating
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
- E21F—SAFETY DEVICES, TRANSPORT, FILLING-UP, RESCUE, VENTILATION, OR DRAINING IN OR OF MINES OR TUNNELS
- E21F16/00—Drainage
- E21F16/02—Drainage of tunnels
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
Abstract
A kind of U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound, to eliminate effect of the underground water to tunnel-liner polycrystalline substance, effectively solve the problems, such as karst or the regional tunnel inverted arch floating deformation of underground water development or tunnel bottom structure cracking destruction, it is ensured that constructing tunnel and the stabilization and security of operation.Tunnel bottom both lateral sides excavate deep trouth and form convex tunnel bottom excavation face, in U-shaped wall base construct of the setting with slotted cavities in deep trouth, U-shaped wall base construct outside top and the arch wall secondary liner structure both sides abutment wall bottom are affixed, bearing structure and tunnel longitudinal drainage passage of the U-shaped wall base construct as arch wall secondary liner structure.In convex tunnel bottom excavation face middle part arrangement above bottom plate between the U-shaped wall base construct of both sides, railway roadbed is fixedly installed on bottom plate, bottom plate transverse ends set subsiding crack with both sides U-shaped wall base construct junction, the country rock load of arch wall secondary liner structure transmission is separated with the train load of railway roadbed transmission.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to tunnel lining structure construction, more particularly to one kind apply to underground water development location, underground water by
The tunnel lining structure of the irregular location of seasonal effect or karst area constructs.
Background technology
As high speed railway construction develops rapidly, the Large scale construction especially in Southwest Mountainous Areas, on the one hand, due to lime
Rock stratum is widely distributed；On the other hand, it is more by big, the topographic and geologic complicated condition of sweep etc. to high-speed railway, circuit show line
The restriction of kind factor, causes Karst Tunnel scale (quantity and length) to increase sharply.Since karst and karst water development have again
The features such as polygamy, diversity and irregularities, it is higher and higher that Karst Tunnel of growing up builds risk particularly operations risks.In recent years
Come, suitable ten thousand, Shanghai elder brother, there occurs some ballastless track beds deformations, inverted arch and filling during the expensive Railway Tunnel operation such as wide
The water damage events such as protuberance, cause Railway Design, construction, construction and the great attention for runing each side.
The tunnel designed at present is largely to have inverted arch lining cutting.By taking one-tunnel two-tracks tunnel as an example, its liner structure exists solid
It is defective, it is mainly shown as following aspect：
(1) inverted arch top in tunnel bottom sets inverted arch to fill, and code requirement inverted arch should be separated with inverted arch filling and poured, this engineering method
Form construction joint between inverted arch and filling, but underground water penetrates into inverted arch by inverted arch circular construction joint and fills bottom, about 3~
4m heads can cause filling to be floated.
(2) in practice of construction, to prevent railway roadbed construction surface from being destroyed by Construction traffic, inverted arch filling is often poured using layering
The mode built, inverted arch filling top layer (or regulating course) thickness about 0.2~0.4m of placing before railway roadbed construction, it is only necessary to 0.5~
The head of 1m high can cause to fill top layer floating, and then cause railway roadbed to deform.
(3) since tunnel bottom is arc-shaped, excavation control is more difficult, and excavate, into planar base surface, is led more into polyline shaped even excavation
Inverted arch structure actual bearer ability is caused to meet design requirement, once rain flood season, local draining do not cause on hydraulic pressure freely
Rise, cause inverted arch structure crack to destroy.
(4) it is big to clean out difficulty completely for inverted arch structural base void slag, since tunnel bottom underground water can not run in addition during
Ejectment, under Train induced load repeated action, easily causes tunnel bottom the disaster such as to rise soil.
(5) Central drain (or lateral sulcus) is arranged within tunnel structure, the periphery underground water of main ejectment arch wall scope, tunnel
Ponding below road inverted arch can not effective ejectment, once under continuous rainfall or rainstorm weather, crevice water under Local topography inverted arch
Or pipeline water because can not ejectment in time cause hydraulic pressure drastically to raise.Under the effect of high hydraulic pressure, cause tunnel bottom inverted arch cracking failure.
In addition, ballastless track bed to road bed board and inverted arch fill surface using the connectionless way of contact, there are construction circle
Face, it is more notable for the sensitiveness of tunnel bottom infiltration, often also there is " gap " lifting phenomenon and wear phenomenon, in the work of water
Under, Disease Characters are particularly evident.Its stiffness difference huge with tunnel structure, deformation and track structure are to basis
Deform very poor adaptability and be further exacerbated by adverse effect and difficulty of governance of the tunnel bottom water damage to operation security.
Therefore, optimize liner structure particularly tunnel bottom structure, ensure that draining is unobstructed, eliminate tunnel bottom hydraulic pressure, become reduction ground
Lower water development location, underground water are ensured operation security by the irregular location of seasonal effect and karst area tunnel water damage risk
There is an urgent need to.
The content of the invention
The technical problems to be solved by the invention are to provide a kind of U-shaped wall base with architecture and bottom plate sound point
From bearing type liner structure, by transforming conventional tunnel lining cutting tunnel bottom structure form, change tunnel bottom structure stress form
And drainage system, effect of the underground water to tunnel-liner polycrystalline substance is eliminated, effectively solves karst or the regional tunnel of underground water development
The problem of road inverted arch floating deformation or tunnel bottom structure cracking destruction, it is ensured that constructing tunnel and the stabilization and security of operation.
The technical solution adopted by the present invention to solve the technical problems is as follows：
The U-shaped wall base with architecture of the present invention separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound, including at the beginning of arch wall
Phase supporting construction, arch wall secondary liner structure and arch wall scope waterproof layer, it is characterized in that：Tunnel bottom both lateral sides are excavated deep
Groove forms convex tunnel bottom excavation face, in outside U-shaped wall base construct of the setting with slotted cavities in deep trouth, U-shaped wall base construct
Side roof part and the arch wall secondary liner structure both sides abutment wall bottom are affixed, and U-shaped wall base construct is as arch wall secondary lining knot
The bearing structure and tunnel longitudinal drainage passage of structure；Between the both sides U-shaped wall base construct in the excavation face of convex tunnel bottom
Portion's arrangement above bottom plate, railway roadbed is fixedly installed on bottom plate, and bottom plate transverse ends are set with both sides U-shaped wall base construct junction
Subsiding crack, makes the country rock load of arch wall secondary liner structure transmission be separated with the train load of railway roadbed transmission.
The beneficial effects are mainly as follows following aspects：
1st, tunnel bottom uses base arrangement, excavates operation and is more convenient, overcomes traditional lining types inverted arch foundation excavation curvature
The problems such as not easy to control.The liner structure that traditional tunnel bottom is inverted arch form is compared to, construction material is saved, effectively reduces work
Journey construction investment；
2nd, tunnel bottom uses base arrangement, is not required to apply Concrete Filled body thereon, effectively prevent traditional bent wall band inverted arch
Lining cutting destroys obturator since underground water enters extruding between inverted arch and inverted arch blind by inverted arch construction joint, causes track
Structure is destroyed；
3rd, tunnel bottom both sides set the U-shaped wall base, can save bricklaying, its slotted cavities is as longitudinal drainage passage, the cross-section of river
The free degree that size is set is high, and discharge capacity is big, may replace the drain cavern set in traditional design in underground water development location,
Average every kilometer of Tunnel Engineering can save project cost more than more than 10,000,000；
4th, bottom plate both ends and both ends U-shaped wall base construct junction set subsiding crack, and arch is undertaken by U-shaped wall base construct
The country rock load (dead load) of wall secondary lining transmission, the train load (dynamic load) of ballast bed structure transmission is undertaken by bottom plate, real
Existing " sound load " separates, and stress is apparent, avoid in traditional lining cutting especially because inverted arch bottom there are under groundwater condition
Fatigue extruding destroys caused by tunnel bottom under Train induced load effect, while avoids tunnel bottom from the disease such as rising soil；
5th, in traditional liner structure, ballastless track bed to road bed board and inverted arch fill surface using the connectionless way of contact,
It is more notable for the sensitiveness of tunnel bottom infiltration there are construction interface, often also there is " gap " lifting phenomenon and abrasion is existing
As under the action of water, Disease Characters are particularly evident.Liner structure using the present invention, in tunnel bottom bottom plate and top railway roadbed knot
Setting connects a batch reinforcing bar and forms a fixed connection between structure, has effectively evaded above-mentioned disease.
Level of ground water, can be down to below floor level by the 6th, liner structure form using the present invention, can effectively drainage encircle
Wall scope and tunnel bottom underground water and by underground water, thoroughly eliminate effect of the underground water to tunnel-liner polycrystalline substance.
The present invention by transforming conventional tunnel lining cutting tunnel bottom structure form, change tunnel bottom structure stress form and
Drainage system, eliminates effect of the underground water to tunnel-liner polycrystalline substance, effectively solves karst or the regional tunnel of underground water development
The problem of deformation of inverted arch floating or tunnel bottom structure cracking destruction, to ensure the stabilization and security of constructing tunnel and operation.
Brief description of the drawings
This specification includes drawings described below：
Fig. 1 is that the U-shaped wall base that the embodiment of the present invention has architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound
Schematic diagram；
Fig. 2 is the enlarged drawing of A parts in Fig. 1.
Component, toponym and corresponding mark are shown in figure：Arch wall preliminary bracing structure 10, arch wall gunite concrete
Layer 10a, arch wall steelframe 10b, arch wall system anchor bolt 10c, screed-coat 11, the second screed-coat 12, arch wall scope waterproof layer 20, arch
Wall secondary liner structure 40, bottom plate 41, U-shaped wall base construct 42, slotted cavities B, convex tunnel bottom excavation face F, cross-brace plate
43rd, railway roadbed 50, subsiding crack 60.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
With reference to Fig. 1, the U-shaped wall base with architecture of the invention separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound, wraps
Include arch wall preliminary bracing structure 10, arch wall secondary liner structure 40 and arch wall scope waterproof layer 20.Tunnel bottom both lateral sides are opened
Dig deep trouth and form convex tunnel bottom excavation face F, in U-shaped wall base construct 42 of the setting with slotted cavities B, the U-shaped wall base in deep trouth
42 outside top of construct and the 40 both sides abutment wall bottom of arch wall secondary liner structure are affixed, and U-shaped wall base construct 42 is made
For the bearing structure and tunnel longitudinal drainage passage of arch wall secondary liner structure 40.Can as the wall base using U-shaped wall base construct 42
Bricklaying is saved, its slotted cavities B is as tunnel longitudinal drainage passage, and the free degree that cross-section of river size is set is high, discharge capacity
Greatly, the drain cavern set in traditional design in underground water development location is may replace, average every kilometer of Tunnel Engineering can save engineering
Cost is more than more than 10,000,000.
With reference to Fig. 1, between the both sides U-shaped wall base construct 42 in the middle part of the excavation face F of convex tunnel bottom arrangement above bottom plate
41, railway roadbed 50 is fixedly installed on bottom plate 41,41 transverse ends of bottom plate set with 42 junction of both sides U-shaped wall base construct and settle
Seam 60, makes the country rock load that arch wall secondary liner structure 40 transmits be separated with the train load that railway roadbed 50 transmits.Convex tunnel bottom
Excavation face F is three sections of planes, excavates operation and is more convenient, overcomes traditional lining types inverted arch foundation excavation curvature and be difficult to control
The problems such as.Tunnel excavation amount can be reduced, construction material is saved, effectively reduce engineering construction investment.Tunnel bottom uses base arrangement,
It is not required to apply Concrete Filled body thereon, effectively prevent traditional bent wall band inverted arch lining cutting since underground water is constructed by inverted arch
Seam enters extruding between inverted arch and inverted arch blind and destroys obturator, causes track structure to destroy.The bottom plate 41 is fixedly installed
Railway roadbed 50, sets between bottom plate 41 and railway roadbed 50 and connects a batch reinforcing bar and form a fixed connection, and at 41 both ends of bottom plate and the both sides U-shaped wall base
42 junction of construct sets subsiding crack 60, realizes country rock load (dead load) and road that arch wall secondary liner structure 40 transmits
Train load (dynamic load) the separation carrying that bed 50 transmits, realizes that " sound load " separates, stress is apparent, avoids traditional lining cutting
In especially because there are fatigue extruding is broken caused by tunnel bottom under Train induced load effect under groundwater condition for inverted arch bottom
It is bad, avoid tunnel bottom from the disease such as rising soil.Institute
With reference to Fig. 1, the slotted cavities B tops set cross-brace plate 43, and cross-brace plate 43 transmits the horizontal lotus of substrate
Carry, it is ensured that the stabilization of arch wall secondary liner structure 40, and as the bearing structure of upper cable groove.The U-shaped wall base construct
Screed-coat 11, the bottom plate 41 and convex tunnel bottom excavation face F middle parts are set between 42 and convex tunnel bottom excavation face F both sides
Between the second screed-coat 12 is set.
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the arch wall scope waterproof layer 20 is located at 10 structure of arch wall preliminary bracing and the secondary lining of arch wall
Between block structure 40.The arch wall preliminary bracing structure 10 includes arch wall shotcrete layer 10a and the edge of covering arch wall country rock
The arch wall system anchor bolt 10c of arch wall quincuncial arrangement.Along tunnel excavation direction interval in the arch wall shotcrete layer 10a
Arch wall steelframe 10b is laid, bar-mat reinforcement is added in arch wall shotcrete layer 10a.
The U-shaped wall base that the present invention has architecture described above that simply explains through diagrams separates carrying with bottom plate sound
Some principles of type liner structure, are not intended to the present invention being confined in shown and described concrete structure and the scope of application,
Therefore every corresponding modification for being possible to be utilized and equivalent, belong to the apllied the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. the U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure, including arch wall preliminary bracing structure with bottom plate sound
(10), arch wall secondary liner structure (40) and arch wall scope waterproof layer (20), it is characterized in that：Tunnel bottom both lateral sides are excavated deep
Groove forms convex tunnel bottom excavation face (F), in U-shaped wall base construct (42) of the setting with slotted cavities (B), U-shaped wall in deep trouth
Base construct (42) outside top and arch wall secondary liner structure (40) the both sides abutment wall bottom are affixed, U-shaped wall base construct
(42) bearing structure and tunnel longitudinal drainage passage as arch wall secondary liner structure (40)；The both sides U-shaped wall base is constructed
Between body (42) in the middle part of the convex tunnel bottom excavation face (F) arrangement above bottom plate (41), railway roadbed (50) is fixedly installed on bottom plate (41),
Bottom plate (41) transverse ends set subsiding crack (60) with both sides U-shaped wall base construct (42) junction, make arch wall secondary lining knot
The country rock load that structure (40) transmits is separated with the train load that railway roadbed (50) transmits.
2. the U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound as claimed in claim 1, it is special
Sign is：Slotted cavities (B) top sets cross-brace plate (43), and cross-brace plate (43) transmits substrate horizontal loading, really
The stabilization of arch wall secondary liner structure (40) is protected, and as the bearing structure of upper cable groove.
3. the U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound as claimed in claim 1, it is special
Sign is：Screed-coat (11), the bottom are set between the U-shaped wall base construct (42) and convex tunnel bottom excavation face (F) both sides
The second screed-coat (12) is set between in the middle part of plate (41) and convex tunnel bottom excavation face (F).
4. the U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound as claimed in claim 1, it is special
Sign is：The arch wall scope waterproof layer (20) be located at arch wall preliminary bracing (10) structure and arch wall secondary liner structure (40) it
Between.
5. the U-shaped wall base with architecture separates bearing type liner structure with bottom plate sound as claimed in claim 1, it is special
Sign is：The arch wall preliminary bracing structure (10) includes the arch wall shotcrete layer (10a) of covering arch wall country rock and along arch wall
The arch wall system anchor bolt (10c) of quincuncial arrangement.Along tunnel excavation direction interval cloth in the arch wall shotcrete layer (10a)
If arch wall steelframe (10b), bar-mat reinforcement is added in arch wall shotcrete layer (10a).
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711438449.6A CN107975378B (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | U-shaped wall foundation and bottom plate dynamic-static separation bearing type lining structure with water delivery function |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201711438449.6A CN107975378B (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | U-shaped wall foundation and bottom plate dynamic-static separation bearing type lining structure with water delivery function |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN107975378A true CN107975378A (en) | 2018-05-01 |
| CN107975378B CN107975378B (en) | 2024-01-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CN201711438449.6A Active CN107975378B (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2017-12-27 | U-shaped wall foundation and bottom plate dynamic-static separation bearing type lining structure with water delivery function |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109740251A (en) * | 2018-12-30 | 2019-05-10 | 中铁十四局集团有限公司 | Selection method, device, memory and the processor of the parameter of secondary lining |
| CN112696212A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-04-23 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | Compressible tunnel bottom structure for inhibiting tunnel bottom bulging and construction method |
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Cited By (3)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109740251A (en) * | 2018-12-30 | 2019-05-10 | 中铁十四局集团有限公司 | Selection method, device, memory and the processor of the parameter of secondary lining |
| CN112696212A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-04-23 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | Compressible tunnel bottom structure for inhibiting tunnel bottom bulging and construction method |
| CN112696212B (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2023-03-24 | 中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司 | Compressible tunnel bottom structure for inhibiting tunnel bottom bulging and construction method |
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| CN107975378B (en) | 2024-01-23 |
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