CN107930420A - 一种疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜及其制备方法,该膜由疏水性聚合物、聚苯胺和添加剂通过热相转化法成膜,再经溶刻后制成半致密、疏水、高电导和耐酸的阴离子交换膜。该膜具有超高电导率,能抑制氢离子的渗漏,能在低电压下利用电渗析技术将含酸废水中的酸分离并富集回收到高浓度的酸产品。能解决现有电渗析用离子交换膜中存在的,酸产品浓度低、能耗高、寿命低等问题。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于膜技术领域,具体涉及一种疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
含酸废水来源量大面广,具有巨大的分离富集回用潜力。H2SO4、H3PO4、HF、HNO3 、HCl等作为功能药剂,在湿法浸出、化学浴酸洗、化工生产、PCB蚀刻等过程中普遍使用,产生大量腐蚀性强,含有多种有毒有害金属的废酸。此外,在大气污染控制过程中也会有大量废酸产生,如SNOX工艺、WSA工艺、电化学液相氧化等方法脱除SO2皆会产生大量H2SO4废液。若将这些含酸废水直接排放,不仅造成资源的大量浪费,还会带来严重的环境污染。
CN 102259954 A公开了一种废酸回收工艺及其配套装置,该工艺利用超滤膜气浮对含酸废水进行预处理后采用气浮渗析回收废酸。该工艺通过预处理能预先去除含酸废水中的油污及其他颗粒物,使渗析膜能够长期稳定运行;但该工业回收废酸的核心技术是渗析技术,虽然能有效分离废酸,但该技术依然存在回收率低和酸产品浓度低的问题。
CN 105399236 A公开了一种废酸回收设备,主要通过阴离子交换树脂对含酸废水中的废酸进行提纯回收,具有废酸处理量大、回收率高、占地小等优势;但其回收到的酸产品浓度较低。
酸产品的价值与其浓度有关,浓度越高,其附加值越大。因此,回收到高浓度的酸产品能提高处理技术的经济效益。电渗析技术能实现含酸废水的分离富集和资源化利用,具有经济高效回收高浓度酸产品的应用潜力。但对于电渗析技术而言,电渗析过程中氢离子的渗漏和离子交换膜在酸环境中的不稳定,致使分离富集到的酸浓度都比较低;当膜两侧酸浓度不同时,氢离子在浓度梯度的作用下,以水合氢离子的形式渗漏到低浓度一侧。增加离子交换膜的疏水性能抑制这部分渗漏的氢离子。另外,致密的膜结构也能减少氢离子在膜内部的扩散作用。但是,无论是致密的膜结构还是疏水性能,都会使离子交换膜的电阻增加。
因此,急需一种疏水、致密、高电导、耐酸的阴离子交换膜,使电渗析技术能够在净化污染物的同时,能够分离富集高浓度的酸产品,以填补含酸废水资源化处理的技术空缺。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供一种疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜,该膜具有超高电导率,能抑制氢离子的渗漏,能在低电压下利用电渗析技术将含酸废水中的酸分离并富集回收到高浓度的酸产品。解决现有电渗析用离子交换膜中存在的,酸产品浓度低、能耗高、寿命低等问题。
本发明的阴离子交换膜由疏水性聚合物、聚苯胺和添加剂通过热相转化法成膜,再经溶刻后制成半致密、疏水、高电导和耐酸的阴离子交换膜。
本发明中所述的疏水性聚合物为:聚偏氟乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚醚砜中的一种。
所述的添加剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、n-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、正硅酸乙酯中的一种。
为实现上述目的,本发明的具体制备步骤如下:
(1)在20~70℃下将聚苯胺、添加剂和溶剂Ⅰ混合搅拌2h以上,得到聚苯胺分散液;将疏水性聚合物和溶剂Ⅱ混合搅拌2h以上,之后将聚苯胺分散液加入疏水性聚合物溶液中继续混合搅拌4h以上,得到铸膜液;其中按5种原料总质量的百分数计,聚苯胺、添加剂、溶剂Ⅰ、疏水性聚合物、溶剂Ⅱ的添加量分别为1%~4%、0.1%~0.2%、15%~25%、10%~15%和60%~70%;溶剂Ⅰ和溶剂Ⅱ使用的种类相同;
(2)将上述铸膜液超声震荡20~40 min,之后静置12~30 h;
(3)将静置后的铸膜液于玻璃板上刮成800~1000微米厚的液膜,并于60~80℃下烘干得到致密的固相膜,之后在乙醇-水溶液中浸泡0.5~2 h,去除剩余的溶剂;
(4)将该膜放入质量浓度为85%~98%硫酸中进行溶刻30~120 min后,得到耐酸高导电阴离子交换膜;经过溶刻后,膜内产生离子通道,大幅度提升膜的电导率。
其中,步骤(1)中溶剂Ⅰ或溶剂Ⅱ为为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二甲基亚砜中的一种。
步骤(3)中乙醇-水溶液是乙醇和水按体积比1:3~3:1的比例混合。
本发明所述的疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜,用热相转化法成膜,其为一半粗糙一半光滑,一半酥松一半致密的非对称膜;其膜面是疏水的,接触角为95~110°。在分离富集废酸的过程中,随着浓缩室酸浓度的增加,氢离子会以水合氢离子(H3O+)的形式从阳极室中返渗到阴极室;另外,阴极室中的水分子也会反渗到高浓度的阳极室中,这是制约酸浓度增加的两个关键因素。致密的膜结构和疏水性能抑制氢离子的渗漏和水分子反渗,可以提高电渗析的效率并增加浓缩室的酸浓度。
所述溶刻是为提高本发明电导率的关键步骤;经过溶刻后,阴离子交换膜保证其疏水特性和基础结构的前提下显著降低膜电阻;仅为市售阴离子交换膜电阻(约0.3 Ohm/m2)的1/4;低电阻的离子交换膜在保证电流密度情况下电压更低,减少电渗析体系中不必要的电化学反应发生,提高电渗析的效率。
所述疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜耐酸性能好,可以在1 wt%~60 wt%硫酸环境中长期保持其电化学性能;通过电渗析能分离并富集回收到40 wt%以上的硫酸。
本发明的优点和技术效果:
(1)具有超高电导率,降低含酸废水处理的能耗;
(2)能有效抑制氢离子的渗漏,提高电渗析分离富集酸产品的效率;
(3)能在酸环境中长期稳定的运行。
附图说明
图1为本发明疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜的横截面图;图中:1-酥松层,2-致密层。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例进一步说明本发明的技术解决方案,但本发明保护范围不局限与所述内容。
实施例1、以聚偏氟乙烯、聚苯胺、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮通过热相转化法成膜,再经溶刻后制成疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜。
上述疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜的具体制备工艺如下:
(1)在室温下将2.9%的聚苯胺、0.1%的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和15%的N-甲基吡咯烷酮混合搅拌2h,得到聚苯胺分散液;另外,将12%的聚偏氟乙烯和70%的N-甲基吡咯烷酮混合搅拌2h,之后将聚苯胺分散液加入疏水性聚合物溶液中继续混合搅拌4 h,得到铸膜液;
(2)将上述铸膜液超声震荡30 min,之后静置12 h;
(3)将静置后的铸膜液于玻璃板上刮成850微米厚的液膜,并于80℃下烘干得到致密的固相膜,之后在乙醇-水溶液(体积比2:1)中浸泡0.5 h,去除剩余的溶剂;
(4)将该膜放入质量浓度为98 %硫酸中进行溶刻60 min后,得到耐酸高导电阴离子交换膜(图1),其为一半粗糙一半光滑,一半酥松一半致密的非对称膜。
成膜后其疏水性约为99°,膜电阻为0.1 Ohm/cm2。
用该膜通过电渗析法回收钛白粉生产废水的硫酸,钛白粉生产废水中含有18%~22%的硫酸和多种金属杂质。
具体工艺如下:
(1)用硫化氢对钛白粉生产废水进行预处理,脱除大量的金属离子;
(2)预处理后的废水进入电渗析反应器的阴极室,以钌-铱钛电极板为阳极,不锈钢板为阴极,在40 mA/cm2的恒电流下进行电渗析;
(3)硫酸产品在电渗析的作用在阳极室富集,一周左右得到41 wt%的硫酸产品。
实施例2、以聚氯乙烯、聚苯胺、n-丙基三甲氧基硅烷通过热相转化法成膜,再经溶刻后制成疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜。
上述疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜的具体制备工艺如下:
(1)在60℃下将1.85%的聚苯胺、0.15%的n-丙基三甲氧基硅烷和20%的二甲基亚砜混合搅拌3h,得到聚苯胺分散液;另外,将10%的聚氯乙烯和68%的二甲基亚砜混合搅拌3h,之后将聚苯胺分散液加入疏水性聚合物溶液中继续混合搅拌6 h,得到铸膜液;
(2)将上述铸膜液超声震荡40min,之后静置24 h;
(3)将静置后的铸膜液于玻璃板上刮成900微米厚的液膜,并于70℃下烘干得到致密的固相膜,之后在乙醇-水溶液(体积比1/2)中浸泡1 h,去除剩余的溶剂;
(4)将该膜放入质量浓度为90%硫酸中进行溶刻90 min后,得到耐酸高导电阴离子交换膜。
成膜后其疏水性约为106°,膜电阻为0.07 Ohm/cm2。
用该膜通过电渗析法回收液相脱硫生产的废酸;二氧化硫经过电渗析液相氧化后产生含1 wt%~2 wt%硫酸和锰、铜等金属元素的含酸废水。
具体工艺如下:
(1)电渗析液相脱硫废水进入电渗析反应器的阴极室,以钌-铱钛电极板为阳极,不锈钢板为阴极,在40 mA/cm2的恒电流下进行电渗析;
(2)含酸废水中的金属离子被截留于阴极室;
(3)硫酸产品在电渗析的作用在阳极室富集,一周左右得到到47 wt%的硫酸产品。
实施例3:以聚醚砜、聚苯胺、正硅酸乙酯通过热相转化法成膜,再经溶刻后制成疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜。
上述疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜的具体制备工艺如下:
(1)在70℃下将4%的聚苯胺、0.2%的正硅酸乙酯和25%的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺混合搅拌3h,得到聚苯胺分散液;另外,将10.8%的聚醚砜和60%的N,N-二甲基甲酰胺混合搅拌3h,之后将聚苯胺分散液加入疏水性聚合物溶液中继续混合搅拌6 h,得到铸膜液;
(2)将上述铸膜液超声震荡25min,之后静置15 h;
(3)将静置后的铸膜液于玻璃板上刮成1000微米厚的液膜,并于60℃下烘干得到致密的固相膜,之后在乙醇-水溶液(体积比1/1)中浸泡1 h,去除剩余的溶剂;
(4)将该膜放入质量浓度为95%硫酸中进行溶刻120 min后,得到耐酸高导电阴离子交换膜。
成膜后其疏水性约为110°,膜电阻为0.09 Ohm/cm2。
用该膜通过电渗析法回收钢铁酸洗废水中的硝酸,该钢铁酸洗工业中含5%的硝酸和多种金属杂质。
具体工艺如下:
(1)用硫化氢对废水进行预处理,脱除大量的金属离子;
(2)预处理后的废水进入电渗析反应器的阴极室,以钌-铱钛电极板为阳极,不锈钢板为阴极,在40 mA/cm2的恒电流下进行电渗析;
(3)硝酸产品在电渗析的作用在阳极室富集,24h左右即可得到14 %的硝酸产品。
Claims (6)
1.一种疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜,其特征在于:由疏水性聚合物、聚苯胺和添加剂通过热相转化法成膜,再经溶刻后制成半致密、疏水、高电导和耐酸的阴离子交换膜。
2.权利要求1所述的疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜,其特征在于:疏水聚合物为聚偏氟乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚醚砜中的一种。
3.权利要求1所述的疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜,其特征在于:添加剂为聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、n-丙基三甲氧基硅烷、正硅酸乙酯中的一种。
4.权利要求1所述的疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜的制备方法,其特征在于具体步骤如下:
(1)在20~70℃下将聚苯胺、添加剂和溶剂Ⅰ混合搅拌2h以上,得到聚苯胺分散液;将疏水性聚合物和溶剂Ⅱ混合搅拌2h以上,之后将聚苯胺分散液加入疏水性聚合物溶液中继续混合搅拌4h以上,得到铸膜液;其中,按原料总质量的百分数计,聚苯胺、添加剂、溶剂Ⅰ、疏水性聚合物、溶剂Ⅱ的添加量分别为1%~4%、0.1%~0.2%、15%~25%、10%~15%和60%~70%;
(2)将铸膜液超声震荡20~40 min,之后静置12~30 h;
(3)将静置后的铸膜液于玻璃板上刮成800~1000微米厚的液膜,并于60~80℃下烘干得到致密的固相膜,之后在乙醇-水溶液中浸泡0.5~2 h,去除剩余的溶剂;
(4)将该膜放入质量浓度为85%~98%硫酸中进行溶刻30~120 min后,得到耐酸高导电阴离子交换膜。
5.根据权利要求4所述的疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜的制备方法,其特征在于:溶剂Ⅰ或溶剂Ⅱ为N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、二甲基亚砜中的一种。
6.根据权利要求4所述的疏水性耐酸高电导率阴离子交换膜的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中乙醇-水溶液是乙醇和水按体积比1:3~3:1的比例混合。
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