CN107848896A - 在炉内烧结碳体的方法 - Google Patents

在炉内烧结碳体的方法 Download PDF

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CN107848896A
CN107848896A CN201680036691.8A CN201680036691A CN107848896A CN 107848896 A CN107848896 A CN 107848896A CN 201680036691 A CN201680036691 A CN 201680036691A CN 107848896 A CN107848896 A CN 107848896A
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沃尔夫冈·莱森贝格
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    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
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    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/515—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics
    • C04B35/52—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on non-oxide ceramics based on carbon, e.g. graphite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/622—Forming processes; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
    • C04B35/64—Burning or sintering processes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B13/00—Furnaces with both stationary charge and progression of heating, e.g. of ring type, of type in which segmental kiln moves over stationary charge
    • F27B13/04—Furnaces with both stationary charge and progression of heating, e.g. of ring type, of type in which segmental kiln moves over stationary charge of single-chamber type with temporary partitions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/02—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity of multiple-track type; of multiple-chamber type; Combinations of furnaces
    • F27B9/021—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity of multiple-track type; of multiple-chamber type; Combinations of furnaces having two or more parallel tracks
    • F27B9/022—With two tracks moving in opposite directions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/14—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment
    • F27B9/20—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace
    • F27B9/24—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace being carried by a conveyor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/14—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment
    • F27B9/20—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace
    • F27B9/24—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace being carried by a conveyor
    • F27B9/243—Endless-strand conveyor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/14—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment
    • F27B9/20—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace
    • F27B9/26—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity characterised by the path of the charge during treatment; characterised by the means by which the charge is moved during treatment the charge moving in a substantially straight path tunnel furnace on or in trucks, sleds, or containers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/30—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B9/3005—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types arrangements for circulating gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B9/00—Furnaces through which the charge is moved mechanically, e.g. of tunnel type; Similar furnaces in which the charge moves by gravity
    • F27B9/30—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
    • F27B9/36—Arrangements of heating devices
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D5/00—Supports, screens, or the like for the charge within the furnace
    • F27D5/0068—Containers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D9/00—Cooling of furnaces or of charges therein
    • F27D2009/007—Cooling of charges therein

Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于在炉子中烧结碳体(16)的方法，炉子至少包括用于接收容纳在填料(23)中的碳体的第一炉腔(11)，碳体布置在炉腔的侧腔壁(12、13、21)之间，并且炉腔用于形成预热区V、设有加热装置的加热区H以及冷却区A，其中使用至少部分地由高导热材料制成的填料(23)。

Description

在炉内烧结碳体的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于在炉内烧结碳体的方法，炉子至少包括第一炉腔，该第一炉腔用于接收容纳在填料中的碳体，碳体布置在炉腔的侧腔壁之间，并且炉腔用于形成预热区、设有加热装置的加热区以及冷却区。
背景技术
上述类型的方法在不同的炉子中实施，这种方法发生在所谓的环形炉中确实是最常见的应用，其中碳体静止地布置在炉中，并且通过改变移动式加热装置相对于多个炉腔的布置将炉子分成预热区、加热区和冷却区，该加热装置通常被称为炉火。炉腔的各个部分在室温和高达1300℃之间被周期性地加热和冷却。
炉腔内衬的耐火材料在不同情况下都必须同时加热。耐火材料的显著的质量对环形炉的能量平衡产生不利影响。而且，周期性的加热和冷却会对炉体造成损坏，并且导致耐火材料的相应磨损，每隔大约7至10年必须更换耐火材料。
当布置在炉腔中时，碳体嵌入填料中，该填料通常由煅烧石油焦制成并且在烧结过程中基本上具有三个明显的功能，即：屏蔽周围空气以防止氧化；可渗透的以便允许在预热区内的预热期间从碳体逸出的挥发性成分(特别是碳氢化合物)得以耗散；以及特别地，从炉腔的腔壁向碳体传递热量。
填料的热导率相对较差，约为0.3W/mK，这导致填料的温度下降高达100开尔文以上。这限制了可能的热传递，由此限制了炉产量，并且由于排气温度的增加而使环形炉的能量效率进一步恶化。
此外，允许连续烧结方法的炉子是已知的，其中，如从WO 99/06779中已知的，在这种情况下由生阳极形成的碳体连同围绕碳体的填料一起被输送穿过竖直炉通道。碳体通过重力输送穿过炉通道，由多个阳极形成的阳极柱连续降低，从阳极柱移除最下面的被烧结的阳极，随后加入生阳极作为阳极柱的最上面的阳极。考虑到阳极柱中的阳极竖直排列，一起输送的填料也具有基本上竖直的布置。
特别是在加热区下游的下部冷却区中，填料的最大压缩和通常由煅烧焦炭组成的填料的研磨效果导致通道壁的表面的磨损增加，使得需要提前更换形成通道壁的耐火材料(特别是在冷却区中)。
此外，已知的炉子包括堆叠在阳极柱中的阳极，该炉子的炉通道的竖直取向导致预热区中最上面的阳极过热，使得需要额外的冷却以在预热区中设定期望的阳极温度，额外的冷却对连续方法的能量效率具有不利影响。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的是提出一种方法，该方法允许炉子同时相对无磨损地且高能效地运行。
为了实现该目的，根据本发明的方法具有权利要求1的特征。
根据本发明，使用至少部分地由高导热材料制成的填料。
特别是与煅烧石油焦相比，由高导热材料形成的填料的导热性能尤其优异，这导致该方法的能量平衡得到改善，而与所使用的炉子类型无关。
优选地，填料至少部分地由石墨材料制成。
特别有利的是，填料主要由石墨材料制成。
基于经济上的考虑，人造石墨或人造石墨颗粒(其中任一者也可以由石墨化石油焦炭组成)是特别合适的石墨材料。
特别有利的是，将由在不锈钢生产中所用的电极的电极残留物组成的材料用作例如石墨材料，该石墨材料优选被颗粒化。
与上述连续烧结方法相比，特别有利的是，碳体连同至少部分地由石墨材料制成的填料一起排列成排，并且以下面的方式水平地输送穿过形成在炉腔的腔壁之间的炉通道：碳体排被相继地输送通过预热区V、加热区H和冷却区A。
通过这种方式，填料的填充高度基本上可以限制于碳体的高度，从而避免了上述的不期望的压缩作用。而且，通过设置碳体之间的距离，可以避免碳体排内的热传导。
填料至少部分地由石墨材料制成且连同碳体一起被输送，因为这种填料的滑动特性特别地与通常用作填料的煅烧石油焦相比尤其优异，所以几乎没有由炉通道表面的填料引起的研磨效果。
如果与第一输送机的输送方向平行且相反地，第二输送机将第二排碳体输送通过与第一炉腔相邻的第二炉腔的炉通道，则与上述连续烧结过程相比，根据本发明的方法允许实现能量效率的显著提高，第一炉腔的炉通道以下面的方式通过传热腔壁与第二炉腔的炉通道分开，即第一炉腔的预热区与第二炉腔的冷却区相对布置，并且热量经由腔壁在冷却区和预热区之间传递。通过这种方式，热量经由填料和腔壁直接在布置于第一输送机上的碳体和布置于第二输送机上的碳体之间传递。
为了改善传热，有利的是，热量经由腔壁的壁元件的耐火材料传递，耐火材料的陶瓷块含有碳化硅或石墨。
特别有利的是，热量经由容纳在腔壁的壁元件内的耐火材料壳体中的高导热材料芯传递。
相比于由具有显著热阻的耐火壁元件组成的传统腔壁，优选由石墨制成的导热材料芯显著地降低了热阻。
如果限定的热导率通过材料芯的形状来设定，则可以特别地结合为填料选择的材料来确切地设定热量流，该热量流在由烧制曲线预定的温度差下，将导致在热碳体和冷碳体之间的期望的加热梯度和冷却梯度。
如果传热介质通过形成在壁元件中的流动通道循环，以便从壁元件散热，其中流动通道在腔壁中形成优选蜿蜒的通道，则可以将热导率(即壁中的热量流)设定成低的炉产量，并且可以在较高产量的情况下，经由流动通道中的传热介质耗散多余的热量。
如果使用空气作为传热介质，则例如可以将由此被加热的空气作为助燃空气馈送至加热区。
附图说明
以下参照附图更详细地解释根据本发明的方法的实施例和根据本发明的炉子的实施例。
图1示出了炉子的一部分的等距视图；
图2示出了图1所示炉子的横截面图；
图3示出了构造为反向行进炉的炉子的示意图；
图4示出了作为反向行进炉运行的炉子的能量平衡的图示；
图5示出了腔壁的壁元件；
图6示出了壁元件的另一个实施例；
图7示出了由多个壁元件组成的腔壁。
具体实施方式
图1示出了包括炉腔11的炉子10的炉通道14的一部分，炉腔11的侧腔壁12、13形成炉通道14。炉腔11具有由输送机15形成的腔底部，碳体16在腔底部上排列成排17。在当前情况下，形成腔底部的输送器15由多个炉车18构成，这些炉车在炉通道14的纵向方向上前后依次排列，这些炉车形成在炉通道14的纵向方向上基本上连续的腔底部表面，并且在炉通道14中，这些炉车中的每一个在形成于底部的导轨19中被引导，用于纵向地进给炉车18。
图1中炉子10的图示仅仅示出了炉子的炉通道14的纵向部分，在当前情况下所述部分是炉通道14的预热区20，炉通道14被分成预热区V，加热区H和冷却区A，如图3中构造为反向行进装置的炉子10的示意图所示。如图3进一步所示，炉子10除了炉通道14之外还具有另一炉通道20，炉通道20特别是通过将另一腔壁21附加至腔壁12、13而形成，另一炉腔40由此形成。第二炉通道20设置有输送机22，该输送机被构造为反向输送机并且允许逆着第一输送机15的输送方向进给炉车18。两个炉通道14和20设置有彼此相对的加热装置，由此相应的加热区H彼此相对地形成。
参照图3所示的实施例，在炉子10的操作期间，炉通道14中的炉车18从右向左移动通过炉通道14，炉通道14的起始部分由此形成预热区V。通过加热区H后，炉车18上的碳体16进入冷却区A并且最终被输送出炉通道14。在与炉通道14平行的炉通道20中，碳体16从左向右移动，这意味着炉通道20的预热区V与炉通道14的冷却区A相对地形成，并且意味着在通过加热区H后，碳体16进入在炉通道20的右端的冷却区A。
炉子10在输送机15和22以相反方向输送的情况下被操作，以及由此导致冷却区A和预热区V分别彼此相对地布置，这具有以下效果：由于在相对区域中的操作而引起的温度梯度允许碳体16有效地冷却和加热，而不需要外部能量供应。
此外，炉子10的特定能量效率由以下事实来支持：至少部分地由石墨材料制成的填料23用作用于容纳碳体16的填料23，特别地如在图1和2中所示，填料为碳体16屏蔽周围空气。
特别地如图2所示，与碳体16和腔壁12、13的表面直接接触的填料23允许通过热传导来进行热传递，填料23的特定热导率根据石墨材料的量可以高达石油焦炭的热导率的三倍，从而允许在腔壁12、13与碳体16之间特别良好地热传递，其中腔壁12、13设置有用于传导加热气体的流动通道24。
通过利用各向同性石墨的材料芯27，如图5所示的、出于强度的原因必须具有约400mm的厚度的壁元件25的热阻基本上可以降低到陶瓷壳的热阻。
为了实现在腔壁12、13的流动通道24中流动的加热气体与填料23之间特别良好的热传递，腔壁12、13由壁元件25组成，其中，如通过图5中的示例所示，流动通道24通过以下方式形成：由石墨制成的材料芯27插入到壁元件25的空腔26中，材料芯27将空腔26分成流动通道24。因此，图5所示的壁元件25基本上由插入耐火材料制成的壳体28中的石墨体形成。
通过这种方式，达到了高达80％的高回收率。图4定量地地示出了利用填料23和腔壁操作的炉子10的可实现的能量平衡，填料由石墨颗粒形成，腔壁由具有石墨制成的材料芯的壁元件组成。根据图4，热量回收涵盖了所需加热能量的大约80％，炉子的加热装置仅依靠来自碳体的挥发性碳氢化合物作为燃料来运行。排气温度足够高，使得其还涵盖了用于例如可以由阳极形成的碳体16的加热能量，即例如用于加热揉搓混合机，该揉搓混合机混合由煅烧焦炭和沥青组成的用于阳极的糊料。这意味着炉子不需要一次能源，而是放热地运行。
图6示出了具有石墨材料芯32的壁元件30，该材料芯32由石墨制成并且嵌入由耐火材料制成的壳体31中。耐火材料由含有碳化硅和/或石墨的陶瓷块组成，以提高它的热导率。流动通道33形成在壳体31的耐火材料中。
如图7所示，排成一排的多个壁元件30可以被组合以形成腔壁，使得各个壁元件30的流动通道33通过弯曲部分34相互连接，从而形成蜿蜒的壁通道34。类似于流动通道33，弯曲部分也可以布置在相应地形成的壁元件中，尽管图7简化了图示。

Claims (15)

1.一种用于在炉子(10、30)中烧结碳体(16)的方法，炉子(10、30)至少包括用于接收容纳在填料(23)中的所述碳体的第一炉腔(11)，所述碳体布置在所述炉腔的侧腔壁(12、13、21、35)之间，并且所述炉腔用于形成预热区V、设有加热装置的加热区H以及冷却区A，
其特征在于，使用至少部分地由高导热材料制成的填料(23)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述填料(23)至少部分地由石墨材料制成。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述填料(23)主要由石墨材料制成。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，使用人造石墨作为所述石墨材料。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法，其特征在于，所述人造石墨被颗粒化。
6.根据权利要求3至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用石墨化石油焦炭作为所述石墨材料。
7.根据权利要求2至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，使用由用过的电极的残留物组成的回收材料作为所述石墨材料。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述碳体(16)连同至少部分地由石墨材料制成的所述填料(23)一起布置成排(17)，并且以下面的方式水平地输送穿过形成在所述炉腔(11、26)的所述腔壁(12、13、21、35)之间的炉通道(14、20)：碳体排被相继地输送通过所述预热区V、所述加热区H和所述冷却区A。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，平行于且逆着第一输送机(15)的输送方向，第二输送机(22)将第二排(17)碳体(16)水平地输送通过与所述第一炉腔(11)相邻的第二炉腔(26)的炉通道(20)，所述第一炉腔的炉通道(14)以下面的方式通过传热腔壁(13、35)与所述第二炉腔的炉通道(20)分开：所述第一炉腔的预热区V与所述第二炉腔的冷却区A相对布置，并且热量经由所述腔壁在所述冷却区A和所述预热区V之间传递。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，热量经由所述腔壁(13、35)的所述壁元件(25、30)的耐火材料传递，所述耐火材料的陶瓷块含有碳化硅或石墨。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，热量经由高导热的材料芯(27、32)传递，所述材料芯(27、32)容纳在所述腔壁(13、35)的所述壁元件(25、30)内的由耐火材料制成的壳体(28、31)中。
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，热量经由由石墨制成的材料芯(27、32)传递。
13.根据权利要求11或12所述的方法，其特征在于，通过材料芯(27、32)的形状来设定限定的热导率。
14.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，为了从所述壁元件(30)散热，传热介质通过形成在所述壁元件中的流动通道(33)循环，所述流动通道(33)在所述腔壁(35)中形成蜿蜒的壁通道(34)。
15.根据权利要求14所述的方法，其特征在于，空气用作所述传热介质。
CN201680036691.8A 2015-06-23 2016-06-16 在炉内烧结碳体的方法 Pending CN107848896A (zh)

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