CN107810815B - Whole-process field operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources - Google Patents

Whole-process field operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources Download PDF

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CN107810815B
CN107810815B CN201710978769.4A CN201710978769A CN107810815B CN 107810815 B CN107810815 B CN 107810815B CN 201710978769 A CN201710978769 A CN 201710978769A CN 107810815 B CN107810815 B CN 107810815B
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cotton
film
test
drip irrigation
time
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CN107810815A (en
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师维军
马君
李春平
张黎
吾买尔江·库尔班
牙生·玉努斯
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INSTITUTE OF CASH CROPS XINJIANG ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C1/00—Apparatus, or methods of use thereof, for testing or treating seed, roots, or the like, prior to sowing or planting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G13/00—Protecting plants
    • A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
    • A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
    • A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
    • A01G13/0275—Films
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/28—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture specially adapted for farming

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Abstract

The invention discloses a field whole-process operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources, which comprises the following steps of: step 1, sowing; step 2, field management; and 3, pest control. According to the method, a series of field specific operations such as personnel experience and qualification, personnel composition, data acquisition, sample acquisition methods and the like related to the accurate identification of cotton germplasm resources, namely seed preparation, experimental ground preparation to sowing, field management, pest control and observation, investigation and identification, are scientifically agreed, standardized and clearly required, so that errors possibly caused by time-space and human factors on identification and evaluation results are reduced to the maximum extent.

Description

Whole-process field operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture, and relates to a field whole-process operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources.
Background
Cotton is a necessity of people's life, and is also an important industrial raw material and strategic material, playing an important role in national economic development.
After more than 30 years of development of Xinjiang cotton production, a batch of high-yield, high-quality, disease-resistant and early-maturing excellent new varieties are bred, a high-yield, high-quality and high-efficiency modern cotton planting technical mode which takes wide film coverage, precision dibbling and under-film drip irrigation as main marks and has the leading level in the world is formed, the Xinjiang cotton area, the total yield and the single yield are continuous for many years and are at the top of the country, the Xinjiang cotton occupies the half-wall Jiangshan of the country, and the Xinjiang cotton becomes the most main cotton production base of China. The remarkable achievement obtained in Xinjiang cotton production is obvious, and the contribution of excellent and new varieties is obvious. And the breeding of the excellent variety comes from abundant and diverse germplasm resources. The accurate field identification of the germplasm resource materials is the basis of the research of the exploitation and innovative utilization of germplasm resources and is also the important and key research content of the germplasm resources. However, in practice, due to the lack of scientific, unified and standardized operation methods for field accurate identification tests, test errors caused by different years and different places cannot be effectively eliminated, and especially different testers often have great subjectivity in the accurate identification test process according to different experiences and comprehensions of the testers, which is very unfavorable for the accuracy of test results.
In a word, the purpose of the accurate identification of the cotton germplasm resources is to obtain accurate and complete test result data so as to objectively, comprehensively and accurately evaluate the germplasm resource materials and lay a foundation for further research and utilization of the germplasm resources. The accurate identification is the most important basic research work of the germplasm resources, and relates to a large amount of test works such as field observation, investigation, identification, evaluation, sampling and the like. The existing cotton germplasm resource accurate identification technology mainly emphasizes the object (character) of identification (evaluation) and the standard of identification (evaluation), does not make uniform and clear regulations and requirements on how to carry out standardized field tests, and easily causes that the test results are different from time to time, from place to person, the accuracy of the test results is greatly influenced, and the aim of accurate identification cannot be completely fulfilled.
Therefore, in the prior art, a scientific, standardized and unified field test operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a field whole-process operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources.
The specific technical scheme is as follows:
a field whole-process operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources comprises the following steps:
step 1, sowing
1.1 Pre-broadcast preparation
1.1.1 seed preparation
The seeds of the reference material require hair seeds. After blighted grains, broken seeds and abnormal seeds are removed, the seed paper bags are taken according to 35 to 40 grams per test cell, and the serial numbers in the current year are compiled in the paper bag fixing positions in a unified way according to the test design.
1.1.2 preparation of the test
According to the requirements of the Xinjiang cotton high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode. Care was taken to ensure uniform force throughout the trial.
1.2 cultivation mode and plant-row spacing configuration
The cultivation method is carried out according to a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton. The seedling density is controlled to be 1.25 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2About 1.35 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
The mulching film is 1.25m wide, one film has 4 rows, and the other film has two belts. The row spacing of the plants is (20+50+20) +55cm, the plant spacing is 12cm, the average row spacing is 37.5cm, and the theoretical density is 1.53 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
The mulching film is 1.45m wide. One film 4 rows, one film two belts. The row spacing of the plants is (30+45+30) +55cm or (25+55+25) +55, the plant spacing is 12cm, the average row spacing is 40.0cm, and the theoretical density is 1.39 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
The mulching film in partial area can also be selected from 1.80-2.02m of ultra-wide film (machine cotton picking mode) with 6 rows of film, the plant row spacing is configured to be (10+66+10+66+10) +66, the plant spacing is 10 cm, the theoretical density is 1.75 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
1.3 film mulching and sowing
1.3.1 film coating and perforating
Adopts a precision dibbler to complete film laying, drip tube belt laying and punching at one time. The soil covering part of the precision dibbler is adjusted to be not covered with soil, and a film hole is reserved for sowing.
1.3.2 cell planning
And marking out a test cell and reserving a walkway from the test ground with the film covered and the holes punched according to the test design. Specifically, a 50-100m tape or a marking rope is utilized, after two ends of the marking rope are straightened and fixed, a shovel is used for taking away fine broken soil between the rows and uniformly scattering the fine broken soil along the marking rope at a constant speed to draw a straight line.
1.3.3 seed discharge
And placing the prepared test material seed paper bags on one end of each test cell marked in the test field according to the test design.
1.3.4 sowing mode and quality requirement
And (5) manual dibbling. The test workers are responsible for distributing one cell according to each person, and the next cell is arranged after the cell is broadcasted. Under the condition that the land preparation and film paving quality before sowing meets the requirement, two seeds are taken and put into the drilled holes, and the penetration depth of the seeds under the film is ensured to be 1.5-2 cm. And (5) putting the residual seeds into a base paper bag and putting the seeds back to the original place.
Meanwhile, in a plurality of districts, a tester is arranged to use a shovel to obtain fine broken soil between rows and evenly cover the sowed film holes, the thickness of the covering soil is about 1.0cm, and the width of the covering soil is preferably no more than 7cm when covering the film holes. Note that the casing thickness and width are strictly consistent.
The test requires that the seeds are sown in the same day but can not be sown in the same day, and the seeds are sown in the same day by the same repetition.
1.4 check registration
After each repeated sowing, according to the test design, timely registering and checking whether the sowing error and the sowing missing exist, and the reference material names and the numbers in the current year need to be in one-to-one correspondence. And recovering the residual seeds for standby according to the sequence of the cell numbers.
Step 2, field management
The field management is carried out according to the technical requirements of a Xinjiang high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode. All management technical measures in the test field should be finished in the same day, cannot be finished in the same day, and the same repetition should be finished in the same day.
2.1 management of seedling stage
2.1.1 reseeding and final singling
And (4) after sowing, the seeds germinate and are jacked to soil, seedlings are checked in time in the current period, and the germination is accelerated and the seeds are replenished in the seedling-lacking plot. Finding out the residual seeds correspondingly sowed in the seedling lacking plot, soaking the seeds, accelerating germination and supplementing the seeds, and ensuring enough strains in the plot.
When 80% of the tested materials emerge to one leaf and one heart, enough manpower is arranged for timely final singling. The seedling is determined by one hole and one seedling.
2.1.2 intertillage weeding
After sowing, the cultivation can be started, and the depth is not more than 15 cm. Meanwhile, attention is paid to manual weeding in time.
2.2 management from bud stage to boll stage
The method is mainly used for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests, and is characterized by chemical regulation and reasonable water and fertilizer regulation. Meanwhile, the weeds in the test field are cleared in time.
2.3 topping and pruning
The topping time of the Xinjiang cotton area (south Xinjiang) is about 7 months and 15 days generally. The field test requires that the topping finish time is not later than 7 months and 20 days. When topping, 1 leaf and 1 heart are removed from each cell.
The reference material was not trimmed in principle.
2.4 management of boll opening period
The emphasis is on the control of cotton bollworm and tetranychid. The regulation and control of water and fertilizer are paid attention to prevent vigorous growth and premature senility.
2.5 liquid manure management
According to the technical requirements of water and fertilizer management of a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton.
2.5.1 drip irrigation
Carry maintenance tool, material before driping irrigation, the inspection is responsible for and connects, the valve, inspects every burette area joint, inspects every burette area simultaneously during driping irrigation, and the discovery problem is in time solved.
2.5.2 drip irrigation time
The initial water drip time of the Xinjiang cotton area is generally in the middle of 6 months. Head water was drip-irrigated experimentally at the point when 10% of the test material reached anthesis. The water supply is stopped from 8 months to 9 months. The specific water cut-off time is determined according to the current year climate condition, soil moisture content and cotton plant growth vigor.
2.5.3 irrigation times
Dripping water for 9-12 times in the whole growth period, and the average dripping amount per time is 15m3～20m3/666.7m2And the water consumption for drip irrigation in the whole growth period is 250m3～300m3/666.7m2。
Generally, 2 to 3 times of water drops in 6 months, and the water drop amount is 12m each time3～15m3/666.7m2And the drip irrigation period is 7-8 days. Dripping for 4-5 times in 7 months with water amount of 20m each time3～25m3/666.7m2And the drip irrigation period is 6-7 days. Dripping 3-4 times in 8 months with 20m of water per time3～25m3/666.7m2And the drip irrigation period is 7-10 days.In last 9 th month, 1 time of water dropping can be carried out as appropriate, with the water dropping amount of 10m3～15m3/666.7m2。
The drip irrigation frequency and the specific drip irrigation quantity of each time can be determined according to the weather condition, soil condition, first water, morning and evening and the growth vigor of cotton plants in the same year.
Drip irrigation is taken charge of a specially-assigned person, and the drip irrigation date, time, the weather condition of the day and the drip irrigation amount are recorded; the fertilizer pesticide is applied along with the water drop, and the types, the fertilizer dropping amount and the pesticide application amount of the fertilizer pesticide are recorded.
2.5.4 base fertilizer and drip topdressing
And (3) according to the technical requirements of water and fertilizer management of a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton, applying base fertilizer and flower bell fertilizer again, and applying potassium fertilizer additionally.
Base fertilizer, generally applying high-quality farmyard manure for 3m3/666.7m2Diammonium phosphate 25-30kg/666.7m2Urea 10kg/666.7m25kg/666.7m potash fertilizer2。
And (5) topdressing, namely, dripping the fertilizer for 5-8 times along with water in the whole growth period. Respectively at the 2 nd to 3 rd water drops. 2-5kg/666.7m of urea is applied along with water drops2+ 1-2kg/666.7m of diammonium phosphate for drip irrigation2The total amount of urea is about 20kg, and the amount of the drip irrigation diammonium phosphate is 7-10 kg. Or 4-5kg/666.7m of special fertilizer for drip irrigation is applied each time2The total amount of the fertilizer is about 25 kg.
2.6 chemical control
Mepiquat chloride is used for chemical control. In the experimental site, the water and fertilizer regulation is mainly used, the chemical regulation is used as an auxiliary, and the full growth period is generally regulated and aminated for 1-3 times.
The dosage of the first time is 0.3-0.5g/666.7m in the main stem 2-3 true leaf stage2(ii) a The second time is at the stage of 6-8 main stems and leaves, the dosage is 1.5-2.0g/666.7m2(ii) a The third time, 5-7 days after topping, the dosage is 5g/666.7m2。
Step 3 pest control
The Xinjiang cotton area is mainly used for preventing and controlling insect pests, wherein the insect pests mainly comprise seedling stage thrips, boll stage cotton bollworms, cotton spider mites and aphids. The prevention and control mode of the test field is mainly medicament spraying. The control operation should be finished on the same day, but not finished on the same day, and the same repetition should be finished on the same day.
3.1 Cotton thrips
After emergence of seedlings in each cell of the test field, the pesticide is sprayed in time for prevention and control, and the prevention and control are carried out on the surrounding cotton fields at the same time. The prevention and treatment can be carried out again after 7 days according to the pesticide effect time and the harm degree.
3.2 bollworm control
After the cotton bollworm harm is observed in the field, the corresponding medicament is selected in time for preventing and treating, so that the diffusion harm is prevented.
3.3 Tetranychus urticae control
The cotton spider mites (red spiders) need to be early checked and treated, and the control of the patch is well coordinated and comprehensive control with the cotton field around the test point.
The method mainly comprises the steps of spot control, timely marking when harmful plants are found, adopting medicament treatment, controlling the source of the spot insects, requiring spraying on the front side and the back side, reducing field activities, preventing mechanical accelerated diffusion and spread of personnel, rechecking after 2-3 days, continuing spraying if necessary, controlling diffusion and spread, and timely irrigating in combination with spraying. The medicine can also be applied along with drip irrigation.
3.4 aphid control
From the seedling stage, attention is paid to observing the aphid occurrence condition of the test field, the aphid can not be generally sprayed and used in the initial stage of occurrence, and the strategies of spot-film generation and spot-film prevention and control are adopted and controlled by natural enemies. The medicine is coated on one side of the alternate red and green cotton stems, and the length of the medicine is 2-5 cm. If the harm trend is still aggravated, the medicament is spotted and sprayed to treat the harm of the cotton plants.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the method, a series of field specific operations such as personnel experience and qualification, personnel composition, data acquisition, sample acquisition methods and the like related to the accurate identification of cotton germplasm resources, namely seed preparation, experimental ground preparation to sowing, field management, pest control and observation, investigation and identification, are scientifically agreed, standardized and clearly required, so that errors possibly caused by time-space and human factors on identification and evaluation results are reduced to the maximum extent.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific embodiments.
A field whole-process operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources comprises the following steps:
1. range of
The method specifies the terms, definitions, requirements and operation methods of the field accurate identification test of the cotton germplasm resources in the Xinjiang cotton area and the field management technology.
2. Terms and definitions
The following terms and definitions apply to the present process.
Cotton germplasm resource
The cotton germplasm resource refers to all cotton materials used for cultivating new cotton varieties. Mainly comprises local cotton varieties, improved varieties, newly bred varieties, introduced varieties, breeding intermediate materials or mutants, wild species and the like.
Isolated test seeds
The introduced germplasm resources are planted in a certain isolation environment to control possible quarantine insect pests.
Field test
And (4) planting the germplasm resources in the field to perform an observation, identification and evaluation test on the germplasm resources.
Reference material
Refers to the specific germ plasm resource for seeding participating in the field test.
Single plant
Refers to a specific cotton plant in each cell of the reference material. If the bolls are separately harvested according to one strain after opening the bolls, the bolls refer to one strain of seed cotton, ginned cotton and seeds.
Control
And the reference material is used for the reference standard for observing, identifying and evaluating the germplasm resources.
Hair seed
Cotton seeds which are not processed by removing a layer of short fibers growing on the surface of the cotton seeds.
Plastic film mulching
After the cotton seeds are sown or at the same time they are covered with plastic film to create the light, hot water, fertilizer and gas conditions favorable to the emergence of cotton seedlings and the growth of seedling root system, so that the uniform and strong seedlings are realized, and the cotton is promoted to early mature, high-quality and high-yield.
Drip irrigation under film
The irrigation mode of irrigating and fertilizing cotton by using the special plastic pipe belt laid under the mulching film can provide more accurate and suitable water and fertilizer conditions for the growth and development of cotton.
High density
The number of cotton plants in unit area is obviously higher than that of cotton plants in other cotton areas, which is suitable for natural ecological climate conditions in Xinjiang.
Cultivation mode
Means a plastic film mulching, drip irrigation under film and high-density planting mode in Xinjiang.
Wide film
Refers to an agricultural plastic film with the width of the film surface of 1.25-1.45 m.
Ultra-wide film
Refers to an agricultural plastic film with the width of the film surface larger than 1.8 m.
Design of experiments
In order to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of the test result and improve the test efficiency, the test site, the planting mode, the planting area, the planting quantity and the mutual planting position of the materials to be tested in the field test are designed and arranged.
Cell
The area covered by each of the test materials was planted, including the ratio of the area between adjacent test materials.
Repetition (spatial repetition, temporal repetition)
In order to reduce test errors, the test materials are planted in more than 2 cells in the same test or planted for more than 2 years.
Seedling rate
After the cotton seedlings emerge and grow to one leaf and one core, the number of cotton seedling plants which actually survive and can normally grow accounts for the percentage of the total number of the sowed plants.
Sowing time
The field trials were conducted on the date of each repeat of seeding.
Stage of emergence
And (3) the date that 50% of seeds in the plot germinate and the leaves of the earthnut are flat and green.
Bud stage
And (3) the date of the triangular flower buds visible to naked eyes with the size of about 3 mm on 50% of cotton plant fruit branches in the plot.
Early flowering stage
The cotton plants in 10% of the plot bloom at the initial stage.
Flowering period
The date when 50% of cotton plants in the plot bloom is the flowering period.
Boll opening period
The date when 50% of cotton plants in the plot begin to open cotton bolls is the boll opening period.
Growth period
Days from emergence to boll opening.
Full growth period
Days from sowing to boll opening.
Seedling stage
The growing stage from the germination of the sown seeds to the bud stage.
Bud phase
The reproductive stage from budding to flowering.
Flowering period
50% of cotton plants appeared with the first flower as they entered the flowering phase.
Full bloom stage
When 50% of cotton plants bloom to the 5 th fruit branch to the 6 th fruit branch, the cotton plants enter the full-bloom stage.
Period of flower bell
The growth stage from the flowering period to the boll opening period of the cotton plant.
Wadding period
The boll opening period reaches the end of harvesting.
Birth process
The period and progress of each birth phase. Including seeding, seedling stage, bud stage, flower bell stage and cotton seed stage.
Chemical control
The chemical means (mainly mepiquat chloride) is used for controlling and regulating the growth and development of cotton.
Topping
One leaf and one core at the top end of the main stem are picked off in the cotton boll stage to inhibit the vegetative growth and ensure the normal growth and development of the existing bud bolls.
Foliage spraying
The cotton is subjected to fertilization, pesticide application and chemical control by a sprayer by utilizing the absorption capacity of cotton leaves.
Flower before frost
Refers to the normal boll opening seed cotton collected within 7 days after the first frost resurgence.
Flower after frost
The cotton bolls are immature but dehydrated and cracked to form seed cotton after being frosted for 7 days for the first time.
Boll opening device
When the cotton bolls are mature and cracked, the seed cotton can be normally harvested when being exposed.
Isolated selfing
The pollen of other cotton plants is isolated by means of a net room, a net bag, flower closure and the like so as to self-pollinate the plants.
Bud bell falling off
The method is characterized in that partial buds and young bolls on cotton plants drop off due to the characteristics of cotton, the light and heat imbalance of external water, fertilizer and insect damage and the like.
Management of field
Refers to a series of field operations carried out according to the requirements of the cultivation mode in order to ensure the normal growth and development of the materials to be tested.
Investigation of the field
And (4) carrying out field observation and recording on the conditions of the reference materials in the field test, which are related to the performance of the characters.
Identification in the field
And (3) performing field identification and evaluation on the property performance of the reference materials in the field test according to a certain method and standard, and recording by referring to a contrast.
Record in the field
And (5) recording the performance of the reference material in different growth periods on site. Including text picture video.
Sampling in field
Mainly means that a certain amount of seed cotton is respectively harvested to the materials to be tested in the boll opening period according to the test requirements and the cells. According to different test purposes, cotton plant leaves, flowers, bolls and the like are also included.
Recording book
The notebook is used for recording relevant work of field tests in the current year and is divided into two major books.
Original data record book
And the notebook is used for recording the original data of field identification and seed test.
Seed examination bell
And in the boll opening period, cotton bolls which are normally bolled in the middle of a certain number of cotton plants are respectively harvested according to the test requirements and used as seed test bolls.
Harvest and yield measurement
After sampling and seed test in the field, all the cotton boll seed cotton which is normally bolled is respectively collected for the reference materials according to the cells, including the cotton blossoming before frost and the cotton blossoming after frost. And (5) counting field sampling and seed test bells during production.
Examination of species
Weighing and ginning seed cotton samples obtained by field sampling, respectively collecting ginned cotton samples and seeds, and carrying out investigation, test and registration on boll weight, clothes branch, seed finger, fiber quality and the like. So as to comprehensively evaluate the properties of the tested materials, such as yield, quality and the like.
Examination sampling
Ginned cotton or seeds are adopted according to the test requirements after ginning the seed cotton sampled in the field.
Clothes divider
The weight of the lint in the unit of the reference material, cotton, based on the weight of the cotton wool.
Bell weight
The dry weight of the boll in which the middle of the test material cotton plant normally cracks and opens to make cotton boll open is determined.
Finger ring
The weight of 100 cotton seeds is expressed in grams.
Seed cotton sample
Cotton was picked from the cotton plant of the reference material without ginning treatment.
Ginned cotton sample
Cotton fiber obtained after ginning by a roller ginning machine.
Quality of fiber
The result of HVI test on the ginned cotton sample mainly includes average upper half length mm, length uniformity, micronaire value, breaking strength CN/tex, breaking elongation, maturity, short fiber rate and textile consistency index.
Quality test
The ginned cotton samples were tested by HVI.
Ginning
The seed cotton seeds of the reference material were mechanically separated from the fibers to obtain seed and lint samples.
Roller cotton gin
A machine for separating cotton seeds and cotton fibers from the seed cotton by the alternate movement of an upper blade and a lower blade and the rotation of a leather roller.
Quality traits
Refers to a trait that can be described by text.
Quantitative traits
Refers to a trait described by a number.
Number of the year
And the reference material field test current year district number is indicated.
Number of last year
The number of the district in the last year of the field test of the materials to be tested is referred.
Name of Material
Refers to the original formal name or code number of the reference material.
Net bag
The bag is sewn by nylon mesh cloth and is used for harvesting and containing seed cotton and seeds.
Paper bag
The paper bag with a certain specification made of kraft paper is used for harvesting and containing single cotton boll seed cotton, ginned cotton samples and seeds.
3. Design of field experiment
3.1 test site
The natural ecological climate conditions of the test site can meet the normal growth and development of cotton and the normal expression of the characters of the cotton, and can represent the main cultivation technical level and production conditions of the Xinjiang cotton area. The method is characterized in that a slightly diseased or disease-free land with flat terrain, flat land, even land force, moderate fertility and good irrigation conditions is selected in a main cotton production area, and the surrounding shelters such as tall buildings, trees in forest belts and the like are paid attention to so as not to influence the ventilation and illumination of a test field.
3.2 design of the experiment
The amount of the year reference material is controlled within 500 parts. Four rows of areas and cells are 5m long and are arranged randomly, and the number of planting groups in each cell is more than 100. Repeat 2-3 times, each 10 or 20 test material with 1 control. And 4 rows (or 6 rows) of protection rows are arranged around the test area.
The test design and management measures of different places in the same ecological area in the same test are the same.
4. Seeding and field management
4.1 sowing
4.1.1 Pre-broadcast preparation
4.1.1.1 seed preparation
The seeds of the reference material require hair seeds. After blighted grains, broken seeds and abnormal seeds are removed, the seed paper bags are taken according to 35 to 40 grams per test cell, and the serial numbers in the current year are compiled in the paper bag fixing positions in a unified way according to the test design.
4.1.1.2 test prepared
The cultivation method is carried out according to a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton. Care was taken to ensure uniform force throughout the trial.
4.1.2 cultivation mode and plant-row spacing configuration
The cultivation method is carried out according to a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton. The seedling density is controlled to be 1.25 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2About 1.35 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
The mulching film is 1.25m wide, one film has 4 rows, and the other film has two belts. The row spacing of the plants is (20+50+20) +55cm, the plant spacing is 12cm, the average row spacing is 37.5cm, and the theoretical density is 1.53 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
The mulching film is 1.45m wide. One film 4 rows, one film two belts. The row spacing of the plants is (30+45+30) +55cm or (25+55+25) +55, the plant spacing is 12cm, the average row spacing is 40.0cm, and the theoretical density is 1.39 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
The mulching film in partial area can also be selected from 1.80-2.02m of ultra-wide film (machine cotton picking mode) with 6 rows of film, the plant row spacing is configured to be (10+66+10+66+10) +66, the plant spacing is 10 cm, the theoretical density is 1.75 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2。
4.1.3 film mulching and sowing
4.1.3.1 perforating the film
Adopts a precision dibbler to complete film laying, drip tube belt laying and punching at one time. The soil covering part of the precision dibbler is adjusted to be not covered with soil, and a film hole is reserved for sowing.
4.1.3.2 cell planning
And marking out a cell and reserving a walkway from the test ground with the film covered and the holes punched according to the test design. Specifically, a 50-100m tape or a marking rope is utilized, after two ends of the marking rope are straightened and fixed, a shovel is used for taking away fine broken soil between the rows and uniformly scattering the fine broken soil along the marking rope at a constant speed to draw a straight line.
4.1.3.3 seed discharge
And placing the prepared test material seed paper bags on one end of each planned cell in the test field according to the test design.
4.1.3.4 sowing mode and quality requirement
And (5) manual dibbling. The test workers are responsible for distributing one cell according to each person, and the next cell is arranged after the cell is broadcasted. Under the condition that the land preparation and film paving quality before sowing meets the requirement, two seeds are taken and put into the drilled holes, and the penetration depth of the seeds under the film is ensured to be 1.5-2 cm. And (5) putting the residual seeds into a base paper bag and putting the seeds back to the original place.
Meanwhile, in a plurality of districts, a tester is arranged to use a shovel to obtain fine broken soil between rows and uniformly cover the sowed film holes, the thickness of the covering soil is about 1cm, and the width of the covering soil is preferably no more than 7cm so as to cover the film holes. Note that the casing thickness and width are strictly consistent.
The test requires that the seeds are sown in the same day but can not be sown in the same day, and the seeds are sown in the same day by the same repetition.
4.1.4 check registration
After each repeated sowing, according to the test design, timely registering and checking whether the sowing error and the sowing missing exist, and the reference material names and the numbers in the current year need to be in one-to-one correspondence. And recovering the residual seeds according to the sequence of the cells for standby.
4.2 field management
The field management is carried out according to the technical requirements of a Xinjiang high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode. All management technical measures in the test field should be finished in the same day, cannot be finished in the same day, and the same repetition should be finished in the same day.
4.2.1 management of seedling stage
4.2.1.1 reseeding and final singling
And (4) after sowing, the seeds germinate and are jacked to soil, seedlings are checked in time in the current period, and the germination is accelerated and the seeds are replenished in the seedling-lacking plot. Finding out the residual seeds correspondingly sowed in the seedling lacking plot, soaking the seeds, accelerating germination and supplementing the seeds, and ensuring enough strains in the plot.
When 80% of the tested materials emerge to one leaf and one heart, enough manpower is arranged for timely final singling. The seedling is determined by one hole and one seedling.
4.2.1.2 intertillage weeding
After sowing, the cultivation can be started, and the depth is not more than 15 cm. Meanwhile, attention is paid to manual weeding in time.
4.2.2 management from bud to boll
The method is mainly used for preventing and treating diseases and insect pests, and is characterized by chemical regulation and reasonable water and fertilizer regulation. Meanwhile, timely clearing of weeds in cotton fields is paid attention to.
4.2.3 topping and pruning
The topping time of the Xinjiang cotton area (south Xinjiang) is about 7 months and 15 days generally. The field test requires that the topping finish time is not later than 7 months and 20 days. When topping, 1 leaf and 1 heart are removed from each cell.
The reference material was not trimmed in principle.
4.2.4 management of boll opening period
The emphasis is on the control of cotton bollworm and tetranychid. The regulation and control of water and fertilizer are paid attention to prevent vigorous growth and premature senility.
4.2.5 liquid manure management
According to the technical requirements of water and fertilizer management of a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton.
4.2.5.1 drip irrigation
Carry maintenance tool, material before driping irrigation, the inspection is responsible for and connects, the valve, inspects every burette area joint, inspects every burette area simultaneously during driping irrigation, and the discovery problem is in time solved.
4.2.5.2 drip irrigation time
The initial water drip time of the Xinjiang cotton area is generally in the middle of 6 months. Head water was drip-irrigated experimentally at the point when 10% of the test material reached anthesis. The water supply is stopped from 8 months to 9 months. The specific water cut-off time is determined according to the current year climate condition, soil moisture content and cotton plant growth vigor.
4.2.5.3 dosage of irrigation times
Dripping water for 9-12 times in the whole growth period, and the average dripping amount per time is 15m3～20m3/666.7m2The water consumption of the drip irrigation in the whole growth period is about 250m3～300m3/666.7m2。
Generally, 2 to 3 times of water drops in 6 months, and the water drop amount is 12m each time3～15m3/666.7m2And the drip irrigation period is 7-8 days. Dripping for 4-5 times in 7 months with water amount of 20m each time3～25m3/666.7m2And the drip irrigation period is 6-7 days. Dripping 3-4 times in 8 months with 20m of water per time3～25m3/666.7m2And the drip irrigation period is 7-10 days. In last 9 th month, 1 time of water dropping can be carried out as appropriate, with the water dropping amount of 10m3～15m3/666.7m2。
The drip irrigation frequency and the specific drip irrigation quantity of each time can be determined according to the weather condition, the soil condition, the first water, the morning and evening and the growth vigor of cotton plants in the current year.
Drip irrigation is taken charge of a specially-assigned person, and the drip irrigation date, time, the weather condition of the day and the drip irrigation amount are recorded; the fertilizer pesticide is applied along with the water drop, and the types, the fertilizer dropping amount and the pesticide application amount of the fertilizer pesticide are recorded.
4.2.5.4 base fertilizer and drip topdressing
And (3) according to the technical requirements of water and fertilizer management of a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton, applying base fertilizer and flower bell fertilizer again, and applying potassium fertilizer additionally.
Base fertilizer, generally applying high-quality farmyard manure for 3m3/666.7m2Diammonium phosphate 25-30kg/666.7m2Urea 10kg/666.7m25kg/666.7m potash fertilizer2。
And (5) topdressing, namely, dripping the fertilizer for 5-8 times along with water in the whole growth period.Respectively at the 2 nd to 3 rd water drops. 2-5kg/666.7m of urea is applied along with water drops2+ 1-2kg/666.7m of diammonium phosphate for drip irrigation2The total amount of urea is about 20kg, and the amount of the drip irrigation diammonium phosphate is 7-10 kg. Or 4-5kg/666.7m of special fertilizer for drip irrigation is applied each time2The total amount of the fertilizer is about 25 kg.
4.2.6 chemical control
Mepiquat chloride is used for chemical control. In the experimental site, the water and fertilizer regulation is mainly used, the chemical regulation is used as an auxiliary, and the full growth period is generally regulated and aminated for 1-3 times.
The dosage of the first time is 0.3-0.5g/666.7m in the main stem 2-3 true leaf stage2(ii) a The second time is at the stage of 6-8 main stems and leaves, the dosage is 1.5-2.0g/666.7m2(ii) a The third time, 5-7 days after topping, the dosage is 5g/666.7m2。
4.3 Pest control
The Xinjiang cotton area is mainly used for preventing and controlling insect pests, wherein the insect pests mainly comprise seedling stage thrips, boll stage cotton bollworms, cotton spider mites and aphids. The prevention and control mode of the test field is mainly medicament spraying. The control operation should be finished on the same day, but not finished on the same day, and the same repetition should be finished on the same day.
4.3.1 Cotton thrips
After emergence of seedlings in each cell of the test field, the pesticide is sprayed in time for prevention and control, and the prevention and control are carried out on the surrounding cotton fields at the same time. The prevention and treatment can be carried out again after 7 days according to the pesticide effect time and the harm degree.
4.3.2 Helicoverpa armigera control
After the cotton bollworm harm is observed in the field, the corresponding medicament is selected in time for preventing and treating, so that the diffusion harm is prevented.
4.3.3 Tetranychus urticae control
The cotton spider mites (red spiders) need to be early checked and treated, and the control of the patch is well coordinated and comprehensive control with the cotton field around the test point.
The method mainly comprises the steps of spot control, timely marking when harmful plants are found, adopting medicament treatment, controlling the source of the spot insects, requiring spraying on the front side and the back side, reducing field activities, preventing mechanical accelerated diffusion and spread of personnel, rechecking after 2-3 days, continuing spraying if necessary, controlling diffusion and spread, and timely irrigating by combining spraying. The medicine can also be applied along with drip irrigation.
4.3.4 prevention and treatment of aphids
From the seedling stage, attention is paid to observing the aphid occurrence condition of the test field, the aphid can not be generally sprayed and used in the initial stage of occurrence, and the strategies of spot-film generation and spot-film prevention and control are adopted and controlled by natural enemies. The medicine is coated on one side of the alternate red and green cotton stems, and the length of the medicine is 2-5 cm. If the harm trend is still aggravated, the medicament is spotted and sprayed to treat the harm of the cotton plants.
5. Field investigation, identification and record
Any group of technical personnel with field identification and survey experiences for more than 3 years is responsible for the arrangement, and 2 technical personnel are arranged to assist in forming a 3-person survey group according to the arrangement direction and the sequence of the test design cells. The workload is large, the method is carried out by repeatedly increasing groups, and the same trait identification investigation time should not exceed 5 days.
5.1 investigation
The field investigation condition is recorded in a notebook by using a pencil. The description of this format is performed with reference to table 1.
And (3) carrying out investigation once after test sowing before emergence of seedlings, investigating the current situation of the germination top soil of the reference material, and investigating the situation of damage caused by rotten seeds and buds and thrips.
And (4) sprouting to boll opening, and investigating the sprouting stage, the bud stage, the flowering stage and the boll opening stage. Investigating the conditions of early and late emergence of seedlings, whether the seedlings are in order, the growth condition of seedling stage, the growth condition of bud stage, the growth condition of flower bell stage, early and late boll opening, whether boll opening is concentrated, the growth condition uniformity of each growth stage and the like.
And others. The position of the test site, the texture of the soil, the nutrient content (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium organic matter content) and the crops planted in the previous crop are recorded. Recording the reseeding time; field management conditions (including final singling, intertillage weeding, topping, fertilization, pesticide application, irrigation, chemical control and the like); the growth conditions of plants (including plant diseases and insect pests, lodging, disaster and the like); the weather conditions during trait observation identification were recorded.
5.2 characterization
The field identification result is recorded on the original data record book by using a pencil. The specific identification characters, identification methods and identification standards are carried out according to specific test requirements by referring to technical specification cotton for evaluating the germplasm resources of crops. The description of this format is executed with reference to tables 2 and 3.
And (4) observing and identifying quality traits. The method is carried out in a direction along the light 2 hours after sunrise and 2 hours before sunset in sunny days, and each cell is observed plant by plant, taking the overall performance of the cell as a standard. The character expression of each plant in the cell is inconsistent, and the expression of a plurality of plants is taken as a standard, and the difference is recorded. Individual plants with significant differences in trait performance were marked and documented.
The group leader of the survey group is mainly used for observation and identification and proposing identification opinions, and the group leader opinions are the basis of the rest two people after dissimilarity discussion.
And (5) quantitative character identification and investigation. And selecting 20 cotton plants in total from 10 continuous cotton plants in the border line and the middle line of the cell membrane respectively, and performing identification investigation, two-person investigation and one-person record. Wherein, the height of the plant and the height of the first node of the fruit branch are investigated by using a 1 m wooden ruler; the length of the bell handle and the length between the fruit branches are investigated by using a 15cm stainless steel ruler.
6. Sampling in field
And (4) beginning field sampling after more than 50% of all test districts gather cotton in the middle of cotton plants. Placing the label written with the current year number into a nylon mesh bag (25 x 35cm) of a seed test bell, and hanging the label on the first strain of each cell close to the walkway according to the current year number sequence; after checking and confirming that the cotton plants are correct, 50 cotton bolls which are normally bolled in the middle of the cotton plants randomly harvested in each district are placed into nylon mesh bags, and bag openings are tightened to be placed at one end, close to the walkway, of each district. After the check is confirmed again, the 10 pieces are bound and transported back to the examination room in sequence. Removing the plants with impurities and the plants with diseases; when the field dew is large, the field should be aired after the dew disappears and then the field should be sampled or the field should be aired after the dew disappears and then the field should be aired.
Field sampling should be conducted on demand by an experienced technician (worker) under the supervision of the field panel.
7. Examination sampling
The special person is responsible for weighing the seed test bells sampled in the field, the unit gram (g) is accurate to two decimal places, and the weighing value is written in a label fixed position in a nylon mesh bag by a pencil.
After the test bolls weighed in each cell are ginned by a roller ginning machine (seeds and ginned cotton are still placed in the original nylon mesh bag respectively), the ginned cotton is weighed, the unit gram (g) is accurate to two bits after a decimal point, and the weighing value is written in another fixed position of a label in the nylon mesh bag by a pencil.
A 30 gram (g) sample of the weighed lint was placed in an 8.5 x 12cm self-sealed plastic bag with the year's serial number written with a marker pen (or marked with a carbon pen + self-adhesive label paper) for fiber quality testing.
The nylon mesh bags filled with the seeds are bound in groups of 10 in the original sequence and are used for the seed reference. The seeds are a group of two persons, the unit gram (g) is accurate to two decimal places, and the seed index value is written in another fixed position of the label in the bag by a pencil.
Finally, the current year number, seed cotton weight, ginned cotton weight, seed number data on the test bell label are registered on the test notebook.
8. Harvest and yield measurement
And (4) after sampling in the field, harvesting and counting yield according to the flowers before and after frost. Placing the label written with the serial number of the current year into a large yield-keeping nylon mesh bag with uniform specification, and suspending the label on the first strain close to the walkway of each community according to the serial number of the current year; after the check confirms that the bolls are correct, all boll-spitting bolls are harvested according to the communities and put into a nylon mesh bag to tighten the bag opening, and the nylon mesh bag is placed at one end, close to the walkway, of each community. And after checking and confirming the error-free operation again, uniformly transporting the operation to a sunning ground for airing. If the plants are used for seed reproduction and seed reservation while harvesting and yield counting, removing the plants with impurities and the plants with diseases (the plants with impurities and diseases are harvested and yield counted separately); after airing, weighing and yield measurement are carried out in time, and the unit kilogram (kg) is accurate to two decimal places.
9. Warehousing of seeds
And (3) testing seed bell seeds and seed reproduction seeds of each reference material, checking the labels in the original bag (if necessary, a new label written with the year number and the material name by a pencil or a carbon pen can be put in the original bag again), fastening the bag opening after the situation that no error exists is confirmed, and sequentially placing the bag opening on a seed shelf of a seed storehouse. The isolated selfing seeds which are planned to enter the national middle-term bank are required to be manually selected, rejected, crushed and abnormal and then submitted.
10. Data collation
According to specific test requirements, a specially-assigned person is responsible for summarizing and sorting test data, and the format is executed according to technical specification cotton for evaluating crop germplasm resources. And inputting the file into a computer to generate an EXCEL format file for storage.
Table 1 accurate identification of cotton germplasm resources field trial survey notebook format (selected from a4 size notebook or print).
Figure BDA0001438838230000231
TABLE 2 accurate identification of cotton germplasm resources field test original record book format (quality character)
Number of the year Quality Property 1 Quality Property 2 Quality Property 3 Quality Property 4 Quality character 5 Quality traits. Remarks for note
TABLE 3 accurate identification of cotton germplasm resources field test original record book format (quantitative character)
Number of the year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...... 20
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any simple modifications or equivalent substitutions of the technical solutions that can be obviously obtained by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (1)

1. A field whole-process operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, sowing
1.1 Pre-broadcast preparation
1.1.1 seed preparation
The reference material seeds require hair seeds; picking up seed paper bags according to 35-40 g/cell after blighted seeds, broken seeds and special-shaped seeds are removed, and uniformly compiling the number of the year at the paper bag fixing position according to the test design;
1.1.2 preparation of the test
According to the Xinjiang cotton high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode; attention is paid to ensure that the ground force is uniform and consistent in the test;
1.2 cultivation mode and plant-row spacing configuration
According to the Xinjiang cotton high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode; the harvest density is controlled to be 1.25 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2About 1.35 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2；
The mulching film is a 1.25m wide film, 4 rows of one film and two belts of one film are selected; the row spacing of the plants is (20+50+20) +55cm, the plant spacing is 12cm, the average row spacing is 37.5cm, and the theoretical density is 1.53 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2；
Or the mulching film is a 1.45m wide film; one film 4 rows, one film two belts; the row spacing of the plants is (30+45+30) +55cm or (25+55+25) +55, the plant spacing is 12cm, the average row spacing is 40.0cm, and the theoretical density is 1.39 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2；
Or the mulching film in part of regions is selected from 6 rows of 1.80-2.02m ultra-wide films, the plant row spacing is (10+66+10+66+10) +66, the plant spacing is 10 cm, and the theoretical density is 1.75 ten thousand plants/666.7 m2；
1.3 film mulching and sowing
1.3.1 film coating and perforating
A precise dibbler is adopted, and film laying, drip tube belt laying and punching are completed at one time; the soil covering part of the precision dibbler is adjusted to be not covered with soil, and a film hole is reserved for sowing;
1.3.2 cell planning
According to the test design, marking out a cell and reserving a walkway on a test site with a film covered and punched; specifically, a 50-100m tape or a marking rope is utilized, after two ends of the marking rope are straightened and fixed, a shovel is used for taking away fine broken soil between the rows, and the fine broken soil is uniformly scattered along one side of the marking rope at a constant speed to draw a straight line;
1.3.3 seed discharge
Placing prepared test material seed paper bags on one end of each scribed cell in a test field according to test design;
1.3.4 sowing mode and quality requirement
Carrying out manual dibbling; allocating a cell for each tester, and arranging the next cell after the cell is broadcasted; under the condition that the land preparation and film paving quality before sowing meets the requirement, two seeds are taken and put into the drilled holes, and the penetration depth of the seeds under the film is ensured to be 1.5-2 cm; the residual seeds are put into a base paper bag and put back to the original place;
meanwhile, a plurality of districts arrange a tester to use a shovel to obtain fine broken soil between rows and uniformly cover the sown film holes, the thickness of the covering soil is 1.0cm, and the width of the covering soil is preferably not more than 7cm for covering the film holes; the thickness and the width of the covering soil are strictly kept consistent;
the test requires that the seeds are sown in the same day but can not be sown, and the seeds are sown in the same day by the same repetition;
1.4 check registration
After each repeated sowing, timely registering and checking whether the sowing error and the sowing missing are caused according to the test design, wherein the reference material names and the numbers in the current year are in one-to-one correspondence; the residual seeds are recovered for standby according to the sequence of the cells;
step 2, field management
The field management is carried out according to the technical requirements of a Xinjiang high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode; the management technical measures of the test field should be finished in the same day, cannot be finished in the same day, and are finished in the same day by the same repetition;
2.1 management of seedling stage
2.1.1 reseeding and final singling
After sowing, the seeds germinate and are jacked to soil, seedlings are checked in time in the current period, and germination acceleration and seed replenishment are carried out on the seedling lacking plot; finding out the residual seeds correspondingly sowed in the seedling lacking cell, soaking the seeds, accelerating germination and supplementing the seeds, and ensuring enough strains in the cell;
when 80% of the tested materials emerge to one leaf and one heart, enough manpower is arranged for timely final singling; seedling setting requires one hole and one seedling;
2.1.2 intertillage weeding
After sowing, starting intertillage, wherein the depth is not more than 15 cm; meanwhile, attention is paid to manual weeding in time;
2.2 management from bud stage to boll stage
The method takes prevention and treatment of diseases and insect pests, chemical regulation and reasonable water and fertilizer regulation as the center; meanwhile, timely removing weeds in a test field is noticed;
2.3 topping and pruning
Topping time in Xinjiang cotton area is 7 months and 15 days; the field test requires that the topping finish time is not later than 7 months and 20 days; when topping, 1 leaf and 1 heart of each cell are removed in a unified way;
the reference material is not trimmed in principle;
2.4 management of boll opening period
The control of cotton bollworms and cotton spider mites is emphasized; the regulation and control of water and fertilizer are paid attention to prevent vigorous growth and premature senility;
2.5 liquid manure management
According to the technical requirements of water and fertilizer management of a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton;
2.5.1 drip irrigation
Carrying maintenance tools and materials before drip irrigation, checking a main pipe joint and a valve, checking each drip pipe belt joint, simultaneously checking each drip pipe belt during drip irrigation, and finding out problems to be solved in time;
2.5.2 drip irrigation time
The first water drip irrigation time in the Xinjiang cotton area is in the middle ten days of 6 months; in the test field, head water is dripped when 10% of the test materials reach the flowering phase;
the water supply is stopped from 8 months to 9 months; the specific water cut-off time is determined according to the current year climate condition, soil moisture content and cotton plant growth vigor;
2.5.3 irrigation times
Dripping water for 9-12 times in the whole growth period, and the average dripping amount per time is 15m3～20m3/666.7m2And the water consumption for drip irrigation in the whole growth period is 250m3～300m3/666.7m2；
Dripping 2-3 times in 6 months with 12m of water per time3～15m3/666.7m2The drip irrigation cycle is 7-8 days; dripping for 4-5 times in 7 months with water amount of 20m each time3～25m3/666.7m2The drip irrigation cycle is 6-7 days; dripping 3-4 times in 8 months with 20m of water per time3～25m3/666.7m2The drip irrigation cycle is 7-10 days; in last 9 months, 1 time of water dropping is carried out as appropriate, and the water dropping amount is 10m3～15m3/666.7m2；
The drip irrigation frequency and the specific drip irrigation quantity of each time are determined according to the weather condition, the soil condition, the first water morning and evening and the growth vigor of cotton plants in the current year;
drip irrigation is taken charge of a specially-assigned person, and the drip irrigation date, time, the weather condition of the day and the drip irrigation amount are recorded; the fertilizer pesticide is applied along with the water drops, and meanwhile, the types, the fertilizer application amount and the application amount of the fertilizer pesticide are recorded;
2.5.4 base fertilizer and drip topdressing
According to the technical requirements of water and fertilizer management of a high-density under-film drip irrigation cultivation mode of Xinjiang cotton, base fertilizer and flower-bell fertilizer are applied again, and potassium fertilizer is applied;
base fertilizer, applying high-quality farm manure 3m3/666.7m2Diammonium phosphate 25-30kg/666.7m2Urea 10kg/666.7m25kg/666.7m potash fertilizer2；
Topdressing, namely dripping the fertilizer for 5-8 times along with water in the whole growth period; respectively carrying out dripping from 2 to 3 times; 2-5kg/666.7m of urea is applied along with water drops2+ 1-2kg/666.7m of diammonium phosphate for drip irrigation2The total amount of urea is preferably 20kg, and the amount of drip irrigation diammonium phosphate is preferably 7-10 kg; or 4-5kg/666.7m of special fertilizer for drip irrigation is applied each time2The total amount of the fertilizer is 25 kg;
2.6 chemical control
Mepiquat chloride is used for chemical control; in the test site, the regulation of water and fertilizer is mainly used, the regulation of chemical is used as an assistant, and the regulation of amination is carried out for 1 to 3 times in the whole growth period;
the dosage of the first time is 0.3-0.5g/666.7m in the main stem 2-3 true leaf stage2(ii) a The second time is at the stage of 6-8 main stems and leaves, the dosage is 1.5-2.0g/666.7m2(ii) a The third time, 5-7 days after topping, the dosage is 5g/666.7m2；
Step 3 pest control
The Xinjiang cotton area is mainly used for preventing and controlling insect pests, wherein the insect pests mainly comprise seedling stage thrips, boll stage cotton bollworms, cotton spider mites and aphids; the prevention and control mode of the test field is mainly medicament spraying; the control operation should be finished on the same day, but not finished on the same day, and the same repetition should be finished on the same day;
3.1 Cotton thrips
After emergence of seedlings in each cell of the test field, spraying a medicament in time for prevention and control, and simultaneously preventing and controlling the surrounding cotton fields; the prevention and treatment are carried out once again after 7 days according to the pesticide effect time and the harm degree;
3.2 bollworm control
After the cotton bollworm damage is observed in the field, the corresponding medicament is selected in time for preventing and treating so as to prevent the cotton bollworm from spreading damage;
3.3 Tetranychus urticae control
The cotton spider mites need to be detected and treated early, the control of the spotted mites is carried out, and the cooperative comprehensive control is well carried out in the cotton field around the test point;
the method mainly comprises spot control, wherein identification is timely made when harmful plants are found, the spot pest is treated by adopting a medicament, the source of the spot pest is controlled, spraying on the front side and the back side is required, field activities are reduced, diffusion and spread are prevented from being accelerated by personnel machinery, reexamination is carried out after 2-3 days, if the spraying is continued, the diffusion and spread are controlled, and meanwhile, water is filled in time by combining the spraying; or drip irrigation for applying the pesticide;
3.4 aphid control
Observing the aphid occurrence condition of a test field from the seedling stage, wherein the aphid occurrence condition cannot be generally sprayed and used in the initial stage of occurrence, and the aphid occurrence condition is controlled by using natural enemies by adopting spot-film generation and spot-film prevention and control strategies; the medicinal stem coating is coated on one side of a red-green part of cotton stem, and the length of the medicinal stem coating is 2-5 cm; if the harm trend is still aggravated, the medicament is spotted and sprayed to treat the harm of the cotton plants.
CN201710978769.4A 2017-10-19 2017-10-19 Whole-process field operation method for precisely identifying Xinjiang cotton germplasm resources Active CN107810815B (en)

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