CN107800163B - 借助充电电缆充电的方法、充电电缆和剩余电流保护电路 - Google Patents

借助充电电缆充电的方法、充电电缆和剩余电流保护电路 Download PDF

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CN107800163B
CN107800163B CN201710748877.2A CN201710748877A CN107800163B CN 107800163 B CN107800163 B CN 107800163B CN 201710748877 A CN201710748877 A CN 201710748877A CN 107800163 B CN107800163 B CN 107800163B
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CN107800163A (zh
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J-M.马特尔
A.诺伊恩德林格
F.费斯特尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于借助充电电缆来给电运行车辆充电的方法，该充电电缆以用于检测直流电流的剩余电流保护电路构成。按照本发明，由充电电缆识别重新要进行的充电过程，和在充电过程之前进行剩余电流保护电路的校准。按照另外的实施方式，在充电过程期间进行温度监视，确定对于温度变化的值，和在超过温度变化的阈值时中断充电过程并且进行剩余电流保护开关的校准。

Description

借助充电电缆充电的方法、充电电缆和剩余电流保护电路
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于借助充电电缆给电运行车辆充电的方法、一种充电电缆和一种用于检测直流电流的剩余电流保护电路(Fehlerstrom-Schutzschaltung)。
背景技术
用于给电动车辆充电的充电电缆典型地利用集成在充电电缆中的剩余电流保护开关(Fehlerstrom-Schutzschalter)来保护(通常也缩写为RCD，英文Residual-Current-Device，作为剩余电流保护开关的标记)。在此部分地需要应用在交流电流的情况下以及在直流电流的情况下触发的RCD。这样的RCD被称为“类型B的RCD”或“通用电流敏感的剩余电流保护开关”。
在充电电缆中例如采用具有6mA额定剩余电流的RCD。特别地，在类型B的RCD中挑战的是，确保所需的开关特性的灵敏度和稳定性。因为电子部件总是具有容差和温度系数。附加地，在焊接到电路板上的过程中以及在运行期间的负荷中，形成一定程度的老化，其引起RCD的值中的偏差。正是具有RCD功能的充电电缆基于应用条件受这些影响的程度高于在电分配器中安装的正常RCD。特别地，在充电电缆中关于温度和电流负荷的波动更强烈，这可以强烈影响对于RCD触发相关的测量的不准确性。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是，改善用于检测充电电缆中的直流电流的剩余电流保护电路的应用。
上述技术问题通过根据本发明的用于借助充电电缆来给电运行车辆充电的方法、根据本发明的充电电缆和根据本发明的用于检测直流电流的剩余电流保护电路来解决。
建议借助充电电缆给(至少部分)电运行车辆充电的两种方法，该充电电缆以用于检测直流电流的剩余电流保护电路构成。两种方法也可以组合地应用。在第一方法中由充电电缆识别重新要进行的充电过程(典型地在充电电缆的控制单元和对于充电过程而与之连接的车辆之间进行消息交换的范围内；但是还可以考虑另外的实现，例如借助手动输入作为触发器，使得应当开始充电过程)。在充电过程之前开始按照本发明进行剩余电流保护开关的校准。在此，校准可以是调整在为计算剩余电流而使用的公式中的至少一个参数。该校准优选地在每次充电过程之前进行。但是也可以仅在特定充电过程之前执行校准，也就是对于每次充电过程进行剩余电流保护电路的在充电过程之前的校准，对于其满足附加的、与校准要求相关的标准。在此，校准的执行可以取决于参数，诸如没有校准的充电过程的次数(例如借助计数器的增量实施)、自从上一次校准过去的时间、借助传感器提供的参数(例如温度或温度差)或这类参数的组合。
根据第二方法，在充电过程期间进行温度监视并且确定对于温度变化的值。在超过温度变化的阈值时中断充电过程并且进行剩余电流保护开关的校准。该方法可以单独地或与第一方法结合地应用。
在上面描述的方法中，剩余电流保护电路可以以偏移量加法器构成并且剩余电流保护电路的校准可以包括偏移量加法器的校准。偏移量加法器在此也可以是唯一的校准元件。按照一种实施方式，充电电缆可以以利用其能够建立或断开在电源和待充电车辆之间的电流连接的开关构成。在该实施方式中，在断开的开关的情况下进行偏移量加法器的校准。也就是，当校准中断充电过程时，开关被断开以用于校准偏移量加法器(并且然后当需要继续充电过程时又闭合)。
按照本发明技术方案的实施，剩余电流保护电路以放大器构成。在该实施中，剩余电流保护电路的校准包括放大器的校准。在此，还可以仅进行放大器的校准。替换地，校准附加的其它元件，例如偏移量加法器。
按照上面描述的放大器的校准的变形，充电电缆以利用其能够建立或断开在电源和待充电车辆之间的电流连接的开关构成，并且在断开或闭合开关时进行放大器的校准。由此如果需要的话，对于放大器的校准闭合开关，例如当进行偏移量加法器的校准时。当对于继续校准或为了中断充电过程而需要时，还可以在放大器校准结束之后再断开开关。
在本发明技术方案的上述实施中，校准可以是调整在为计算剩余电流而使用的公式中的至少一个参数，例如与偏移量加法器或放大器有关的参数。
一种充电电缆也是本发明的内容，其构造为用于借助按照本发明的方法给(至少部分)电运行车辆充电。该充电电缆尤其可以是具有三个相线、中性线和地线的三相充电电缆。
本发明的另外的技术方案是一种用于检测直流电流的剩余电流保护电路。按照本发明的剩余电流保护电路以激励器电路构成，该激励器电路用于产生用于在电流互感器(例如总和电流互感器)中感应磁场的振荡激励器电流。此外设置用于采集由电流互感器产生的电流的测量电路。最后，剩余电流保护电路还包括信号处理电路，用于消除由电流互感器产生的电流的、由激励器电流引起的分量。
附图说明
下面在实施例的范围内对照附图对本发明作进一步的说明。附图中：
图1示出了充电电缆，
图2示出了剩余电流保护电路，和
图3示出了按照本发明的方法。
具体实施方式
图1示意性示出了充电电缆。该用于电动车辆的充电电缆包括相线PE、中性线N和地线PE。在此例如还可以是具有三个相线的三相的充电电缆。但是为简单起见，下面更详细地描述了具有一个相线的实施例。充电电缆的电子器件被外壳2保护地布置在单元1中，所述单元1环绕到充电电缆中。该单元通常以IC-CPD(In-Cable Control-and ProtectingDevice，缆上控制及保护装置)标记。在附图中未示出IC-CPD的一些对于本发明不重要的部件。
导线L、N和PE借助开关S1、S2和S3来接通。典型地，开关是断开的并且对于充电过程借助用于充电过程的机电传动装置A1、A2和A3来闭合。IC-CPD单元1的核心是微控制器5，其通过电路6来控制开关S1、S2和S3的断开和闭合。微控制器还负责用于与待充电的电动车辆的通信31或交换控制信号(连接侧以附图标记3表示)并且借助开关电源12通过相线L和中性线N供电。在充电过程中通过充电电缆从建筑侧的能量源(连接侧通过附图标记4表示)将电流传输到电动车辆。充电过程的正常流程借助总和电流互感器8和RCD 7来确保。在相关的剩余电流的情况下，这将经由RCD7报告给微控制器5并且借助控制电路6和机电传动装置A1、A2和A3进行开关的断开。设置用于有关RCD7的测试的电路10。最后存在温度传感器11，以在过高温度的情况下通过微控制器5中断充电过程。
类型B的RCD必须识别在0Hz到至少1kHz频率范围内的剩余电流。标准RCD使用ZCT(Zero Current Transformer，零电流互感器)，以对在所有导线中的负载电流的磁场求和并且将差电流(剩余电流)变换到ZCT的次级绕组。电流转换的原理在DC电流或直流下不起作用。出于该原因，对于DC剩余电流的测量通常使用来自于图2的磁通门原理。又示出相线L、N和PE。激励器电路71(激励器电路71通过元件9供电)产生激励电流。激励电流是交流电流，其借助电感72从一个饱和点至相对的饱和点周期地驱动电流互感器8的磁芯(借助检测器74的饱和检测)。在此产生0A/m的平均磁场。通过产生0A/m的磁场强度在存在剩余电流的情况下还产生补偿电流，补偿电流icomp的值是：
Figure BDA0001390667990000041
该电流导致在测量电阻73处的电压降。具有低通滤波器75和76的信号处理电路消除了激励器电流的影响。放大器77放大了信号并且加法器78加上一个偏移量，由此信号在滤波之后可以借助另外的低通滤波器79借助布置在微控制器5中的模拟数字转换器(下面：AD转换器)51来测量。剩余电流以如下公式计算：
Figure BDA0001390667990000042
在此，S是放大器系数，VADC是在AD转换器处的数字化电压，Vo是相加的偏移量电压，N2是转换器的次级绕组数或电感72的绕组数，并且Rsense相应于图2中的欧姆电阻73。
微控制器5计算剩余电流的值。在定义的时间窗trms(例如20ms)中计算(图2中附图标记52)rms值(rms是“Root Mean Square，均方根”的缩写并且表示电流的有效值)：
Figure BDA0001390667990000043
如果所计算的电流大于额定剩余电流的75％，则提高错误计数器。如果错误计数器达到预定义的边界值，则断开充电电缆。错误计数器的最大值、电流的边界值和时间窗的时长可以改变，并且取决于电流的值。此外，在图2中设置在时间窗1s中计算电流的平均值(附图标记54)。根据图2，用于RMS值(附图标记53)以及用于平均值(附图标记55)的标准被用于触发。同样示出在微控制器5中布置的温度传感器11和用于断开或闭合开关S1-S3的单元6。
存在对具有6mA额定剩余电流的灵敏RCD的需求：放大器系数S必须是高的并且偏移量1.65V保持尽可能恒定。
该DC偏移量Vo的不准确性不能与DC剩余电流不同。附加地，信号调节必须具有高的放大器系数S；该系数也可以随温度强烈变化。
因此，DC偏移量Vo和放大器系数S在每次充电之前并且在明显的温度变化的情况下(例如在偏差+/-40K的情况下)被校准。为了校准，断开继电器或开关，以排除真实的剩余电流。与校准值一起，也记录在校准期间的温度。如果出现温度的明显变化，则短时地中断充电过程并且重新进行校准。随后IC-CPD模块继续自动充电。
这在图3中详细说明。在第一步骤ST1中电动车辆启动充电过程。由IC-CPD模块接收相应的信号并且识别为用于开始充电过程的命令。在充电电缆和电动车辆之间的通信在此例如借助脉宽调制的信号(PWM-Signal)进行，如例如在DE 10 2012 217 447 A1和标准IEC TS 62763中描述的。在开始充电过程之前，在步骤ST2中进行第一校准。在充电过程期间，监视在IC-CPD模块处的温度。在各个充电电缆中已经设置温度测量并且例如在文章WO2010/049775 A2和DE 10 2011 084 527 A1中描述。连续地计算在所测量的温度值和在第一校准中测量的温度值之间的差的绝对值，并且检验是否超过阈值(步骤ST3)。在此，“连续地”可以意味着，在相对于总充电时间小的时间间隔内进行计算。如果超过阈值(图3中询问A)，则在步骤ST5中中断充电过程并且进行重新校准。在该校准期间所测量的温度在下一次执行方法时用于在步骤ST3中形成差，也就是温度差的监视总是与时间上上一次校准的温度有关。
通过有规律的校准，由于老化引起的变化也变得无效。
校准由两步组成：
a)测量不具有测试电流的信号→偏移量被校准
b)测量具有测试电流的信号→信号调节放大被校准
放大的校准是可选的并且例如可以被限制到在开始充电过程之前的第一校准。具体地，校准通过调整在上面解释的用于确定剩余电流的公式中的相关参数进行，所述调整由微控制器执行。
利用分开的测试绕组接通测试电流。相同的测试电路可以用于设备的有规律的功能检验(检验按键，自检)，并且在一些充电电缆中已经存在。
相应的电路例如在DE 10 2014 210 589 A1中描述。微控制器(在图1和图2中的附图标记5)控制测试电流的切换。
按照本发明由此可以实现如在充电电缆应用中出现的在DC电流的情况下对于极不均匀的条件具有极高灵敏度的RCD功能，那样。有规律的校准能够实现高可靠性，而不会由此与成本缺点相关联。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于借助充电电缆来给电运行车辆充电的方法，该充电电缆以用于检测直流电流的剩余电流保护电路构成，其中，所述充电电缆包括微控制器，其特征在于，在所述方法中，
-由充电电缆的微控制器识别重新要进行的充电过程，和
-在充电过程之前进行剩余电流保护电路的校准。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，对于每次充电过程进行剩余电流保护电路的在充电过程之前的校准。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，对于每次充电过程进行剩余电流保护电路的在充电过程之前的校准，对于该充电过程满足附加的、与校准要求相关的标准。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，
-在充电过程期间进行温度监视，
-确定对于温度变化的值，和
-在超过温度变化的阈值时中断充电过程并且进行剩余电流保护开关的校准。
5.一种用于借助充电电缆来给电运行车辆充电的方法，该充电电缆以剩余电流保护电路构成，其中，所述充电电缆包括微控制器，其特征在于，在所述方法中，
-在充电过程期间进行温度监视，
-确定对于温度变化的值，和
-在超过温度变化的阈值时由充电电缆的微控制器中断充电过程并且进行剩余电流保护开关的校准。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法，其特征在于，
-剩余电流保护电路以偏移量加法器(78)构成，和
-剩余电流保护电路的校准包括偏移量加法器(78)的校准。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其特征在于，
-充电电缆以开关(S1，S2，S3)构成，利用该开关能够建立或断开在电源和待充电车辆之间的电流连接，
-在断开开关(S1，S2，S3)的情况下进行偏移量加法器(78)的校准，和
-当校准中断充电过程时，开关(S1，S2，S3)被断开以用于校准偏移量加法器(78)。
8.根据权利要求5至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，
-剩余电流保护电路以放大器(77)构成，和
-剩余电流保护电路的校准包括放大器(77)的校准。
9.根据权利要求5至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，通过调整在为计算剩余电流而使用的公式中的至少一个参数进行所述校准。
10.一种充电电缆，其构造为用于借助根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法给电运行车辆充电。
11.根据权利要求10所述的充电电缆，其特征在于，该充电电缆是具有三个相线、中性线和地线的三相充电电缆。
12.一种用于检测直流电流的剩余电流保护电路，其用于执行据权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法，所述剩余电流保护电路具有
-激励器电路(71)，用于产生用于在电流互感器(8)中感应磁场的振荡激励器电流，
-测量电路，用于采集由电流互感器(8)产生的电流，和
-信号处理电路，用于消除由电流互感器产生的电流的、由激励器电流引起的分量。
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