CN112467719A - 用于补偿漏电流的补偿装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种用于补偿漏电流的补偿装置(20),该补偿装置具有差动电流测量装置(22)、供电网络识别装置(42;45)、控制装置(26)、放大器(28)、补偿电流选择装置(36)、以及馈送装置(39,41)。该供电网络识别装置(42;45)被设计为用于产生表征连接至有源导体(51,52,53,54)的供电网络(L1,L2,L3,N)的第二信号(V_GRID;V_ES)并且将其供应给该控制装置(26)。该补偿电流选择装置(36)被设计为用于取决于第三信号(V_SEL)在至少两个不同的有源导体(51,54)中的至少一个有源导体上执行补偿电流(I_COMP)的馈送,该第三信号(V_SEL)是取决于该第二信号(V_GRID;V_ES)的,以便为该馈送选择至少一个适合所连接的供电网络的有源导体(51,54)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于补偿漏电流的补偿装置,该补偿装置尤其用于在车辆的充电装置中使用。
背景技术
漏电流是在通常的工作条件下在不期望的电流路径上、例如从外部导体(L1至L3)到保护导体(PE)流动的电流。在实践中,这种漏电流例如通过电网滤波器的滤波电容器而产生,这些滤波电容器在一侧例如与直流电压路径连接,并且在另一侧与保护导体(PE)连接。
US 2004/0189337 A1示出一种用于集成电路的漏电流监测仪。
US 2011/0057707 A1示出一种具有漏电流检测的多路复用器。
US 2014/0327371 A1示出一种具有相位截止控制和补偿的用于LED的电源。
US 2016/0154047 A1示出借助测试电路进行漏电流检测。
US 2013/0043880 A1示出一种用于确定并且补偿故障电流的装置。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于,提供一种用于补偿漏电流的新型补偿装置以及一种具有这种补偿装置的车辆。
该目的通过下一段落中描述的补偿装置来实现。
一种用于补偿漏电流的补偿装置,该补偿装置具有差动电流测量装置、供电网络识别装置、控制装置、放大器、补偿电流选择装置、以及馈送装置。该差动电流测量装置被设计为用于检测表征有源导体的差动电流的第一信号并且将其供应给该控制装置。该供电网络识别装置被设计为用于产生表征连接至这些有源导体的供电网络的第二信号并且将其供应给该控制装置。该控制装置被设计为用于根据该第一信号产生适合于补偿的补偿预设信号并且将其供应给该放大器。该放大器被设计为用于取决于补偿预设信号产生补偿电流。该馈送装置被设计为用于使得能够在至少两个不同的有源导体上馈送该补偿电流。该补偿电流选择装置被设计为用于取决于第三信号在该至少两个不同的有源导体中的至少一个有源导体上执行该补偿电流的馈送,并且该控制装置被设计为用于取决于该第二信号产生该第三信号,以便为该馈送选择适合所连接的供电网络的至少一个有源导体。取决于所连接的供电网络的、补偿电流选择装置的影响能够实现在适合的有源导体上馈送补偿电流。
根据一个优选的实施方式,该供电网络识别装置具有至少一个电压测量装置,并且被设计为用于藉由该至少一个电压测量装置测量这些有源导体中的至少一个有源导体上的电压,以便识别所连接的供电网络。可以通过测量电压相对可靠地识别所连接的供电网络。
根据一个优选的实施方式,该补偿装置具有安全装置,该安全装置具有开关,该开关在输入侧与第一导线连接,该第一导线与该放大器连接,并且该开关被设计为用于将该第一导线选择性地在第一状态下与第二导线连接或在第二状态下与第三导线连接,其中该第二导线与保护导体端子连接,其中该第三导线与该补偿电流选择装置连接,并且其中该控制装置能够操控该开关。提供可以将第一导线与保护导体端子连接的开关能够实现对放大器进行测试。
根据一个优选的实施方式,该开关被设计为继电器。继电器特别好地适合用作开关,原因在于继电器导电时具有小的电阻并且不导电时具有高的隔离电阻。此外,在应用时不需要非常快速的切换。
根据一个优选的实施方式,该控制装置被设计为用于使得能够实现功能检查,在该功能检查中,该控制装置如下地操控该开关,使得该开关处于第一状态下;并且在该功能检查中,该控制装置为该放大器供应补偿预设信号,该补偿预设信号引起补偿电流,以检查该放大器的功能,而不用藉由该馈送装置馈送该补偿电流。这种诊断可能性提高了补偿装置的安全性和可检查性。
根据一个优选的实施方式,在供电网络连接至这些有源导体之前,该控制装置使该开关置于该第一状态;并且在预先设定的条件下该控制装置才使该开关置于该第二状态,这些预先设定的条件包括:
-该供电网络连接至这些有源导体,并且
-取决于该第二信号产生该第三信号。
通过这些预先设定的条件能够实现更可靠的工作。
根据一个优选的实施方式,该第一导线经由电容器与该第三导线连接,以便即使在该开关的第一状态下也能够实现将该第三导线上产生的脉冲传输至该第一导线。通过这个措施,即使在开关的第一状态下,补偿装置也可以执行测量并且检查:馈送装置是否与相或中性导体相连接。
根据一个优选的实施方式,该补偿装置具有补偿电流测量装置,该补偿电流测量装置被设计为用于测量该补偿电流、产生表征这个补偿电流的第四信号、并且将该第四信号供应给该控制装置。通过测量补偿电流,控制装置可以检查:补偿是否按照规定而工作。如果这不应是这种情况,则补偿装置例如可以提高或降低补偿电流。因此提高了可靠性。
根据一个优选的实施方式,该补偿装置被设计为:在由该供电网络识别装置识别到具有中性导体的供电网络时,以如下方式操控该补偿电流选择装置,使得在该中性导体所连接的有源导体上由该馈送装置馈送该补偿电流。馈送到中性导体是有利的,原因在于中性导体上的电压相对于相/外部导体上的电压而言是更低的。更低的电压能够实现更小并且更成本有效的、用于产生所需电压的电源。
该目的还通过下一段落中描述的车辆来实现。
一种车辆,该车辆具有用于牵引电池的充电装置,该充电装置具有整流器和与整流器直接或间接连接的牵引电池,其中该牵引电池与有源导体电耦合,并且其中该充电装置具有上述的补偿装置。在具有电耦合的车辆中,在车辆内部产生的漏电流也能够在车辆外部被检测,并且能够实现触发供电网络的保险装置。因此在此情况下使用补偿装置是特别有利的。
附图说明
本发明的其他细节和有利的改进方案得自于以下描述的和在附图中示出的、不应以任何方式理解为对本发明的限制的实施例以及得自于上述优选的实施方式。在附图中:
图1示出补偿装置的实施例,
图2示出用于补偿电流的电源,
图3示出图1的补偿装置的放大器的实施例,
图4示出图1的补偿电流测量装置的实施例,
图5示出图1的安全装置的实施例,
图6示出图1的补偿电流选择装置的实施例,并且
图7示出图1的补偿装置在车辆中的应用。
具体实施方式
图1示出补偿装置20的实施例。设置有五个导体51、52、53、54和55。在三相电网中,例如可以将导体51至53与外部导体(相)L1、L2和L3连接。导体54与中性导体N连接,并且导体55与保护导体PE连接。用于电流传导所需的导体(例如用于供电网络的外部导体L1、L2、L3的导体51至53)和用于供电网络的中性导体N的导体54被称为有源导体。差动电流测量装置测量有源导体51至54的差动电流。差动电流测量装置22例如可以被设计为呈围绕有源导体51至54的绕组的形式的总和电流互感器。在不产生故障电流或漏电流时,经过导体51至54的电流的总和以及由此还有经过绕组的电流为零。与此相比,当例如漏电流经由电网滤波器的Y电容器从相L1流向保护导体PE时,差动电流测量装置22得到所导致的差动电流。还能够实现的是,例如分开测量(一方面)经过导体51至53的并且(另一方面)经过导体54的总和电流,并且接着取决于相应的绕组方向计算两个值之间的总和或差。差动电流测量装置22的信号I_DIFF经由导线23被供应给信号处理装置24。在信号处理装置24中例如进行A/D转换。信号处理装置24经由导线25将对应的信号传输给控制装置26。控制装置26(例如被设计为微型控制器或计算单元)根据所测定的差动电流计算出针对适合的补偿电流的值或信号I_COMP_S。这个值I_COMP_S经由导线27被供应给放大器28,并且放大器28生成对应的补偿电流I_COMP。为此,放大器28与保护导体99连接,以便使得电流能够流出或流入保护导体99。放大器28经由导线29与补偿电流测量装置30连接。补偿电流测量装置30测量补偿电流并且经由导线31将值或信号I_COMP_I输出给控制装置26。补偿电流经由导线32到达安全装置33。控制装置26可以经由导线34以信号V_CON操控安全装置33。此外,安全装置33与保护导体99连接,以便使得电流能够流出或流入保护导体99。安全装置33经由导线35与补偿电流选择装置36连接。控制装置26可以经由导线37控制补偿电流选择装置36,经由该导线可以传输信号V_SEL。补偿电流选择装置36可以经由导线38将补偿电流供应给第一馈送装置39和/或经由导线40将补偿电流供应给第二馈送装置41。
设置有第一供电网络识别装置42,以识别连接至导体51至55的供电网络并且经由导线将信号V_GRID输出给控制装置26。为此,供电网络识别装置42例如测量端子51至55上的电压。这例如可以直接在供电网络识别装置42中进行,或者在控制装置26中进行。因此,优选地设置有电压测量装置42、26。在中欧的三相电网中,例如导体51至55与左侧展示的端子L1、L2、L3、N和PE连接。在美国的分相电网中,端子HOT1与导体51连接,相位偏移180°的端子HOT2与导体54连接,并且保护导体PE与导体55连接。在中欧的单相电网中,要么导体51与L1连接且导体54与N连接,要么导体51与N连接且导体54与L1连接。因此指配关系并非强制唯一的。第一供电网络识别装置42的替代方案或补充是(在图5中示出的)第二供电网络识别装置45,该第二供电网络识别装置在实施例中被集成到安全装置33中,并且经由导线44将信号V_ES输出给控制装置26,如在图5中所描述的。为了提高安全性,可以设置有第一供电网络识别装置42和第二供电网络识别装置45(参见图5)。
馈送装置39和41可以例如通过电容耦合或感应耦合执行馈送。
在具有中性导体N的供电网络中,优选在这个中性导体中进行馈送,原因在于中性导体N处的电压通常较低,并且用于馈送的供电电压因此与相上的电压相比可以较低。优选地,在供电网络L1、N或L1、L2、L3、N、PE或HOT1、HOT2连接至有源导体51至54之前,控制装置26使图5的开关84置于第一状态。由此避免:例如在相L1连接至端子54时,相电压到达比直至安全装置33更远之处。控制装置26优选地在预先设定的条件下才使图5的开关84置于第二状态,这些预先设定的条件包括:
-供电网络L1、L2、L3、N、PE连接至有源导体51至54,并且
-取决于信号V_GRID、V_ES产生信号V_SEL。
供电网络的连接首先使得能够识别供电网络,并且在产生信号V_SEL之后才确保藉由补偿电流选择装置36选择正确的馈送装置。
计算用于补偿电流I_COMP的信号I_COMP_S例如通过测定差动电流或信号I_DIFF的频谱来进行,其中例如20Hz至300kHz的频率范围可以是足够的。频谱包含对应的幅值,并且信号I_COMP_S以180°的相位偏移(反相地)产生,以引起对应的补偿。计算积分的其他计算也是可能的。
图2示出电源60,该电源用于从输入端61、62的直流电压产生输出端63、64的直流电压。输入端61、62之间的电压例如为12V。输出端63的电压例如为+15V并且输出端64的电压例如为-15V。电源60与保护导体99连接,以便使得能够相对于保护导体进行电势参考。
图3示出放大器28的实施例。在该实施例中,放大器28被设计为差动放大器,并且该差动放大器具有运算放大器66,该运算放大器具有正的(非反相的)输入端67和负的(反相的)输入端68以及输出端71。为了供应电压,运算放大器66与图2的电源60的端子63和64连接。导线27经由电阻器69与正的输入端67连接。负的输入端68经由电阻器70与接地(GND)98连接。此外,负的输入端68经由电阻器72与输出端71连接。输出端71与导线29连接。必须取决于信号I_COMP_S来选择放大器28的放大倍数,并且在实施例中使用10倍的放大倍数。
然而示例性地并非限制性地给出以下构成值:
电阻器69:13千欧姆
电阻器70:330欧姆
电阻器72:3,300欧姆
用于示出的放大器的替代方案为数模转换器或D类放大器。
图4示出补偿电流测量装置30。具有补偿电流I_COMP的导线29经由两个并联连接的电阻器75、76(例如各自100欧姆)与导线77连接。在导线77上设置有电流传感器78,例如具有霍尔传感器的磁性电流传感器或利用磁阻效应的电流传感器。表征补偿电流I_COMP的信号I_COMP_I(该信号例如为电压信号)经由导线31被供应给图1的控制装置26。导线77经由二极管79与电源60的端子63连接,并且经由二极管80与电源60的端子64连接。二极管79的阴极朝向端子63,并且二极管80的阳极朝向端子64。
电阻器75、76用于限制电流,并且二极管79、80同样如此。当导线77上的电压变得大于端子63上的电压时,电流朝向端子63流动,并且当导线77上的电压变得小于端子64上的电压时,电流从端子64流向导线77。由此,导线77上的电压被限制为端子63或64上的电压。
接着经由导线32输出补偿电流。
图5示出安全装置33。导线32与开关84连接。开关84可以取决于导线34上的信号V_CON使得(第一)导线32能够选择性地与(第二)导线85或(第三)导线86互连。与第二导线85互连可以被称为第一状态Z1,并且与第三导线86互连可以被称为第二状态Z2。导线32经由Z二极管(齐纳二极管)82与保护导体99连接,并且导线85经由电阻器83与保护导体99连接。导线32经由电容器89与导线86连接。导线86经由两个并联连接的PTC电阻器87、88与导线35连接。
开关84优选地被设计为继电器,原因在于继电器在导电连接的状态下具有小的电阻并且在不导电连接的状态下具有高的隔离电阻和高的截止电压。
Z二极管82将导线32上的电压限制到预先设定的、与击穿电压相对应的值。当导线32藉由开关84与导线85连接时,导线32与保护导体99之间经由电阻器83连接。电阻器83例如为10欧姆。这能够实现图1的控制装置26的自我诊断,其方式为:这个控制装置经由放大器28输出补偿电流I_COMP,然而允许这个补偿电流在朝向保护导体99的方向上流动并且不允许其在朝向有源导体51至54的方向上流动。因此即使在例如没有电网供电连接至图1的有源导体51至54的情况下,也可以针对诊断目的产生电流流动。此外,即使在连接了供电网络的情况下,补偿电流I_COMP也不耦合到有源导体L1、L2、L3或N中,并且在执行诊断的情况下避免触发保险装置。
即使在连接导线32、86没有通过开关84连接的情况下,电流脉冲也可以经由电容器89从左侧到达导线32。电压的大小受Z二极管82限制。导线32经由导线44与图1的控制装置26连接,并且可以将信号V_ES输出至控制装置26。信号V_ES的电压使得能够对电压脉冲或交流电压进行测量,这些电压脉冲或交流电压可以施加在导线35上并且经由电阻83流向保护导体99。为了评估电压,可以使用电压测量装置33、26,例如A/D转换器或比较器,该电压测量装置要么设置在安全装置33中,要么设置在控制装置26中。由此可以测定,导线35是否经由补偿电流选择装置36与中性导体N连接(无电压波动)或者与相L1连接(交流电压信号)。因此,电容器89与开关84一起构成第二供电网络识别装置45。
PTC电阻器87、88形成额外的安全措施。在高电流下,PTC电阻器87、88升温,并且由此其电阻值增大。这在高电流下实现额外的电流限制。
图6示出图1的补偿电流选择装置36的实施例。设置有开关110,并且其输入端与导线35连接,可以经由该导线供应补偿电流I_COMP。可以经由导线37以信号V_SEL操控开关110,并且取决于信号V_SEL,可以使开关110的输入端与导线38或与导线40连接。还能够实现的是,使用这样的开关,该开关替代单独供应能够实现向两个导体38、40传输补偿电流I_COMP。
图7示出在车辆10中、尤其在电动车辆或混合动力车辆中使用具有示意性地指示的补偿装置20的导体51至55的实施例。导体51至53(相导体或外部导体)、54(中性导体)以及导体55(保护导体)与整流器(AC/DC转换器)100连接,并且在整流器100的输出端设置有两个导体101(+)和102(-),在这两个导体上存在直流电压。该组件因此可以用作充电装置12。导体101经由电容器103与保护导体99连接,并且导体102经由电容器104与保护导体99连接。导体101、102直接或间接地(例如经由额外的DC/DC转换器)与消耗电器105(例如牵引电池)连接。电容器103、104用作EMV滤波器或电网滤波器并且还被称为Y电容器或滤波电容器。在工作中,电流可以经由电容器103、104流向保护导体99(PE)。由于导体101、102上的电压藉由经过有源导体L1、L2、L3和N的电流而产生,通向保护导体99的漏电流导致有源导体中产生差动电流,该差动电流能够实现在超出预先设定的极限值时触发供电端子的保险装置或故障电流保护开关。供电网络中的保险装置的常见极限值例如为3.5mA或10mA或30mA。
通过补偿装置20,可以以如下程度补偿漏电流,使得供电网络的保险装置在正常工作中不会由于超出漏电流的极限值而被触发。
这在用于电动车辆或混合动力车辆的充电装置12中是尤其有利的,这些充电装置在直流中间电路101、102与导体51至54之间具有电耦合或在消耗电器105与导体51至54之间具有电耦合。与在具有电流隔离的车辆中——例如在具有变压器的车辆中在整流器100或DC/DC转换器中可以是这种情况——不同,在电耦合时漏电流累加并且在供电网络中是可见的。因此在具有电耦合的车辆中使用补偿装置20是特别有利的。
当然,在本发明范围内可以有各种各样的变化和修改。
具体示出的电路(除了要求保护的元件之外)还包含用于提高安全性或用于其他功能的其他元件。在文中描述的要素中的每一个要素都可以形成优选的改进方案并且优选独立地使用。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于补偿漏电流的补偿装置(20),该补偿装置(20)具有差动电流测量装置(22)、供电网络识别装置(42;45)、控制装置(26)、放大器(28)、补偿电流选择装置(36)、以及馈送装置(39,41),
该差动电流测量装置(22)被设计为用于检测表征有源导体(51,52,53,54)的差动电流的第一信号(I_DIFF)并且将其供应给该控制装置(26),
该供电网络识别装置(42;45)被设计为用于产生表征连接至这些有源导体(51,52,53,54)的供电网络(L1,L2,L3,N)的第二信号(V_GRID;V_ES)并且将其供应给该控制装置(26),
该控制装置(26)被设计为用于根据该第一信号(I_DIFF)产生适合于补偿的补偿预设信号(I_COMP_S)并且将其供应给该放大器(28),
该放大器(28)被设计为用于取决于该补偿预设信号(I_COMP_S)产生补偿电流(I_COMP),
该馈送装置(39,41)被设计为用于使得能够在至少两个不同的有源导体(51,54)上馈送该补偿电流,
该补偿电流选择装置(36)被设计为用于取决于第三信号(V_SEL)在该至少两个不同的有源导体(51,54)中的至少一个有源导体上执行该补偿电流(I_COMP)的馈送,
并且该控制装置(26)被设计为用于取决于该第二信号(V_GRID;V_ES)产生该第三信号(V_SEL),以便为该馈送选择适合所连接的供电网络的至少一个有源导体(51,54)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的补偿装置(20),其中该供电网络识别装置(42;45)具有至少一个电压测量装置(42,26;33,26),并且被设计为用于藉由该至少一个电压测量装置(42,26;33,26)测量这些有源导体(51,52,53,54)中的至少一个有源导体上的电压,以便识别所连接的供电网络。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的补偿装置,该补偿装置具有安全装置(33),该安全装置具有开关(84),该开关(84)在输入侧与第一导线(32)连接,该第一导线(32)与该放大器(28)连接,并且该开关(84)被设计为用于将该第一导线(32)选择性地在第一状态(Z1)下与第二导线(85)连接或在第二状态(Z2)下与第三导线(86)连接,其中该第二导线(85)与保护导体端子(99)连接,其中该第三导线(86)与该补偿电流选择装置(36)连接,并且其中该控制装置(26)能够操控该开关(84)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的补偿装置(20),其中该开关(84)被设计为继电器。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的补偿装置(20),其中该控制装置(26)被设计为用于使得能够实现功能检查,在该功能检查中,该控制装置如下地操控该开关(84),使得该开关处于第一状态(Z1)下;并且在该功能检查中,该控制装置(26)为该放大器(28)供应补偿预设信号(I_COMP_S),该补偿预设信号引起补偿电流(I_COMP),以检查该放大器(28)的功能,而不用藉由该馈送装置(39,41)馈送该补偿电流。
6.根据权利要求3至5之一所述的补偿装置(20),其中在供电网络(L1,L2,L3,N,PE;L1,N,PE;HOT1,HOT2,PE)连接至这些有源导体(51至54)之前,该控制装置(26)使该开关(84)置于该第一状态;并且其中在预先设定的条件下,该控制装置(26)才使该开关(84)置于该第二状态,这些预先设定的条件包括:该供电网络(L1,L2,L3,N,PE)连接至这些有源导体(51至54),并且取决于该第二信号(V_GRID)产生该第三信号(V_SEL)。
7.根据权利要求3至6之一所述的补偿装置(20),其中该第一导线(32)经由电容器(89)与该第三导线(86)连接,以便即使在该开关(84)的第一状态(Z1)下也能够实现将该第三导线(86)上产生的脉冲传输至该第一导线(32)。
8.根据前述权利要求之一所述的补偿装置(20),该补偿装置具有补偿电流测量装置(30),该补偿电流测量装置(30)被设计为用于测量该补偿电流(I_COMP)、产生表征这个补偿电流(I_COMP)的第四信号(I_COMP_I)、并且将该第四信号(I_COMP_I)供应给该控制装置。
9.根据前述权利要求之一所述的补偿装置(20),该补偿装置被设计为:在由该供电网络识别装置(42;45)识别到具有中性导体的供电网络(L1,L2,L3,N)时,以如下方式操控该补偿电流选择装置(36),使得在该中性导体(N)所连接的有源导体(51;54)上由该馈送装置馈送该补偿电流(I_COMP)。
10.一种具有用于消耗电器(105)的充电装置(12)的车辆(10),该充电装置(12)具有整流器(100)和与整流器(100)直接或间接连接的消耗电器(105),该消耗电器(105)与有源导体(51至54)电耦合,并且该充电装置(12)具有根据前述权利要求之一所述的补偿装置(20),该消耗电器(105)优选是牵引电池。
11.根据权利要求10所述的车辆(10),其中在该整流器(100)与该消耗电器(105)之间设置有EMV滤波器(103,104)。
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