CN107788033A - 一种植物杀虫剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种植物杀虫剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107788033A CN107788033A CN201711029260.1A CN201711029260A CN107788033A CN 107788033 A CN107788033 A CN 107788033A CN 201711029260 A CN201711029260 A CN 201711029260A CN 107788033 A CN107788033 A CN 107788033A
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- chinaberry
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- camellia leaves
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种植物杀虫剂及其制备方法,涉及生物农药领域。该由以下重量份数的原料制成:苦楝子和苦楝叶1~5份、辣蓼草2~8份、荞头和油茶叶3~13份、水50~400份。制备方法包括将苦楝叶和苦楝子打浆、加水混合、静置过滤,得上层溶液A;将辣蓼草粉碎,加水浸泡,离心等,得上清液B;将油茶叶和荞头混合打浆,加水混合,静置,过滤,离心,除去杂质,得到上清液C;将A、B、C进行混合,搅拌均匀,即得植物杀虫剂。本发明的杀虫剂对虫卵和成虫都具有很好的杀灭效果,一次杀灭率达到82%以上;杀虫效果好,且具有广谱性,使用范围广。本发明的原料为常见的中草药,利用中草药中的有效成分进行杀菌驱虫,无毒、无残留、无公害,没有耐药用性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物农药技术领域,特别涉及一种由苦楝子苦楝叶提取物、辣蓼草提取物以及茶树叶和荞头混合提取物组成的植物杀虫剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
杀虫剂主要用于防治农业虫害和城市卫生害虫的药品,使用历史长远、用量大、品种多。现在随着农业的迅速发展,杀虫剂令农业产量提高,但是,几乎所有杀虫剂都会严重地改变生物生态系统,并且大部分对人体有害,其它的会被集中在食物链中。杀虫剂按来源可分为植物源杀虫剂和化学合成杀虫剂两类。化学合成杀虫剂对于植物病虫害具有很好地防治效果,但是化学合成杀虫剂所带来的环境污染,给生态平衡造成危害;随着社会的发展,人们对于环境保护越来越重视,化学合成杀虫剂已经不能符合人类绿色环保的要求了;相比植物源杀虫剂能符合人类的绿色环保要求,植物源杀虫剂由天然植物提取,能迅速降解,无环境问题,有高选择性,对人畜安全,而且还有不产生抗性、无药害、有肥效、对作物生长有刺激作用,可兼治病虫害等优点;
在自然界中有些植物含有有毒物质,将这些物质提取后可用来防治害虫,如印楝素、苦参碱、苦木素等,印楝素可以通过直接或间接地破坏昆虫口器的化学感应器官产生拒食作用,或者通过破坏中肠消化酶使得食物的营养转换不足,从而影响昆虫的生命力。但是现有技术中,从植物中提取印楝素、苦参碱等有效成分大都采用有机溶剂法,用有机溶剂来进行提取,如印楝素一般是采用正已烷去脂,再用甲醇从种仁中浸印楝素,最后用四氯化碳与石油醚混合萃取得到,因此提取过程中用到了大量的有机溶剂,会造成严重的环境污染。
中国专利CN101147498A公开了一种植物源杀虫剂,由辣椒、苦楝皮或果、辣蓼的有机溶剂提取物混配而成,该专利申请中就用到了有机溶剂作为提取剂,因此会污染环境。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,克服以上现有技术的缺点:提供一种植物杀虫剂及其制备方法,该植物杀虫剂不仅无毒、无残留、无公害,不污染环境,而且防治害虫的效果较好。
本发明的技术解决方案如下:
一种植物杀虫剂,由以下重量份数的原料制成:苦楝子和苦楝叶1~5份、辣蓼草2~8份、荞头和油茶叶3~13份、水50~400份。
作为优选,所述苦楝子和苦楝叶的质量比为1:1~3,更佳地为1:2。
作为优选,所述荞头和油茶叶的质量比为1:45~55,更佳地为1:50。
一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)取新鲜的苦楝叶和苦楝子洗净,放入打浆机中打浆,得到苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆,加入水混合,搅拌均匀后静置,过滤,沉淀分层,除去下层溶液,得到上层溶液A备用;
(2)将干辣蓼草切段、粉碎,加入水混合浸泡,然后离心除去杂质,得到上清液B备用;
(3)取新鲜的油茶叶和荞头洗净、混合,放入打浆机中打浆,得到油茶叶和荞头混合浆,加入水混合均匀,静置,过滤,离心,除去杂质,得到上清液C。
(4)将上层溶液A、上清液B以及上清液C进行混合,搅拌均匀,即得植物杀虫剂。
作为优选,所述步骤(1)中,打浆机的转速为1500~3000r/min,打浆时间为3~5min。
作为优选,所述步骤(1)中,苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆与水的质量比为1:4~6,更佳地为1:5,静置时间为3~10天。通过静置使苦楝叶和苦楝子中的有效成分充分溶解于水中。
作为优选,所述步骤(1)中,过滤为将溶液分别过1500目、2500目、3000目的筛网,沉淀分层时间为5~10天。
作为优选,所述步骤(2)中,粉碎后的辣蓼草的颗粒大小为1500~3000目,辣蓼粉与水的质量比为1:8~12,更佳地为1:10,浸泡时间为5~10天,离心的转速为1000~3500r/min。
作为优选,所述步骤(3)中,打浆后的油茶叶和荞头混合浆的颗粒大小为1500~3000目,油茶叶和荞头混合浆与水的质量为1:10~15,静置时间为5~10天,离心的转速为为1000~4500r/min。
作为优选,所述步骤(4)中,上层溶液A、上清液B和上清液C按质量比1:2~5:4~10进行混合,混合过程中进行匀速搅拌。
所述的植物杀虫剂的使用方法是将产品稀释100-300倍喷洒于植物的茎叶和根部周围,可以防治茶毛虫、茶尺蠖、茶蚜、地老虎等害虫。
本发明的原料有如下功效:
苦楝叶和苦楝子,苦楝叶为楝科植物楝Melia azedarach L.的叶子;苦楝子为楝科植物楝Melia azedarach L.的果实。苦楝树能在湿润的沃土上生长迅速,对土壤要求不严,在酸性土、中性土与石灰岩地区均能生长,是平原及低海拔丘陵区的良好造林树种,村边路旁种植更为适宜。苦楝树是材用植物,亦是药用植物,其花、叶、果实、根皮均可入药。使用苦楝叶和苦楝子不用取树皮,不必砍伐树木。苦楝子和苦楝叶含有苦楝子酮,苦楝子醇,苦楝内酯,7-二十三醇,儿茶精,羽扇豆醇,β-谷甾醇,β-谷甾醇-3-O-葡萄糖甙,香草醛,桂皮酸,印楝素,1-桂皮酰苦楝子醇酮,苦楝子二醇,苦楝新醇。种子中含6-乙酰氧基-11-羟基-7-酮基-14β15-环氧苦楝子新素-1,5-二烯-3-O-L-吡喃鼠李糖甙,印楝沙兰林,印楝德林,6-乙酰氧基-7-酮基-14β15-环氧苦楝子新素-1,5-二烯-3-O-D-吡喃木糖甙,6-11-二乙酰氧基-7-酮基-14β15-环氧苦楝子新素-1,5-二烯-3-O-吡喃葡萄糖甙。主要用于中医中脘腹胁肋疼痛;疝痛;虫积腹痛;头癣;冻疮,清热燥湿;杀虫止痒;行气止痛,跌打肿痛等。
辣蓼草为蓼科蓼属植物水蓼Polygonum hydropiper L.的全草,一年生草本植物,是我国的一种传统中草药,分布于我国南北各省区。辣蓼草全草含水蓼二醛,异水蓼二醛,密叶辛木素,水蓼酮,水蓼素-7-甲醚,水蓼素,槲皮素,槲皮甙,槲皮黄甙,金丝桃甙,顺/反阿魏酸,顺/反芥子酸,香草酸,丁香酸,草木犀酸,顺/反对香豆酸,对羟基苯甲酸,龙胆酸,顺/反咖啡酸,原儿茶酸,没食子酸,对羟基苯乙酸,绿原酸,水杨酸,并没食子酸。具有祛风利湿,散瘀止痛,解毒消肿,杀虫止痒之功效。常用于痢疾,胃肠炎,腹泻,风湿关节痛,跌打肿痛,功能性子宫出血等病症的治疗;外用于毒蛇咬伤,皮肤湿疹。油茶叶,为山茶科植物油茶Camellia oleifera Abel.的叶。我国长江流域及以南各地广泛栽培。主要成份为蛋白质、脂肪、还原搪、总糖、总氮、茶皂素等,主要应用于散瘀活血、接骨消肿、凉血止血、清热化湿、解毒。
荞头,为多年生草本百合科植物的地下鳞茎,含糖、蛋白质、钙、磷、铁、胡萝卜素、维生素C等多种营养物质。荞头是一种比较好的生物抗氧化剂,可用于许多果蔬产品的保鲜。
本发明中,首先,苦楝子中含有能兴奋昆虫肌肉组织、内部肠道及消化系统的成分,如6-乙酰氧基-11-羟基-7-酮基-14β15-环氧苦楝子新素-1,5-二烯-3-O-L-吡喃鼠李糖甙、印楝沙兰林、印楝德林等。同时,苦楝子还含有对昆虫起到毒化作用的有毒性化合物,如苦楝子酮、苦楝子醇、环氧苦楝子新素-1,5-二烯-3-O-L-吡喃鼠李糖甙等。苦楝叶中含有芸香甙和山柰酚-3-芸香糖甙等物质,芸香甙能起抗炎、病毒、抑制醛糖还原酶作用,山柰酚-3-芸香糖甙起抗炎作用,这两种成分能共同起麻痹昆虫神经和胃毒的作用。因此本发明采用苦楝子和苦楝叶的混合物作为杀虫剂成分,杀虫效果更好。
其次,油茶叶中的有效成分能抑制虫体内蛋白酶合成和麻痹昆虫神经从而达到杀虫效果,如羽扇豆烷醇、1-(3′,5′-二甲氧基)苯基-2-(4″-羟基)苯基乙烷、齐墩果酸、胡萝卜苷、山柰酚、山柰酚-3-O-(2″,6″-二-O-反式-对-羟基桂皮酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷等成分。将荞头与油茶叶混合,是由于油茶叶中的许多有效成分不直接溶于水,但与荞头混合后,这些有效成分更易于溶水,从而有效提高油茶叶中有效成分的溶解率。同时荞头中的有效成分可以促进成虫的食欲,从而使得成虫能更多的摄入油茶叶中的有效成分,达到更好的杀虫效果。
最后,辣蓼草中的有效成分能起到灼伤溶解大部分虫卵和部分虫体作用。
因此,本发明的杀虫剂的杀虫过程包括:一是使虫体兴奋,加强虫体的食欲,从而加大虫体对有毒成分的摄入。二是麻痹昆虫神经,从而使其不会逃脱。三是抑制虫体蛋白酶、灼伤溶解大部分虫卵以及部分成虫,将虫杀死。这三过程同时进行,相辅相成。而杀虫剂中的各组分具有各自的作用,同时又相互协同增效,从虫卵到成虫一次性杀灭,从而增强杀虫效果。
本发明的有益效果是:
1、本发明的杀虫剂对虫卵和成虫都具有很好的杀灭效果,可有效防治茶毛虫、茶尺蠖、红蜘蛛、茶蚜、地老虎等害虫,一次杀灭率达到82%以上;杀虫效果好,且具有广谱性,使用范围广。
2、本发明的杀虫剂的原料为常见的中草药,利用中草药中的有效成分进行杀菌驱虫,无毒、无残留、无公害,没有耐药用性,同时本发明的生产方法简单,成本低,使用方便。
3、与现有技术相比,本发明没有采用有机溶剂作为溶剂,而是采用水作为溶剂,因此不会污染环境,工艺环保。
具体实施方式
下面用具体实施例对本发明做进一步详细说明,但本发明不仅局限于以下具体实施例。
实施例1
称取以下重量的原料:新鲜苦楝子23kg、新鲜苦楝叶23kg、干辣蓼草46kg、新鲜荞头1kg、新鲜油茶叶45kg,清水若干,按照以下方法制备:
(1)将上述称量好的苦楝叶和苦楝子洗净,放入打浆机,以1500r/min转速打浆5min,得到苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆;将苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆与清水按照质量比1:4混合,搅拌均匀,静置3天,然后分别经1500目、2500目、3000目的筛网进行过滤,除去杂质,最后进入沉淀池中沉淀5天,溶液自动分层,除去下层溶液,得到上层溶液A备用;
(2)将上述称量好的干辣蓼草切段、粉碎,过1500目筛网,得到辣蓼草粉;将辣蓼草粉与清水按照质量比1:8混合,浸泡时间为5天,然后放入离心机,以1000r/min的转速离心,除去杂质,得到上清液B备用;
(3)将上述称量好的荞头和油茶叶洗净,两者按照质量比1:45进行混合,放入1500目的打浆机中打浆,得到油茶叶和荞头混合浆;将油茶叶和荞头混合浆与清水按照质量比1:10混合均匀,静置5天,过滤除去杂质,放入离心机中,以1000r/min的转速离心,得到上清液C。
(4)将上层溶液A、上清液B以及上清液C进行混合,匀速搅拌均匀,即得植物杀虫剂。
实施例2
称取以下重量的原料:新鲜苦楝子5.6kg、新鲜苦楝叶11.4kg、干辣蓼草34kg、新鲜荞头1kg、新鲜油茶叶50kg,清水若干,按照以下方法制备:
(1)将上述称量好的苦楝叶和苦楝子洗净,放入打浆机,以2500r/min转速打浆4min,得到苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆;将苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆与清水按照质量比1:5混合,搅拌均匀,静置6天,然后分别经1500目、2500目、3000目的筛网进行过滤,除去杂质,最后进入沉淀池中沉淀7天,溶液自动分层,除去下层溶液,得到上层溶液A备用;
(2)将上述称量好的干辣蓼草切段、粉碎,过2500目筛网,得到辣蓼草粉;将辣蓼草粉与清水按照质量比1:10混合,浸泡时间为7天,然后放入离心机,以2500r/min的转速离心,除去杂质,得到上清液B备用;
(3)将上述称量好的荞头和油茶叶洗净,两者按照质量比1:50进行混合,放入2500目的打浆机中打浆,得到油茶叶和荞头混合浆;将油茶叶和荞头混合浆与清水按照质量比1:12混合均匀,静置8天,过滤除去杂质,放入离心机中,以3000r/min的转速离心,得到上清液C。
(4)将上层溶液A、上清液B以及上清液C进行混合,匀速搅拌均匀,即得植物杀虫剂。
实施例3
称取以下重量的原料:新鲜苦楝子2.3kg、新鲜苦楝叶7kg、干辣蓼草28kg、新鲜荞头1kg、新鲜油茶叶55kg,清水若干,按照以下方法制备:
(1)将上述称量好的苦楝叶和苦楝子洗净,放入打浆机,以3000r/min转速打浆3min,得到苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆;将苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆与清水按照质量比1:6混合,搅拌均匀,静置10天,然后分别经1500目、2500目、3000目的筛网进行过滤,除去杂质,最后进入沉淀池中沉淀10天,溶液自动分层,除去下层溶液,得到上层溶液A备用;
(2)将上述称量好的干辣蓼草切段、粉碎,过3000目筛网,得到辣蓼草粉;将辣蓼草粉与清水按照质量比1:12混合,浸泡时间为10天,然后放入离心机,以3500r/min的转速离心,除去杂质,得到上清液B备用;
(3)将上述称量好的荞头和油茶叶洗净,两者按照质量比1:55进行混合,放入3000目的打浆机中打浆,得到油茶叶和荞头混合浆;将油茶叶和荞头混合浆与清水按照质量比1:15混合均匀,静置10天,过滤除去杂质,放入离心机中,以4500r/min的转速离心,得到上清液C。
(4)将上层溶液A、上清液B以及上清液C进行混合,匀速搅拌均匀,即得植物杀虫剂。
将实施例1-3制备的杀虫剂及市场上购买的40%氧化乐果乳油杀虫剂稀释500倍,进行一次防治茶毛虫、茶尺蠖、红蜘蛛、茶蚜、地老虎的比较试验,测试结果如下表所示:
从上述可见,本发明实施例1-3对茶毛虫、茶尺蠖、红蜘蛛、茶蚜和地老虎的整体防治效果要优于氧化乐果乳油的防治效果,因此本发明对害虫的防治效果好。
以上仅是本发明的特征实施范例,对本发明保护范围不构成任何限制。凡采用同等交换或者等效替换而形成的技术方案,均落在本发明权利保护范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.一种植物杀虫剂,其特征在于:由以下重量份数的原料制成:苦楝子和苦楝叶1~5份、辣蓼草2~8份、荞头和油茶叶3~13份、水50~400份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种植物杀虫剂,其特征在于:所述苦楝子和苦楝叶的质量比为1:1~3。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种植物杀虫剂,其特征在于:所述荞头和油茶叶的质量比为1:45~55。
4.一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤:
(1)取新鲜的苦楝叶和苦楝子洗净,放入打浆机中打浆,得到苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆,加入水混合,搅拌均匀后静置,过滤,沉淀分层,除去下层溶液,得到上层溶液A备用;
(2)将干辣蓼草切段、粉碎,加入水混合浸泡,然后离心除去杂质,得到上清液B备用;
(3)取新鲜的油茶叶和荞头洗净、混合,放入打浆机中打浆,得到油茶叶和荞头混合浆,加入水混合均匀,静置,过滤,离心,除去杂质,得到上清液C。
(4)将上层溶液A、上清液B以及上清液C进行混合,搅拌均匀,即得植物杀虫剂。
5.根据权利要求4所述的一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中,打浆机的转速为1500~3000r/min,打浆时间为3~5min。
6.根据权利要求4所述的一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中,苦楝叶和苦楝子混合浆与水的质量比为1:4~6,静置时间为3~10天。
7.根据权利要求4所述的一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(1)中,过滤为将溶液分别过1500目、2500目、3000目的筛网,沉淀分层时间为5~10天。
8.根据权利要求4所述的一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(2)中,粉碎后的辣蓼草的颗粒大小为1500~3000目,辣蓼粉与水的质量比为1:8~12,浸泡时间为5~10天,离心的转速为1000~3500r/min。
9.根据权利要求4所述的一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(3)中,打浆后的油茶叶和荞头混合浆的颗粒大小为1500~3000目,油茶叶和荞头混合浆与水的质量为1:10~15,静置时间为5~10天,离心的转速为为1000~4500r/min。
10.根据权利要求4所述的一种植物杀虫剂的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤(4)中,上层溶液A、上清液B和上清液C按质量比1:2~5:4~10进行混合,混合过程中进行匀速搅拌。
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