CN106134717A - 一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,具体的包括以下步骤:种子选择、种子处理、种子播种、幼苗移栽、虫害防治;本发明的种植方法,用高锰酸钾溶液进行浸种处理后立即用温水清洗干净,然后用冷水进行搅拌浸泡,能够提高种子萌发率,缩短种子萌发时间;本发明采用的富硒育苗基质,配比均衡,各原料之间相互作用,不但能够有效提升各自营养成分的释放,为幼苗生长提供丰富的营养成分,提高出苗率,促进幼苗健壮生长,而且具有很强的杀菌能力,能够有效抑制病菌的侵害,增强幼苗的抗病性,提高幼苗成活率;本发明采用的杀虫剂,配方科学合理,具有高效的杀菌杀虫能力,能够明显降低烟粉虱虫害率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于蔬菜种植技术领域,尤其是一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法。
背景技术
西芹,味甘、苦、性凉,归肺、胃、肝经,具有平肝清热、祛风利湿的功效,用于高血压病、眩晕头痛、面红目赤、血淋、痈肿等症;西芹含酸性的降压成分,对兔、犬静脉注射有明显降压作用,临床对于原发性、妊娠性及更年期高血压均有效;从西芹子中分离出的一种碱性成分,对动物有镇静作用,对人体能起安定作用,有利于安定情绪,消除烦躁;西芹含有利尿有效成分,消除体内钠潴留,利尿消肿,临床上以芹菜水煎可治疗乳糜尿;西芹是高纤维食物,它经肠内消化作用产生一种木质素或肠内脂的物质,这类物质是一种抗氧化剂,高浓度时可抑制肠内细菌产生的致癌物质,它还可以加快粪便在肠内的运转时间,减少致癌物与结肠粘膜的接触,达到预防结肠癌的目的;西芹含铁量较高,能补充妇女经血的损失,食之能避免皮肤苍白、干燥、面色无华,而且可使目光有神,头发黑亮。
但是目前的营养价值丰富的西芹在育苗期间出苗率低、苗成活率低且苗弱小,从而对后期栽种产生不良影响,导致产量和品质降低,无法从根本上满足广大消费者的需求,因此,发明一种养分丰富、保水保肥能力强、透气性好的育苗基质,提高出苗率、提高苗成活率且生产壮苗,是目前亟待解决的问题。
在西芹生长过程中,为了防治虫害,种植户会对西芹进行药剂喷施,但是目前的药剂不仅杀虫效果不明显,药效持久性差,而且容易造成农药残留,对人体造成一定的伤害;因此,在如今人们更加关注饮食健康的年代,这类农药的使用会逐步受到限制,此外,这类化学农药造成的水质污染对环境危害也愈发明显,所以,寻找新型环保且效果显著的杀虫剂是目前亟待解决的问题。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明旨在提供一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,不但育苗基质养分丰富、保水保肥能力强、透气性好,能够有效提高出苗率、提高苗成活率且生产壮苗,而且能够有效防治烟粉虱虫害,避免有害物质残留,从而有效提高西芹的产量和品质。
本发明通过以下技术方案实现:
一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
(1)种子选择:选择自然成熟、无病害、颗粒饱满的西芹种子;
(2)种子处理:用质量分数为0.63~0.65%的高锰酸钾溶液浸种11~13min,不断搅拌,然后用温度为48~50℃的温水清洗干净,将种子放入温度为4~6℃的冷水中不停搅拌,浸种6~8h,取出种子用纱布包好进行催芽,催芽温度为20~22℃,每隔30h用温度为38~40℃的温水冲洗一次,催芽时间为120~140h;
(3)种子播种:将处理后的西芹种子播种到富硒育苗基质中;
所述的富硒育苗基质,由以下重量份的原料制成:硒矿石55~60份、桃核23~25份、杏核17~19份、荔枝核20~22份、花生壳43~45份、玉米秸秆32~34份、火龙果皮14~16份、香蕉皮18~20份、牛粪35~40份、芦荟渣13~15份、泥炭土80~85份、火山石42~44份、高山榕树皮16~18份、杨树皮19~21份、甜象草7~9份、翠贝0.22~0.24份、肟菌酯0.33~0.35份;
(4)幼苗移栽:将幼苗移栽到大田中,行距12~14cm,株距7.6~7.8cm,采取一穴一栽的模式;
(5)虫害防治:发现烟粉虱虫害时,开始喷洒杀虫剂,喷洒前按 1:90~95 的比例兑水稀释;
所述的杀虫剂,由以下重量份的原料制成:氮酮21~23份、苯酚14~16份、茶皂素17~19份、巴豆18~20份、黄连木树皮33~35份、杨梅树皮25~27份、盐肤木根22~24份、白花丹13~15份、百部10~12份、槭树树汁3~5份、银杏树汁4~6份、榔榆叶9~11份、桃树叶8~10份、八角9~11份、山奈13~15份。
作为发明进一步的方案:步骤(3)所述的富硒育苗基质的制备方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
a、将硒矿石和火山石破碎成块状,在温度为380~400℃的条件下煅烧90~95min,室温自然冷却,投入转速为13000~13500r/min的研磨机研磨19~21min,过140~145目筛,得矿石粉;向矿石粉中加入其重量0.7~0.9倍量、质量分数为22~24%的乙醇溶液,用转速为670~690r/min的搅拌器搅拌10~12min,投入温度为44~46℃的烘干箱烘干至水分含量为6~8%,得活化矿石粉,备用;
b、将火龙果皮和香蕉皮投入转速为3800~3900r/min的打浆机,加入火龙果皮重量0.6~0.8倍量、温度为50~52℃的水,打浆940~960s,得果皮浆;将桃核、杏核和荔枝核投入转速为8200~8300r/min的粉碎机粉碎890~910s,过140~145目筛,投入温度为60~62℃的炒锅文火炒制460~480s,加入桃核重量0.23~0.25倍量的食醋,将炒锅温度升温至78~80℃,继续文火炒制370~390s,室温自然冷却,得果核粉;将果皮浆和果核粉投入转速为135~140r/min的混合机混合搅拌690~710s,投入发酵池密封发酵145~150h,发酵温度为40~42℃,室温自然风干至水分含量为8~10%,得腐熟果皮核粉,备用;
c、将牛粪置于温度为155~160℃的蒸锅内蒸720~740s,升高温度至210~215℃蒸550~570s,在阳光下暴晒46~48h,铺放厚度为1.7~1.9cm,投入转速为7600~7800r/min的粉碎机粉碎680~700s,过140~145目筛,得牛粪粉;将芦荟渣投入转速为3400~3600r/min的打浆机,加入芦荟渣重量0.3~0.5倍量、温度为54~56℃的水,打浆840~860s,得芦荟渣浆;将芦荟渣浆与牛粪粉一起投入转速为135~140r/min的混合机混合搅拌790~810s,加入牛粪粉重量0.26~0.28倍量的水混合均匀,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵110~115h,堆放厚度为5.7~5.9cm,期间每隔30h翻堆一次,得腐熟牛粪粉,备用;
d、将泥炭土使用质量分数为7~9%的氢氧化钠溶液浸泡36~38min,过滤,用质量分数为8~10%的盐酸浸泡41~43min,大火加热至沸腾,文火继续加热7~9min,过滤,室温自然冷却,热风干燥至水分含量为9~11%,与甜象草一起投入转速为7400~7600r/min的粉碎机粉碎830~850s,过140~145目筛,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵65~70h,得改性泥炭土,备用;
e、将花生壳和玉米秸秆投入转速为7300~7500r/min的粉碎机粉碎770~790s,过140~145目筛,加入花生壳重量0.31~0.33倍量的食醋混合均匀,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵55~60h,翻堆一次,继续发酵35~40h,得腐熟秸秆壳粉,备用;
f、将高山榕树皮和杨树皮置于温度为36~38℃的烘干箱烘干至水分含量为8~10%,投入转速为7300~7500r/min的粉碎机粉碎660~680s,过140~145目筛,得树皮粉,备用;
g、将腐熟果皮核粉、腐熟牛粪粉、腐熟秸秆壳粉和树皮粉投入转速为150~155r/min的混合机混合搅拌950~970s,加入腐熟果皮核粉重量2.1~2.3倍量的水混合搅拌均匀,投入发酵池密封发酵85~90h,发酵温度为43~45℃,室温自然冷却,与活化矿石粉、改性泥炭土、翠贝和肟菌酯一起投入转速为160~165r/min的混合机混合搅拌980~1000s,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵35~40h,堆放厚度为5.2~5.4cm,室温自然冷却,得富硒育苗基质。
作为发明进一步的方案:步骤(5)所述的杀虫剂的制备方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
a、将巴豆、八角和山奈投入温度为43~45℃的炒锅文火炒制530~550s,升高温度至65~67℃,文火炒制220~240s,投入转速为8200~8400r/min的研磨机研磨850~870s,过230~240目筛,室温自然冷却,加入到巴豆重量5.5~5.7倍量、质量分数为29~31%的乙醇溶液中,用转速为460~480r/min的搅拌器搅拌830~850s,得粉末乙醇液,备用;
b、将黄连木树皮和杨梅树皮置于温度为44~46℃的烘干箱中,烘干至水分含量为13~15%,投入转速为7100~7300r/min的粉碎机粉碎720~740s,过230~240目筛,投入温度为51~53℃的炒锅文火炒制320~340s,室温自然冷却,得树皮粉,备用;
c、向盐肤木根、白花丹和百部中加入盐肤木根重量15~17倍量的水,大火煮沸,文火熬煮60~65min,期间每隔20min加入盐肤木根重量2.3~2.5倍量的水,过270~280目滤布,得提取液一和滤渣一;将滤渣一投入转速为7500~7700r/min的粉碎机,粉碎760~780s,过230~240目筛,得滤渣粉;向滤渣粉中加入滤渣粉重量6.6~6.8倍量、质量分数为40~42%的乙醇,大火煮沸,文火熬煮29~31min,过270~280目滤布,得提取液二和滤渣二;合并提取液一和提取液二,文火熬煮8~10min,室温自然冷却,得提取液,备用;
d、将榔榆叶和桃树叶投入转速为2200~2300r/min的打浆机,加入温度为38~40℃、重量为榔榆叶重量4.3~4.5倍量的水,打浆850~870s,过230~240目滤布,得树叶液,备用;
e、将粉末乙醇液、树叶液、槭树树汁和银杏树汁用转速为730~750r/min的搅拌器搅拌580~600s,中火熬煮15~17min,加入粉末乙醇液重量2.1~2.3倍量、温度为64~66℃的水,中火熬煮10~12min,加入树皮粉和提取液,用转速为690~710r/min的搅拌器搅拌530~550s,中火熬煮8~10min,室温冷却至温度为41~43℃,加入氮酮、苯酚和茶皂素,用转速为830~850r/min的搅拌器搅拌920~940s,得杀虫剂。
本发明的有益效果:本发明提供的一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,用高锰酸钾溶液进行浸种处理后立即用温水清洗干净,不但能够促进西芹种皮的软化,加快种子的吸水速度,而且能够有效杀死种子表面的细菌,又不会对胚造成损害;然后用冷水进行搅拌浸泡,能够进一步促进种子的膨胀,促进细胞分化,提高种子萌发率,缩短种子萌发时间。
本发明采用的富硒育苗基质,加入硒矿石和火山石,煅烧研磨后,使用乙醇进行活化并烘干,能够有效改善育苗基质的活化程度,提升育苗基质的硒含量,从而有效提高西芹的硒含量;加入桃核、杏核和荔枝核,进行炒制加工处理后,与打浆后的火龙果皮和香蕉皮混合发酵,不但能够有效促进幼苗根系生长,而且能够有效抑制幼苗猝倒病病菌的生长,在果核的炒制过程中加入食醋,能够有效软化果核的组织结构,使其营养成分更易被吸收利用;加入牛粪,先蒸煮暴晒,能够有效杀死牛粪内部含有的有害菌,然后与打浆后的芦荟渣混合发酵,不但能够有效促进牛粪的腐熟程度,提升牛粪的营养价值,促进幼苗的青绿生长,而且能够有效提升育苗基质的生物活性、改善育苗基质的营养结构;加入泥炭土,依次用氢氧化钠溶液和盐酸浸泡并煮沸,然后与甜象草混合发酵,不但能够有效提升育苗基质的透气性和粘性,增强保肥保水能力,而且为幼苗生长提供所需矿物质,促进幼苗健壮生长;加入花生壳和玉米秸秆,粉碎后加入食醋进行发酵,能够有效促进其腐熟,使其营养成分更充分的释放,从而有效稳定西芹的纤维含量和结构;加入高山榕树皮和杨树皮,能够有效抑制害虫的侵蚀,提高幼苗存活率;加入翠贝和肟菌酯,配合作用,能够有效防治西芹的黑斑病病害,从而提高其品质;本发明配方科学合理,配比均衡,各原料之间相互作用,不但能够有效提升各自营养成分的释放,为幼苗生长提供丰富的营养成分,提高出苗率,促进幼苗健壮生长,而且具有很强的杀菌能力,能够有效抑制病菌的侵害,增强幼苗的抗病性,提高幼苗成活率。
本发明采用的杀虫剂,配方科学合理,制作工艺简单,具有高效的杀菌杀虫能力,尤其对烟粉虱虫害有很强的作用效果,能够明显降低烟粉虱虫害率;本发明天然环保,对人体和环境均无害,能够有效避免农药中有害物质残留对人体的伤害和对环境造成的污染,各原料之间作用相互促进,使得杀菌杀虫效果更加显著,且药效持续时间长,能够有效降低药剂使用频率,从而降低药剂成本和人工成本;加入巴豆、八角和山奈炒制粉碎后与乙醇溶液混合搅拌,加入黄连木树皮和杨梅树皮烘干粉碎炒制,能够导致烟粉虱呼吸困难、行动迟缓、麻痹而死;加入榔榆叶和桃树叶进行打浆,加入槭树树汁和银杏树汁,能够有效增强杀虫剂的作用效果;加入氮酮、苯酚和茶皂素,不但能够有效防治蚜虫对西芹的侵蚀,而且对防治西芹黑斑病有一定的作用效果;加入盐肤木根、白花丹和百部,提取其有效成分,能够有效防治有害病菌的滋生,增强西芹的抗菌抗病性。
具体实施方式
下面用具体实施例说明本发明,但并不是对本发明的限制。
实施例1
本发明实施例中,一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
(1)种子选择:选择自然成熟、无病害、颗粒饱满的西芹种子;
(2)种子处理:用质量分数为0.63%的高锰酸钾溶液浸种11min,不断搅拌,然后用温度为48℃的温水清洗干净,将种子放入温度为4℃的冷水中不停搅拌,浸种6h,取出种子用纱布包好进行催芽,催芽温度为20℃,,每隔30h用温度为38℃的温水冲洗一次,催芽时间为120h;
(3)种子播种:将处理后的西芹种子播种到富硒育苗基质中;
所述的富硒育苗基质,由以下重量份的原料制成:硒矿石55份、桃核23份、杏核17份、荔枝核20份、花生壳43份、玉米秸秆32份、火龙果皮14份、香蕉皮18份、牛粪35份、芦荟渣13份、泥炭土80份、火山石42份、高山榕树皮16份、杨树皮19份、甜象草7份、翠贝0.22份、肟菌酯0.33份;
(4)幼苗移栽:将幼苗移栽到大田中,行距12cm,株距7.6cm,采取一穴一栽的模式;
(5)虫害防治:发现烟粉虱虫害时,开始喷洒杀虫剂,喷洒前按 1:95 的比例兑水稀释;
所述的杀虫剂,由以下重量份的原料制成:氮酮21份、苯酚14份、茶皂素17份、巴豆18份、黄连木树皮33份、杨梅树皮25份、盐肤木根22份、白花丹13份、百部10份、槭树树汁3份、银杏树汁4份、榔榆叶9份、桃树叶8份、八角9份、山奈13份。
作为发明进一步的方案:步骤(3)所述的育苗基质的制备方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
a、将硒矿石和火山石破碎成块状,在温度为380℃的条件下煅烧90min,室温自然冷却,投入转速为13000r/min的研磨机研磨19min,过140目筛,得矿石粉;向矿石粉中加入其重量0.7倍量、质量分数为22%的乙醇溶液,用转速为670r/min的搅拌器搅拌10min,投入温度为44℃的烘干箱烘干至水分含量为6%,得活化矿石粉,备用;
b、将火龙果皮和香蕉皮投入转速为3800r/min的打浆机,加入火龙果皮重量0.6倍量、温度为50℃的水,打浆940s,得果皮浆;将桃核、杏核和荔枝核投入转速为8200r/min的粉碎机粉碎890s,过140目筛,投入温度为60℃的炒锅文火炒制460s,加入桃核重量0.23倍量的食醋,将炒锅温度升温至78℃,继续文火炒制370s,室温自然冷却,得果核粉;将果皮浆和果核粉投入转速为135r/min的混合机混合搅拌690s,投入发酵池密封发酵145h,发酵温度为40℃,室温自然风干至水分含量为8%,得腐熟果皮核粉,备用;
c、将牛粪置于温度为155℃的蒸锅内蒸720s,升高温度至210℃蒸550s,在阳光下暴晒46h,铺放厚度为1.7cm,投入转速为7600r/min的粉碎机粉碎680s,过140目筛,得牛粪粉;将芦荟渣投入转速为3400r/min的打浆机,加入芦荟渣重量0.3倍量、温度为54℃的水,打浆840s,得芦荟渣浆;将芦荟渣浆与牛粪粉一起投入转速为135r/min的混合机混合搅拌790s,加入牛粪粉重量0.26倍量的水混合均匀,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵110h,堆放厚度为5.7cm,期间每隔30h翻堆一次,得腐熟牛粪粉,备用;
d、将泥炭土使用质量分数为7~9%的氢氧化钠溶液浸泡36min,过滤,用质量分数为8%的盐酸浸泡41min,大火加热至沸腾,文火继续加热7min,过滤,室温自然冷却,热风干燥至水分含量为9%,与甜象草一起投入转速为7400r/min的粉碎机粉碎830s,过140目筛,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵65h,得改性泥炭土,备用;
e、将花生壳和玉米秸秆投入转速为7300r/min的粉碎机粉碎770s,过140目筛,加入花生壳重量0.31倍量的食醋混合均匀,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵55h,翻堆一次,继续发酵35h,得腐熟秸秆壳粉,备用;
f、将高山榕树皮和杨树皮置于温度为36℃的烘干箱烘干至水分含量为8%,投入转速为7300r/min的粉碎机粉碎660s,过140目筛,得树皮粉,备用;
g、将腐熟果皮核粉、腐熟牛粪粉、腐熟秸秆壳粉和树皮粉投入转速为150r/min的混合机混合搅拌950s,加入腐熟果皮核粉重量2.1倍量的水混合搅拌均匀,投入发酵池密封发酵85h,发酵温度为43℃,室温自然冷却,与活化矿石粉、改性泥炭土、翠贝和肟菌酯一起投入转速为160r/min的混合机混合搅拌980s,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵35h,堆放厚度为5.2cm,室温自然冷却,得富硒育苗基质。
作为发明进一步的方案:步骤(5)所述的杀虫剂的制备方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
a、将巴豆、八角和山奈投入温度为43℃的炒锅文火炒制530s,升高温度至65℃,文火炒制220s,投入转速为8200r/min的研磨机研磨850s,过230目筛,室温自然冷却,加入到巴豆重量5.5倍量、质量分数为29%的乙醇溶液中,用转速为460r/min的搅拌器搅拌830s,得粉末乙醇液,备用;
b、将黄连木树皮和杨梅树皮置于温度为44℃的烘干箱中,烘干至水分含量为13%,投入转速为7100r/min的粉碎机粉碎720s,过230目筛,投入温度为51℃的炒锅文火炒制320s,室温自然冷却,得树皮粉,备用;
c、向盐肤木根、白花丹和百部中加入盐肤木根重量15倍量的水,大火煮沸,文火熬煮60min,期间每隔20min加入盐肤木根重量2.3倍量的水,过270目滤布,得提取液一和滤渣一;将滤渣一投入转速为7500r/min的粉碎机,粉碎760s,过230目筛,得滤渣粉;向滤渣粉中加入滤渣粉重量6.6倍量、质量分数为40%的乙醇,大火煮沸,文火熬煮29min,过270目滤布,得提取液二和滤渣二;合并提取液一和提取液二,文火熬煮8min,室温自然冷却,得提取液,备用;
d、将榔榆叶和桃树叶投入转速为2200r/min的打浆机,加入温度为38℃、重量为榔榆叶重量4.3倍量的水,打浆850s,过230目滤布,得树叶液,备用;
e、将粉末乙醇液、树叶液、槭树树汁和银杏树汁用转速为730r/min的搅拌器搅拌580s,中火熬煮15min,加入粉末乙醇液重量2.1倍量、温度为64℃的水,中火熬煮10min,加入树皮粉和提取液,用转速为690r/min的搅拌器搅拌530s,中火熬煮8min,室温冷却至温度为41℃,加入氮酮、苯酚和茶皂素,用转速为830r/min的搅拌器搅拌920s,得杀虫剂。
实施例2
本发明实施例中,一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
(1)种子选择:选择自然成熟、无病害、颗粒饱满的西芹种子;
(2)种子处理:用质量分数为0.64%的高锰酸钾溶液浸种12min,不断搅拌,然后用温度为49℃的温水清洗干净,将种子放入温度为5℃的冷水中不停搅拌,浸种7h,取出种子用纱布包好进行催芽,催芽温度为21℃,每隔30h用温度为39℃的温水冲洗一次,催芽时间为130h;
(3)种子播种:将处理后的西芹种子播种到富硒育苗基质中;
所述的富硒育苗基质,由以下重量份的原料制成:硒矿石58份、桃核24份、杏核18份、荔枝核21份、花生壳44份、玉米秸秆33份、火龙果皮15份、香蕉皮19份、牛粪38份、芦荟渣14份、泥炭土83份、火山石43份、高山榕树皮17份、杨树皮20份、甜象草8份、翠贝0.23份、肟菌酯0.34份;
(4)幼苗移栽:将幼苗移栽到大田中,行距13cm,株距7.7cm,采取一穴一栽的模式;
(5)虫害防治:发现烟粉虱虫害时,开始喷洒杀虫剂,喷洒前按 1:93 的比例兑水稀释;
所述的杀虫剂,由以下重量份的原料制成:氮酮22份、苯酚15份、茶皂素18份、巴豆19份、黄连木树皮34份、杨梅树皮26份、盐肤木根23份、白花丹14份、百部11份、槭树树汁4份、银杏树汁5份、榔榆叶10份、桃树叶9份、八角10份、山奈14份。
作为发明进一步的方案:所述的育苗基质的制备方法与实施例1相同。
作为发明进一步的方案:所述的杀虫剂的制备方法与实施例1相同。
实施例3
本发明实施例中,一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
(1)种子选择:选择自然成熟、无病害、颗粒饱满的西芹种子;
(2)种子处理:用质量分数为0.65%的高锰酸钾溶液浸种13min,不断搅拌,然后用温度为50℃的温水清洗干净,将种子放入温度为6℃的冷水中不停搅拌,浸种8h,取出种子用纱布包好进行催芽,催芽温度为22℃,每隔30h用温度为40℃的温水冲洗一次,催芽时间为140h;
(3)种子播种:将处理后的西芹种子播种到富硒育苗基质中;
所述的富硒育苗基质,由以下重量份的原料制成:硒矿石60份、桃核25份、杏核19份、荔枝核22份、花生壳45份、玉米秸秆34份、火龙果皮16份、香蕉皮20份、牛粪40份、芦荟渣15份、泥炭土85份、火山石44份、高山榕树皮18份、杨树皮21份、甜象草9份、翠贝0.24份、肟菌酯0.35份;
(4)幼苗移栽:将幼苗移栽到大田中,行距14cm,株距7.8cm,采取一穴一栽的模式;
(5)虫害防治:发现烟粉虱虫害时,开始喷洒杀虫剂,喷洒前按 1:90 的比例兑水稀释;
所述的杀虫剂,由以下重量份的原料制成:氮酮23份、苯酚16份、茶皂素19份、巴豆20份、黄连木树皮35份、杨梅树皮27份、盐肤木根24份、白花丹15份、百部12份、槭树树汁5份、银杏树汁6份、榔榆叶11份、桃树叶10份、八角11份、山奈15份。
作为发明进一步的方案:所述的育苗基质的制备方法与实施例1相同。
作为发明进一步的方案:所述的杀虫剂的制备方法与实施例1相同。
使用本实施例西芹富硒育苗基质与对比例普通西芹育苗基质进行西芹育苗的对比如下表:
表1 实施例和对比例的育苗结果
项 目 | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 对比例 |
出苗率(%) | 96.9 | 97.1 | 97.3 | 80.3 |
幼苗成活率(%) | 98.6 | 98.8 | 99.1 | 82.4 |
育苗时间(天) | 25 | 25 | 24 | 38 |
由表1可知,使用本实施例西芹富硒育苗基质进行西芹育苗,不但能够有效缩短育苗时间,而且能够有效提高出苗率和幼苗成活率,从而提高种植户的经济效益。
捉取大小一致的烟粉虱200只,平均分为4组,每组50只,使用本实施例烟粉虱虫害杀虫剂与对比例普通烟粉虱虫害杀虫剂进行药效测试,对比如下表:
表2 实施例和对比例的药效测试结果
项 目 | 实施例1 | 实施例2 | 实施例3 | 对比例 |
药后1天死亡率(%) | 60 | 62 | 64 | 28 |
药后2天死亡率(%) | 88 | 90 | 90 | 46 |
药后3天死亡率(%) | 98 | 98 | 100 | 74 |
由表2可知,使用本实施例烟粉虱虫害杀虫剂进行烟粉虱防治,能够有效杀死烟粉虱,从而有效提高西芹的品质和产量,提高种植户的经济效益。
Claims (3)
1.一种高产高品质西芹的种植方法,其特征在于,具体的包括以下步骤:
(1)种子选择:选择自然成熟、无病害、颗粒饱满的西芹种子;
(2)种子处理:用质量分数为0.63~0.65%的高锰酸钾溶液浸种11~13min,不断搅拌,然后用温度为48~50℃的温水清洗干净,将种子放入温度为4~6℃的冷水中不停搅拌,浸种6~8h,取出种子用纱布包好进行催芽,催芽温度为20~22℃,每隔30h用温度为38~40℃的温水冲洗一次,催芽时间为120~140h;
(3)种子播种:将处理后的西芹种子播种到富硒育苗基质中;
所述的富硒育苗基质,由以下重量份的原料制成:硒矿石55~60份、桃核23~25份、杏核17~19份、荔枝核20~22份、花生壳43~45份、玉米秸秆32~34份、火龙果皮14~16份、香蕉皮18~20份、牛粪35~40份、芦荟渣13~15份、泥炭土80~85份、火山石42~44份、高山榕树皮16~18份、杨树皮19~21份、甜象草7~9份、翠贝0.22~0.24份、肟菌酯0.33~0.35份;
(4)幼苗移栽:将幼苗移栽到大田中,行距12~14cm,株距7.6~7.8cm,采取一穴一栽的模式;
(5)虫害防治:发现烟粉虱虫害时,开始喷洒杀虫剂,喷洒前按 1:90~95 的比例兑水稀释;
所述的杀虫剂,由以下重量份的原料制成:氮酮21~23份、苯酚14~16份、茶皂素17~19份、巴豆18~20份、黄连木树皮33~35份、杨梅树皮25~27份、盐肤木根22~24份、白花丹13~15份、百部10~12份、槭树树汁3~5份、银杏树汁4~6份、榔榆叶9~11份、桃树叶8~10份、八角9~11份、山奈13~15份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的高产高品质西芹的种植方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述的富硒育苗基质的制备方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
a、将硒矿石和火山石破碎成块状,在温度为380~400℃的条件下煅烧90~95min,室温自然冷却,投入转速为13000~13500r/min的研磨机研磨19~21min,过140~145目筛,得矿石粉;向矿石粉中加入其重量0.7~0.9倍量、质量分数为22~24%的乙醇溶液,用转速为670~690r/min的搅拌器搅拌10~12min,投入温度为44~46℃的烘干箱烘干至水分含量为6~8%,得活化矿石粉,备用;
b、将火龙果皮和香蕉皮投入转速为3800~3900r/min的打浆机,加入火龙果皮重量0.6~0.8倍量、温度为50~52℃的水,打浆940~960s,得果皮浆;将桃核、杏核和荔枝核投入转速为8200~8300r/min的粉碎机粉碎890~910s,过140~145目筛,投入温度为60~62℃的炒锅文火炒制460~480s,加入桃核重量0.23~0.25倍量的食醋,将炒锅温度升温至78~80℃,继续文火炒制370~390s,室温自然冷却,得果核粉;将果皮浆和果核粉投入转速为135~140r/min的混合机混合搅拌690~710s,投入发酵池密封发酵145~150h,发酵温度为40~42℃,室温自然风干至水分含量为8~10%,得腐熟果皮核粉,备用;
c、将牛粪置于温度为155~160℃的蒸锅内蒸720~740s,升高温度至210~215℃蒸550~570s,在阳光下暴晒46~48h,铺放厚度为1.7~1.9cm,投入转速为7600~7800r/min的粉碎机粉碎680~700s,过140~145目筛,得牛粪粉;将芦荟渣投入转速为3400~3600r/min的打浆机,加入芦荟渣重量0.3~0.5倍量、温度为54~56℃的水,打浆840~860s,得芦荟渣浆;将芦荟渣浆与牛粪粉一起投入转速为135~140r/min的混合机混合搅拌790~810s,加入牛粪粉重量0.26~0.28倍量的水混合均匀,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵110~115h,堆放厚度为5.7~5.9cm,期间每隔30h翻堆一次,得腐熟牛粪粉,备用;
d、将泥炭土使用质量分数为7~9%的氢氧化钠溶液浸泡36~38min,过滤,用质量分数为8~10%的盐酸浸泡41~43min,大火加热至沸腾,文火继续加热7~9min,过滤,室温自然冷却,热风干燥至水分含量为9~11%,与甜象草一起投入转速为7400~7600r/min的粉碎机粉碎830~850s,过140~145目筛,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵65~70h,得改性泥炭土,备用;
e、将花生壳和玉米秸秆投入转速为7300~7500r/min的粉碎机粉碎770~790s,过140~145目筛,加入花生壳重量0.31~0.33倍量的食醋混合均匀,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵55~60h,翻堆一次,继续发酵35~40h,得腐熟秸秆壳粉,备用;
f、将高山榕树皮和杨树皮置于温度为36~38℃的烘干箱烘干至水分含量为8~10%,投入转速为7300~7500r/min的粉碎机粉碎660~680s,过140~145目筛,得树皮粉,备用;
g、将腐熟果皮核粉、腐熟牛粪粉、腐熟秸秆壳粉和树皮粉投入转速为150~155r/min的混合机混合搅拌950~970s,加入腐熟果皮核粉重量2.1~2.3倍量的水混合搅拌均匀,投入发酵池密封发酵85~90h,发酵温度为43~45℃,室温自然冷却,与活化矿石粉、改性泥炭土、翠贝和肟菌酯一起投入转速为160~165r/min的混合机混合搅拌980~1000s,盖上塑料薄膜室温密闭发酵35~40h,堆放厚度为5.2~5.4cm,室温自然冷却,得富硒育苗基质。
3.根据权利要求1所述的高产高品质西芹的种植方法,其特征在于,步骤(5)所述的杀虫剂的制备方法,具体的包括以下步骤:
a、将巴豆、八角和山奈投入温度为43~45℃的炒锅文火炒制530~550s,升高温度至65~67℃,文火炒制220~240s,投入转速为8200~8400r/min的研磨机研磨850~870s,过230~240目筛,室温自然冷却,加入到巴豆重量5.5~5.7倍量、质量分数为29~31%的乙醇溶液中,用转速为460~480r/min的搅拌器搅拌830~850s,得粉末乙醇液,备用;
b、将黄连木树皮和杨梅树皮置于温度为44~46℃的烘干箱中,烘干至水分含量为13~15%,投入转速为7100~7300r/min的粉碎机粉碎720~740s,过230~240目筛,投入温度为51~53℃的炒锅文火炒制320~340s,室温自然冷却,得树皮粉,备用;
c、向盐肤木根、白花丹和百部中加入盐肤木根重量15~17倍量的水,大火煮沸,文火熬煮60~65min,期间每隔20min加入盐肤木根重量2.3~2.5倍量的水,过270~280目滤布,得提取液一和滤渣一;将滤渣一投入转速为7500~7700r/min的粉碎机,粉碎760~780s,过230~240目筛,得滤渣粉;向滤渣粉中加入滤渣粉重量6.6~6.8倍量、质量分数为40~42%的乙醇,大火煮沸,文火熬煮29~31min,过270~280目滤布,得提取液二和滤渣二;合并提取液一和提取液二,文火熬煮8~10min,室温自然冷却,得提取液,备用;
d、将榔榆叶和桃树叶投入转速为2200~2300r/min的打浆机,加入温度为38~40℃、重量为榔榆叶重量4.3~4.5倍量的水,打浆850~870s,过230~240目滤布,得树叶液,备用;
e、将粉末乙醇液、树叶液、槭树树汁和银杏树汁用转速为730~750r/min的搅拌器搅拌580~600s,中火熬煮15~17min,加入粉末乙醇液重量2.1~2.3倍量、温度为64~66℃的水,中火熬煮10~12min,加入树皮粉和提取液,用转速为690~710r/min的搅拌器搅拌530~550s,中火熬煮8~10min,室温冷却至温度为41~43℃,加入氮酮、苯酚和茶皂素,用转速为830~850r/min的搅拌器搅拌920~940s,得杀虫剂。
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