CN107738030A - A kind of law temperature joining method of aluminium bronze and stainless steel - Google Patents
A kind of law temperature joining method of aluminium bronze and stainless steel Download PDFInfo
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- CN107738030A CN107738030A CN201710849354.7A CN201710849354A CN107738030A CN 107738030 A CN107738030 A CN 107738030A CN 201710849354 A CN201710849354 A CN 201710849354A CN 107738030 A CN107738030 A CN 107738030A
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- stainless steel
- aluminium bronze
- curved beam
- aluminium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K23/00—Alumino-thermic welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
- B23K2103/18—Dissimilar materials
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of law temperature joining method of aluminium bronze and stainless steel, is specially:Surface clean is carried out to aluminium bronze coupon and stainless steel curved beam blocks first;The upper surface punching of stainless steel curved beam blocks after cleaning, and aluminium powder is filled in hole, aluminium powder then is spread in upper surface, and aluminium bronze coupon is placed in the upper surface of stainless steel curved beam blocks;Aluminium bronze coupon and stainless steel curved beam blocks are finally carried out into microcell liquid at low temperature to be solidly connected, that is, obtain aluminium bronze rustless steel double-metal composite.The present invention spreads the metallurgical binding for realizing aluminium bronze and two kinds of materials of stainless steel by microcell liquid admittedly;Simultaneously, stainless steel crystallite dimension is grown up when relatively low connection temperature not only avoid high temperature, so that the intensity of stainless steel is guaranteed, and reduce production cost, finally with low cost obtain interface bond strength is stable, near land excellent material performance aluminium bronze rustless steel double-metal composite.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to dissimilar materials interconnection technique field, and in particular to a kind of law temperature joining side of aluminium bronze and stainless steel
Method.
Background technology
With the development of modern science and technology, change with rapid changepl. never-ending changes and improvements, single metal or conjunction also occur for material industry
Gold has been difficult to fully meet modern high technology production to the demand of material combination property, and dissimilar materials is because having different materials concurrently each
Excellent performance, it is widely used in the industrial circles such as Aero-Space, nuclear energy engineering, petrochemical industry, automobile making.
Thus, the interconnection technique about dissimilar materials turns into one of hot issue of present material connection area.
Aluminium bronze is the alloy using copper-aluminium system as base, because of its higher intensity, hardness, wearability and decay resistance, with
And relatively low material cost, have become the substitute of the alloy materials such as nickel-base alloy, stainless steel and tin bronze, be modern
Using a kind of extremely extensive Novel copper alloy in industry.Stainless steel as the greatest invention of Material Field early 20th century it
One, in addition to excellent decay resistance and heat resistance, also have higher intensity, good moulding and toughness with
And without magnetic or the advantages that weak magnetic, obtained extensively in fields such as petrochemical industry, energy project, industrial manufacture, building decorations
Application.In view of aluminium bronze and the complementarity of stainless steel in performance and economically, need two kinds in the application field of reality
Material is attached, and is prepared into a kind of aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite of excellent combination property.This aluminium bronze-
Rustless steel double-metal composite had both had the good wear-resisting and decay resistance of aluminium bronze, had stainless steel high intensity, height again
The characteristics such as hardness, it is as high intensity anti-attrition, wear-resisting and resistant material in High Voltage hydraulic system and high abrasion axle bush material
Have broad application prospects Deng field.
At present, the interconnection technique that aluminium bronze and stainless steel are most widely used is liquid-solid connection method, and it is by two kinds of materials
While heated to the fusing point temperatures above of aluminium bronze, ensures aluminium bronze fusing in high temperature environments, and stainless steel keeps solid-state, leads to
Cross liquid to spread admittedly, realize both metallurgical bindings.This method can obtain the higher double metallic composite material of bond strength, still
It is connected in high temperature environments, is easily roughened stainless crystalline grain of steel, reduces its intensity, at the same after high temperature conjunction, it is necessary to
Composite is heat-treated again, complex technical process, cost is higher.It is, thus, sought for new connection method, is dropping
On the basis of low connection temperature, ensure two kinds of materials each excellent properties and the good interface bond strength of composite.
The content of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of law temperature joining method of aluminium bronze and stainless steel, solves prior art connection
During easy two kinds of matrix material tissues of roughening so that the problem of matrix material intensity decreases.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is a kind of law temperature joining method of aluminium bronze and stainless steel, specifically according to
Lower step is implemented:
Step 1, surface clean is carried out to aluminium bronze coupon and stainless steel curved beam blocks;
Step 2, aluminium bronze coupon and the combination of stainless steel curved beam blocks:
The upper surface punching of stainless steel curved beam blocks after cleaning, and aluminium powder is filled in hole, then spread aluminium in upper surface
Powder, and aluminium bronze coupon is placed in the upper surface of stainless steel curved beam blocks;
Step 3, it is liquid-solid that the aluminium bronze coupon combined to step 2 and stainless steel curved beam blocks carry out microcell at low temperature
Connection, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
Feature of the present invention also resides in,
The surface clean of aluminium bronze coupon and stainless steel curved beam blocks in step 1, it is specially:First with 600#~1000#Sand paper
The stainless steel curved beam blocks of grinding process and aluminium bronze coupon surface, are then wiped clean surface and oil contaminant with soft cloth or paper,
Progress 10~30min of supersonic oscillations in alcohol reagent is immersed in afterwards, removes remnants greasy dirt.
Stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface is punched in step 2 a diameter of 1~3mm, depth are 0.3~1mm.
Stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface, which is punched, in step 2 is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface, the area in hole
Account for the 15%~25% of stainless steel upper surface area.
Stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface is machined with the pit to cave in along edge in step 2, and in pit, aluminium bronze tries hole position
Sample block is located in pit.
It is 0.1~1mm that stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface, which spreads aluminium powder thickness, in step 2.
Step 3 is specially:The aluminium bronze coupon combined and stainless steel curved beam blocks are placed in heating furnace, vacuumized,
Aluminium bronze coupon and stainless steel curved beam blocks are heated, when temperature reaches 700~800 DEG C, apply 3~5MPa pressure
After being incubated 20~60min, furnace cooling.
Heat temperature raising speed is 10~20 DEG C/min.
Vacuum is vacuumized in rear stove in 1~10Pa.
The invention has the advantages that the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze of the present invention and stainless steel, first in ultrasound
Stainless steel surfaces after ripple cleaning carry out laser boring, and then plug fills out aluminium powder in the hole of stainless steel surfaces, and in stainless steel
The surface paving a thin layer aluminium powder of punching, carries out the liquid-solid connection of microcell, by micro- afterwards under the lower temperature more than aluminium powder fusing point
Both metallurgical bindings are realized in the liquid-solid diffusion in area;Meanwhile relatively low connection temperature not only avoid stainless crystalline grain of steel chi during high temperature
Modest ability is big so that the intensity of stainless steel is guaranteed, and reduces production cost, finally obtains interface cohesion with low cost
Aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite of excellent material performance near intensity stabilization, land.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the process chart of the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze of the present invention and stainless steel;
Fig. 2 is the placement sequential schematic of coupon in connection method of the present invention.
In figure, 1. aluminium bronze coupons, 2. stainless steel curved beam blocks, 3. aluminium powders.
Embodiment
The present invention is described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
The law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze of the present invention and stainless steel, first to the aluminium bronze coupon to be attached
Cleaned with stainless steel curved beam blocks;Then laser boring is carried out in stainless steel surfaces, fills in and fill out in the hole of stainless steel surfaces
Aluminium powder, and spread a thin layer aluminium powder on the surface of stainless steel punching;Finally aluminium bronze is positioned over and is covered with above the stainless steel of aluminium powder,
At low temperature by the liquid-solid connection of microcell, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
As shown in figure 1, specifically implement according to following steps:
Step 1, the stainless steel bars that material is 1Cr18Ni9Ti is machined out into oxide layer post-processing to deposit into surface
In Φ 28mm × 35mm of Φ 26mm × 5mm pits coupon;Aluminium bronze bar is cut into Φ 24mm × 30mm's
Coupon.
Step 2, first with 600#~1000#The stainless steel curved beam blocks and aluminium bronze coupon that sand paper grinding process step 1 obtains
Surface, then surface and oil contaminant is wiped clean with soft cloth or paper, be immersed in afterwards in alcohol reagent carry out ultrasonic wave shake
10~30min is swung, removes remnants greasy dirt;
Step 3, the stainless steel curved beam blocks after step 2 is cleaned are arranged on the three-coordinate moving operating platform of laser-beam drilling machine
On, by adjusting laser pulse power and laser beam radius, stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface process 1~3mm of diameter,
0.3~1mm of depth hole, by setting movable workbench program so that hole is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks surface,
Hole area accounts for the 15%~25% of stainless steel watch area simultaneously;
Step 4, plug fills out aluminium powder in the hole on the stainless steel curved beam blocks surface after step 3 laser boring, and in stainless steel
The surface paving a thin layer aluminium powder of punching, thickness is 0.1~1mm, then aluminium bronze coupon is positioned over to the stainless steel for being covered with aluminium powder
Above coupon, i.e., in pit (as shown in Figure 2), be after the progress liquid-solid connection of microcell, specific operation process under low temperature:
Low vacuum is taken out to body of heater, after vacuum reaches 1~10Pa in stove, heated with 10~20 DEG C/min firing rate, when
When temperature reaches 700~800 DEG C, apply furnace cooling after 3~5MPa 20~60min of pressure heat insulating, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-no
Become rusty bimetal copper-steel composite.
The law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze of the present invention and stainless steel, by the liquid-solid diffusion of microcell realize aluminium bronze with
The metallurgical binding of two kinds of materials of stainless steel;Meanwhile relatively low connection temperature stainless steel crystallite dimension length when not only avoid high temperature
Greatly so that the intensity of stainless steel is guaranteed, and reduces production cost, finally obtains interface bond strength with low cost
Aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite of excellent material performance near stable, land.
Embodiment 1
Step 1, the stainless steel bars that material is 1Cr18Ni9Ti is machined out into oxide layer post-processing to deposit into surface
In Φ 28mm × 35mm of Φ 26mm × 5mm pits coupon;Aluminium bronze bar is cut into Φ 24mm × 30mm's
Coupon.
Step 2, first with 600#~1000#The stainless steel curved beam blocks and aluminium bronze coupon that sand paper grinding process step 1 obtains
Surface, then surface and oil contaminant is wiped clean with soft cloth or paper, be immersed in afterwards in alcohol reagent carry out ultrasonic wave shake
10min is swung, removes remnants greasy dirt;
Step 3, the stainless steel curved beam blocks after step 2 is cleaned are arranged on the three-coordinate moving operating platform of laser-beam drilling machine
On, by adjusting laser pulse power and laser beam radius, diameter 3mm, depth are processed in stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface
1mm hole is spent, by setting movable workbench program so that hole is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks surface, while hole
Hole area accounts for the 15% of stainless steel watch area;
Step 4, plug fills out aluminium powder in the hole on the stainless steel curved beam blocks surface after step 3 laser boring, and in stainless steel
The surface paving a thin layer aluminium powder of punching, thickness 1mm, then aluminium bronze coupon is positioned over to the stainless steel curved beam blocks for being covered with aluminium powder
Top, after carrying out the liquid-solid connection of microcell under low temperature, specific operation process is:Low vacuum is taken out to body of heater, when vacuum in stove
After reaching 10Pa, heated with 10 DEG C/min firing rate, when temperature reaches 700 DEG C, apply 5MPa pressure heat insulating
Furnace cooling after 60min, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
Embodiment 2
Step 1, the stainless steel bars that material is 1Cr18Ni9Ti is machined out into oxide layer post-processing to deposit into surface
In Φ 28mm × 35mm of Φ 26mm × 5mm pits coupon;Aluminium bronze bar is cut into Φ 24mm × 30mm's
Coupon.
Step 2, first with 600#~1000#The stainless steel curved beam blocks and aluminium bronze coupon that sand paper grinding process step 1 obtains
Surface, then surface and oil contaminant is wiped clean with soft cloth or paper, be immersed in afterwards in alcohol reagent carry out ultrasonic wave shake
20min is swung, removes remnants greasy dirt;
Step 3, the stainless steel curved beam blocks after step 2 is cleaned are arranged on the three-coordinate moving operating platform of laser-beam drilling machine
On, by adjusting laser pulse power and laser beam radius, diameter 2mm, depth are processed in stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface
0.5mm hole is spent, by setting movable workbench program so that hole is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks surface, simultaneously
Hole area accounts for the 20% of stainless steel watch area;
Step 4, plug fills out aluminium powder in the hole on the stainless steel curved beam blocks surface after step 3 laser boring, and in stainless steel
The surface paving a thin layer aluminium powder of punching, thickness 0.8mm, then aluminium bronze coupon is positioned over to the stainless steel curved beam for being covered with aluminium powder
Above block, after carrying out the liquid-solid connection of microcell under low temperature, specific operation process is:Low vacuum is taken out to body of heater, when vacuum in stove
After degree reaches 5Pa, heated with 15 DEG C/min firing rate, when temperature reaches 750 DEG C, apply 4MPa pressure heat insulating
Furnace cooling after 40min, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
Embodiment 3
Step 1, the stainless steel bars that material is 1Cr18Ni9Ti is machined out into oxide layer post-processing to deposit into surface
In Φ 28mm × 35mm of Φ 26mm × 5mm pits coupon;Aluminium bronze bar is cut into Φ 24mm × 30mm's
Coupon.
Step 2, first with 600#~1000#The stainless steel curved beam blocks and aluminium bronze coupon that sand paper grinding process step 1 obtains
Surface, then surface and oil contaminant is wiped clean with soft cloth or paper, be immersed in afterwards in alcohol reagent carry out ultrasonic wave shake
30min is swung, removes remnants greasy dirt;
Step 3, the stainless steel curved beam blocks after step 2 is cleaned are arranged on the three-coordinate moving operating platform of laser-beam drilling machine
On, by adjusting laser pulse power and laser beam radius, diameter 1mm, depth are processed in stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface
0.3mm hole is spent, by setting movable workbench program so that hole is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks surface, simultaneously
Hole area accounts for the 25% of stainless steel watch area;
Step 4, plug fills out aluminium powder in the hole on the stainless steel curved beam blocks surface after step 3 laser boring, and in stainless steel
The surface paving a thin layer aluminium powder of punching, thickness 0.5mm, then aluminium bronze coupon is positioned over to the stainless steel curved beam for being covered with aluminium powder
Above block, after carrying out the liquid-solid connection of microcell under low temperature, specific operation process is:Low vacuum is taken out to body of heater, when vacuum in stove
After degree reaches 1Pa, heated with 20 DEG C/min firing rate, when temperature reaches 800 DEG C, apply 3MPa pressure heat insulating
Furnace cooling after 20min, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
Embodiment 4
Step 1, the stainless steel bars that material is 1Cr18Ni9Ti is machined out into oxide layer post-processing to deposit into surface
In Φ 28mm × 35mm of Φ 26mm × 5mm pits coupon;Aluminium bronze bar is cut into Φ 24mm × 30mm's
Coupon.
Step 2, first with 600#~1000#The stainless steel curved beam blocks and aluminium bronze coupon that sand paper grinding process step 1 obtains
Surface, then surface and oil contaminant is wiped clean with soft cloth or paper, be immersed in afterwards in alcohol reagent carry out ultrasonic wave shake
15min is swung, removes remnants greasy dirt;
Step 3, the stainless steel curved beam blocks after step 2 is cleaned are arranged on the three-coordinate moving operating platform of laser-beam drilling machine
On, by adjusting laser pulse power and laser beam radius, stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface process diameter 1.5mm,
Depth 0.4mm hole, by setting movable workbench program so that hole is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks surface, together
When hole area account for the 20% of stainless steel watch area;
Step 4, plug fills out aluminium powder in the hole on the stainless steel curved beam blocks surface after step 3 laser boring, and in stainless steel
The surface paving a thin layer aluminium powder of punching, thickness 0.3mm, then aluminium bronze coupon is positioned over to the stainless steel curved beam for being covered with aluminium powder
Above block, after carrying out the liquid-solid connection of microcell under low temperature, specific operation process is:Low vacuum is taken out to body of heater, when vacuum in stove
After degree reaches 3Pa, heated with 12 DEG C/min firing rate, when temperature reaches 730 DEG C, the pressure for applying 4.5MPa is protected
Furnace cooling after warm 50min, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
Embodiment 5
Step 1, the stainless steel bars that material is 1Cr18Ni9Ti is machined out into oxide layer post-processing to deposit into surface
In Φ 28mm × 35mm of Φ 26mm × 5mm pits coupon;Aluminium bronze bar is cut into Φ 24mm × 30mm's
Coupon.
Step 2, first with 600#~1000#The stainless steel curved beam blocks and aluminium bronze coupon that sand paper grinding process step 1 obtains
Surface, then surface and oil contaminant is wiped clean with soft cloth or paper, be immersed in afterwards in alcohol reagent carry out ultrasonic wave shake
25min is swung, removes remnants greasy dirt;
Step 3, the stainless steel curved beam blocks after step 2 is cleaned are arranged on the three-coordinate moving operating platform of laser-beam drilling machine
On, by adjusting laser pulse power and laser beam radius, stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface process diameter 2.5mm,
Depth 0.7mm hole, by setting movable workbench program so that hole is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks surface, together
When hole area account for the 25% of stainless steel watch area;
Step 4, plug fills out aluminium powder in the hole on the stainless steel curved beam blocks surface after step 3 laser boring, and in stainless steel
The surface paving a thin layer aluminium powder of punching, thickness 0.1mm, then aluminium bronze is positioned over and is covered with above the stainless steel of aluminium powder, afterwards
The liquid-solid connection of microcell is carried out under low temperature, specific operation process is:Low vacuum is taken out to body of heater, when vacuum reaches 7Pa in stove
Afterwards, heated with 18 DEG C/min firing rate, when temperature reaches 7800 DEG C, apply 3.5MPa pressure heat insulating 30min
Furnace cooling afterwards, that is, obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
Claims (9)
1. a kind of law temperature joining method of aluminium bronze and stainless steel, it is characterised in that specifically implement according to following steps:
Step 1, surface clean is carried out to aluminium bronze coupon and stainless steel curved beam blocks;
Step 2, aluminium bronze coupon and the combination of stainless steel curved beam blocks:
The upper surface punching of stainless steel curved beam blocks after cleaning, and aluminium powder is filled in hole, aluminium powder is then spread in upper surface, and
Aluminium bronze coupon is placed in the upper surface of stainless steel curved beam blocks;
Step 3, the aluminium bronze coupon combined to step 2 and stainless steel curved beam blocks carry out the liquid-solid connection of microcell at low temperature,
Obtain aluminium bronze-rustless steel double-metal composite.
2. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 1 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that the step
The surface clean of aluminium bronze coupon and stainless steel curved beam blocks in 1, it is specially:First with 600#~1000#Sand paper grinding process is stainless
Steel curved beam blocks and aluminium bronze coupon surface, surface and oil contaminant is then wiped clean, be immersed in wine afterwards with soft cloth or paper
10~30min of supersonic oscillations is carried out in smart reagent, removes remnants greasy dirt.
3. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 1 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that the step
Stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface is punched in 2 a diameter of 1~3mm, depth are 0.3~1mm.
4. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 1 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that the step
Stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface, which is punched, in 2 is evenly distributed on stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface, and the area in hole accounts for stainless steel upper table
The 15%~25% of face area.
5. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 1 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that the step
Stainless steel curved beam blocks upper surface is machined with the pit to cave in along edge in 2, and for hole position in pit, aluminium bronze coupon is located at pit
It is interior.
6. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 1 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that the step
It is 0.1~1mm that stainless steel curved beam blocks pit surface, which spreads aluminium powder thickness, in 2.
7. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 1 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that the step
3 are specially:The aluminium bronze coupon combined and stainless steel curved beam blocks are placed in heating furnace, vacuumized, to aluminium bronze sample
Block and stainless steel curved beam blocks are heated, when temperature reaches 700~800 DEG C, apply 3~5MPa pressure heat insulating 20~
After 60min, furnace cooling.
8. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 7 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that the heating
Programming rate is 10~20 DEG C/min.
9. the law temperature joining method of a kind of aluminium bronze according to claim 7 and stainless steel, it is characterised in that described to take out very
After sky in stove vacuum in 1~10Pa.
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113492296A (en) * | 2021-06-22 | 2021-10-12 | 西安理工大学 | Preparation method of aluminum bronze/titanium alloy bimetal |
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JPH0397815A (en) * | 1989-09-08 | 1991-04-23 | Kuroki Kogyosho:Kk | Insert material for joining |
CN101745736A (en) * | 2009-12-23 | 2010-06-23 | 西北工业大学 | Copper alloy and stainless diffusion welding method |
CN103008873A (en) * | 2012-12-24 | 2013-04-03 | 黄山学院 | Method and device for improving surface performance of packing auger blade steel for mine |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113492296A (en) * | 2021-06-22 | 2021-10-12 | 西安理工大学 | Preparation method of aluminum bronze/titanium alloy bimetal |
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