CN107635988B - 抗真菌的苯甲酰胺类衍生物或其可药用盐 - Google Patents
抗真菌的苯甲酰胺类衍生物或其可药用盐 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107635988B CN107635988B CN201680028971.4A CN201680028971A CN107635988B CN 107635988 B CN107635988 B CN 107635988B CN 201680028971 A CN201680028971 A CN 201680028971A CN 107635988 B CN107635988 B CN 107635988B
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Abstract
本发明涉及如说明书所定义的用于治疗真菌病的化合物、包含其的组合物及其在治疗中的用途。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用于治疗真菌病的化合物、包含其的组合物及其在治疗中的用途。
发明背景
真菌感染的发病率在过去二十年中大幅增加,侵入性形式是发病和死亡的主要原因,特别是在免疫受损或免疫抑制的患者中。播散性念珠菌病、肺曲霉病和新出现的机会性真菌是产生这些严重真菌病的最常见的因素。真菌的一种具体特征是能够产生细胞外基质(ECM),细胞外基质将它们结合在一起,并使它们粘附在其体外或体内的底物上。这些生物膜用于保护它们对抗宿主免疫系统的有害环境和抵抗抗菌剂的杀灭(Kaur和Singh,2013)。
肺曲霉病可以分为那些患有非侵入性疾病的患者与患有侵入性疾病的患者。使用另外的亚分类来表征与未出现此类情况的患者相比的出现曲霉病的过敏症状(称为ABPA;过敏性支气管肺曲霉病)的患者。引发肺曲霉病的因素可能是急性的,例如接触高剂量的免疫抑制药物或重症监护室插管。或者,其可以是慢性的,例如以前感染结核病(Denning等人,2011a)。慢性肺部感染曲霉菌可使患者产生广泛而持续的肺损伤,需要用口服唑类药物的终身治疗(Limper等人,2011)。
越来越多的研究表明,曲霉菌感染可能在临床哮喘中发挥重要作用 (Chishimba等人,2012;Pasqualotto等人,2009)。此外,最近出版的著作将曲霉菌感染与COPD患者中较差的临床结果相关联(Bafadhel等人, 2013)。类似地,交叉部分研究已显示了痰液中的曲霉菌属物种(Aspergillus spp.)和假丝酵母属物种(Candida spp.)的存在与肺功能恶化之间的关联 (Chotirmall等人,2010;Agbetile等人,2012)。
侵入性曲霉病(IA)在免疫受损患者,例如进行同种异体干细胞移植或实体器官移植(如肺移植)的患者中表现出高死亡率。在免疫受损患者中报告的第一例IA发生在1953年。这一事件与将皮质类固醇和细胞毒性化学疗法引入治疗方案同时发生(Rankin,1953)。鉴于其高发病率和相关死亡率,侵入性曲霉病是在治疗白血病和其它血液恶性肿瘤中的主要顾虑。尽管口服三唑类药物(Salmeron等人,2012)有可用性,但同种异体造血干细胞移植受者中的死亡率通常也超过了50%(Lin等人,2001),长期死亡率可达90%。在进行实体器官移植(特别是肺)的患者中,使用高剂量的类固醇使患者易于感染(Thompson和Patterson,2008),这是一个严重的问题。这些疾病也出现在不太严重的免疫功能受损的患者群体中。这些患者包括患有COPD或硬化的患者、接受高剂量类固醇的患者和配有中央静脉导管或通过机械通气支持的个体(Dimopoulos等人,2012)。
现有的抗真菌药物以口服或全身性给药为主。由于在感染部位达到的药物浓度倾向于低于在器官的浓度,所以这些通常使用的递送途径不足以治疗肺气道感染。对于肝脏而言尤其如此,其是一个毒性部位:高达15%的用伏立康唑治疗的患者出现转氨酶水平升高(Levin等人,2007;Lat和 Thompson,2011)。肝脏接触也导致由肝P450酶的抑制所引起的显著的药物相互作用(Jeong,等人,2009;Wexler等人,2004)。
此外,在诊所和农业中广泛使用三唑类导致了一些地方的耐药性真菌病的增长和问题发生(Denning等人,2011b;Bowyer和Denning,2014)。
很清楚的是,对于提供具有改善的功效和更好的系统耐受性特征的新型抗真菌药物仍有急迫的医疗需求。
发明简述
第一方面,本发明提供了化合物(I)
即:
4-(4-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢呋喃-3-基)甲氧基)-3-甲基苯基)哌嗪-1-基)-N-(2-羟基环己基)苯甲酰胺,或其可药用盐(“本发明化合物”)。
化合物(I)在2-氨基环己醇基团内含有两个立体中心,并以其任何四种可能的立体异构体的形式提供,作为单一立体异构体或作为任何比例的立体异构体混合物(包括外消旋混合物)。
在优选的方面,本发明提供了选自以下所述的化合物(Ia)和(Ib)的立体异构体的形式的化合物(I),其为衍生自反式-2-氨基环己醇的对映异构体的两种立体异构体,及其可药用盐:
在更优选的方面,本发明提供了下面描述的化合物(Ia):
即:
4-(4-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢呋喃-3-基)甲氧基)-3-甲基苯基)哌嗪-1-基)-N-((1S,2S)-2-羟基环己基)苯甲酰胺,或其可药用盐。
适当地,化合物(I)例如化合物(Ia)是以单一立体异构体提供。
下文公开的生物数据显示,化合物(I)、特别是其立体异构体化合物(Ia) 是体外测定中对烟曲霉生长的有效抑制剂。在免疫抑制的小鼠中,化合物 (Ia)表现出对烟曲霉感染的有效抑制。
附图简述
图1显示用化合物(Ia)的治疗性处理对烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的嗜中性粒细胞减少的小鼠的肺中CFU的效果。
图2显示了化合物(Ia)的治疗性处理在烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的嗜中性粒细胞减少的小鼠中对血清半乳甘露聚糖浓度的效果。
图3显示了化合物(Ia)的治疗性处理对烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的嗜中性粒细胞减少的小鼠的肺中烟曲霉DNA含量的效果。
发明详述
本发明的化合物可以通过下文所述的合成方法从商业可得的起始原料制备(流程1)。在通常用于这种反应的条件下,适当保护的哌嗪衍生物与 4-溴-2-甲基苯酚的Buchwald偶联提供N-芳基化产物1。用于此类转化的适合的胺保护基团(P)是氨基甲酸酯基团例如Boc基团(P=CO2 tBu)。本领域的技术人员将会理解,可以使用多种条件来影响这种类型的转化。具体而言,在碱例如碳酸铯或六甲基二硅烷基氨基锂的存在下常规使用钯催化剂和膦配体,例如RuPhosG3和RuPhos。
流程1
所得苯酚1与适合的((3R,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢呋喃-3-基)甲醇(2,X=OH)的亲电子衍生物在碱性条件下反应生成醚3。该化合物的实例是相应的甲苯磺酸酯(2,X=OTs),其容易以高对映异构体纯度从商业来源获得。同时,甲苯磺酸酯是示例性的,X还可以是可选的离去基团,例如卤素,通常为氯。胺保护基团的选择性去除获得单取代的哌嗪4。在Boc衍生物(R=CO2 tBu)情况下,脱保护步骤通常是通过将氨基甲酸酯暴露于强无机酸或强有机酸如TFA,无溶剂或在溶剂如 DCM的存在下进行。
胺4与4-溴苯甲酸烷基酯在碱性条件以及催化剂的作用下进行第二次 Buchwald偶联反应,得到N,N′-二芳基化产物5,其中R’代表低级烷基如 C1-5烷基,例如甲基或乙基。酯5的皂化反应方便地通过在水和适合的水溶性溶剂的混合物中用碱(如碱金属氢氧化物)处理来进行。酸性产物6与 2-氨基环己醇在本领域中可广泛获得的标准酰胺偶联条件下反应,提供化合物(I)。化合物(I)的四种独立立体异构体中的每一种可以通过使用相应的2-氨基环己醇的单一立体异构体来制备。2-氨基环己醇的相应立体异构体各自以高立体异构体纯度从商购获得。
保护基团及其去除方式如“Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis”,Theodora W.Greene和Peter G.M.Wuts,由John Wiley&Sons Inc出版;第4次修订版,2006,ISBN-10:0471697540中所述。酰胺制备的方法综述包含于’Amide bond formation andpeptide coupling’Montalbetti,C.A.G.N.和Falque,V.Tetrahedron,2005,61,10827-10852中。
式(I)化合物的可药用盐特别包含所述化合物的可药用酸加成盐。式(I) 化合物的可药用酸加成盐的含义包含式(I)化合物能够形成的治疗活性的无毒酸加成盐。这些可药用酸加成盐可方便地通过用合适的酸在合适的溶剂或溶剂混合物中处理游离碱形式而获得。合适的酸包括例如无机酸例如氢卤酸,如盐酸或氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸等;或有机酸,例如乙酸、丙酸、羟乙酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、马来酸、富马酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、环拉酸、水杨酸、对氨基水杨酸、双羟萘酸等。
相反地,所述盐形式可以通过用适当的碱处理转化为游离碱形式。
化合物(I)的定义意在包含所述化合物的所有互变异构体。
如本文所用的术语,化合物(I)的“单一立体异构体”是以高非对映异构体和高对映异构体纯度形式提供的立体异构体,其基本上不含由于其中存在2-氨基环己醇基团而产生的化合物(I)的其它三种立体异构体。通常情况下,单一立体异构体构成化合物(I)含量的至少98%、99%、99.5%或 99.9%w/w(即,其它立体异构体构成小于化合物(I)含量的2%、1%、0.5%或0.1%w/w)。
除非上下文另外具体指出,否则化合物(I)的定义意图包含所述化合物的所有溶剂化物(包括所述化合物的盐的溶剂化物)。溶剂化物的实例包括水合物。
本文的化合物包括其中一个或多个指定的原子是天然存在或非天然存在的同位素的实施方案。在一项实施方案中,同位素是稳定的同位素。因此,本文的化合物包括例如含氘的化合物等。
本文还扩展至本文所定义化合物的所有多晶型形式。
如本文所述的新中间体如式(3)、(4)、(5)和(6)的化合物及其盐,形成本发明的另一方面。盐包括可药用盐(例如上述那些)和非可药用盐。酸(例如羧酸)的盐包括第一和第二族金属盐,包括钠盐、钾盐、镁盐和钙盐。
在一项实施方案中,提供了药物组合物,其包含本发明化合物和任选的一种或多种可药用稀释剂或载体。
适宜地,本发明化合物向肺或鼻局部施用,特别是局部向肺施用。因此,在一项实施方案中,提供了药物组合物,其包含本发明化合物和任选的一种或多种局部可接受的稀释剂或载体。
用于肺部或鼻内施用的合适的组合物包括粉末、液体溶液、液体悬浮液、包含溶液或悬浮液的滴鼻剂或加压或不加压的气雾剂。
该组合物可以方便地以单位剂量形式施用并且可以通过药学领域中公知的任何方法制备,例如如Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,第17 版,Mack出版公司,Easton,PA.,(1985)中所述。该组合物也可方便地以多单位剂量形式施用。
鼻或肺部的局部给药可以通过使用非加压制剂如水溶液或悬浮液来实现。此类制剂可以通过喷雾器施用,例如一种可以是手持和便携式的,或者用于家庭或医院使用的(即非便携式的)。示例装置是RESPIMAT吸入器。所述制剂可以包含赋形剂,例如水、缓冲剂、张力调节剂、pH调节剂、粘度调节剂、表面活性剂和共溶剂(例如乙醇)。悬浮液和气溶胶制剂(不论是加压的还是非加压的)通常含有精细粉碎形式的本发明化合物,例如D50为0.5-10μm,如1-5μm。粒度分布可以使用D10、D50和D90值表示。粒度分布的D50中值被定义为占分布一半的以微米为单位的颗粒尺寸。由激光衍射得到的检测结果更精确地描述为体积分布,因此使用该方法获得的D50值更有意义地被称为Dv50值(体积分布的中值)。如本文所用,Dv值是指使用激光衍射测量的粒度分布。类似地,在激光衍射的情况下使用的D10和 D90值被认为是指Dv10和Dv90值,并且分别是指10%的分布位于D10值以下和90%的分布位于D90值以下的粒度。
根据本发明的一个具体方面,提供了包含悬浮于水性介质中的颗粒形式的本发明化合物的药物组合物。该水性介质通常包含水和一种或多种选自缓冲剂、张力调节剂、pH调节剂、粘度调节剂和表面活性剂的赋形剂。
向鼻或肺的局部施用也可以通过使用气溶胶制剂来实现。气溶胶制剂通常包含悬浮或溶解在合适的气溶胶推进剂如氯氟烃(CFC)或氢氟烃 (HFC)中的活性成分。合适的CFC推进剂包括三氯一氟甲烷(推进剂11)、二氯四氟甲烷(推进剂114)和二氯二氟甲烷(推进剂12)。合适的HFC推进剂包括四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)和七氟丙烷(HFC-227)。推进剂通常占总吸入组合物重量的40%-99.5%,如40%-90%。该制剂可以包含赋形剂,包括共溶剂(例如乙醇)和表面活性剂(例如卵磷脂、脱水山梨糖醇三油酸酯等)。其它可能的赋形剂包括聚乙二醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、甘油等。将气雾剂制剂包装在罐中,并通过计量阀(例如由Bespak、Valois或3M提供,或者由 Aptar、Coster或Vari提供)递送合适的剂量。
通过使用干粉制剂也可以实现对肺的局部施用。干粉制剂包含精细粉碎形式的本发明化合物,通常具有1-10μm的MMD、或0.5-10μm、例如约1-5μm的D50。精细粉碎形式的本发明化合物的粉末可以通过微粉化工艺或类似的尺寸减小工艺来制备。微粉化可以使用诸如由Hosokawa Alpine制造的喷磨机进行。所得的粒度分布可以使用激光衍射(例如用Malvern Mastersizer 2000S仪器)来测量。该制剂通常含有局部可接受的稀释剂,例如乳糖、葡萄糖或甘露糖醇(优选乳糖),其通常具有相对较大的粒径,例如MMD为50μm或更多,例如100μm或更多,或D50为40-150μm。如本文所用,术语“乳糖”是指含有乳糖的组分,包括α-乳糖一水合物、β- 乳糖一水合物、无水α-乳糖、无水β-乳糖和无定形乳糖。乳糖成分可以通过微粉化、筛分、碾磨、压缩、团聚或喷雾干燥来加工。还包括各种形式的市售乳糖形式,例如(吸入级乳糖;DFE Pharma)、(用于干粉吸入器的筛分乳糖;Meggle)、(DFE Pharma)和(筛分的吸入级乳糖;DFEPharma)产品。在一项实施方案中,乳糖组分选自α-乳糖一水合物、无水α-乳糖和无定形乳糖。优选地,乳糖是α-乳糖一水合物。
干粉制剂还可以含有其它赋形剂,如硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钙或硬脂酸镁。
干粉制剂通常使用干粉吸入器(DPI)装置递送。干粉递送系统的实例包括SPINHALER、DISKHALER、TURBOHALER、DISKUS、 SKYEHALER、ACCUHALER和CLICKHALER。其它干粉递送系统的实例包括ECLIPSE、NEXT、ROTAHALER、HANDIHALER、 AEROLISER、CYCLOHALER、BREEZHALER/NEOHALER、 MONODOSE、FLOWCAPS、TWINCAPS、X-CAPS、TURBOSPIN、 ELPENHALER、MIATHALER、TWISTHALER、NOVOLIZER、 PRESSAIR、ELLIPTA、ORIEL干粉吸入器、MICRODOSE、PULVINAL、 EASYHALER、ULTRAHALER、TAIFUN、PULMOJET、OMNIHALER、 GYROHALER、TAPER、CONIX、XCELOVAIR和PROHALER。
本发明的化合物可用于治疗真菌病并用于预防或治疗与真菌病相关的疾病。
在本发明的一个方面,提供了本发明化合物在制备用于治疗真菌病和用于预防或治疗与真菌病相关的疾病的药物中的用途。
在本发明的另一方面,提供了治疗患有真菌病的个体的方法,其包括向所述个体施用有效量的本发明的化合物。
在本发明的另一方面,提供了预防或治疗个体中与真菌病相关的疾病的方法,其包括向所述个体施用有效量的本发明化合物。
真菌病可能特别是由曲霉属物种如烟曲霉引发。
与真菌病相关的疾病是例如肺曲霉病。
本发明的化合物可以通过在真菌病发病之前施用所述化合物而用于预防性情况。
个体包括人类和动物个体,尤其是人类个体。
本发明的化合物特别可用于在有风险的个体中治疗真菌病如烟曲霉感染和用于预防或治疗与真菌病如烟曲霉感染相关的疾病。有风险的个体包括早产儿、肺或心脏先天性缺陷的儿童、免疫功能受损的个体(如HIV感染者)、哮喘患者、囊性纤维化个体、老年个体和患有心脏或肺部慢性健康病症的个体(如充血性心力衰竭或慢性阻塞性肺病)。
本发明的化合物还用于治疗其它真菌病(以及与其相关疾病的预防和治疗),包括由出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)、米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)、新型隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)、球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)、产黄青霉(Penicilliumchrysogenum)、禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)、草本支孢霉(Cladosporiumherbarum)、红色毛癣菌 (Trichophyton rubrum)、假丝酵母属物种如白色假丝酵母(Candida albicans)、光滑假丝酵母(Candida glabrata)和克鲁斯假丝酵母(Candidakrusei))和其他曲霉属物种如黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)引发的那些。
预期本发明化合物也可用于治疗唑类抗性的真菌病(以及预防或治疗与其相关的疾病),例如由唑类抗性的曲霉属物种(Aspergillus spp.)如烟曲霉引发的那些。
本发明的化合物可以与第二种或其它活性成分组合施用。第二种或其它活性成分可以例如选自其它抗真菌剂,包括唑类抗真菌剂(例如伏立康唑或泊沙康唑)、两性霉素B、棘球白素(例如卡泊芬净),和3-羟基-3-甲基- 戊二酰-CoA还原酶抑制剂(如洛伐他汀、普伐他汀或氟伐他汀)。适宜的唑类抗真菌剂的其它实例包括伊曲康唑和艾沙康唑。
第二种或其它活性成分可以例如选自伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑和卡泊芬净。
第二种或其它活性成分包括适于治疗或预防真菌病如烟曲霉感染、或与真菌病如烟曲霉感染相关的疾病、或与真菌病如烟曲霉感染共病的病症的活性成分。
本发明的化合物可以与第二种或其它活性成分共同配制,或者第二种或其它活性成分可以配制成通过相同或不同的途径分开施用。
例如,可以将本发明的化合物向已经用抗真菌剂如伏立康唑或泊沙康唑或者伊曲康唑或艾沙康唑进行全身治疗的患者施用。
例如,本发明的化合物可以与一种或多种选自两性霉素B、棘球白素例如卡泊芬净和3-羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰基-CoA还原酶抑制剂例如洛伐他汀、普伐他汀或氟伐他汀的药物共同配制。
根据本发明的一个方面,提供了一种药盒,其包含:(a)包含本发明化合物和任选的一种或多种稀释剂或载体的药物组合物;(b)包含第二种活性成分和任选的一种或多种稀释剂或载体的药物组合物;(c)任选的一种或多种其它药物组合物,其各自包含第三种或其它活性成分以及任选的一种或多种稀释剂或载体;和(d)将所述药物组合物向有需要的个体施用的说明书。有需要的个体可能患有或易患真菌病,例如烟曲霉感染。
本发明的化合物可以以合适的间隔给药,例如每天一次、每天两次、每天三次或每天四次。
尽管可以由技术人员确定要施用的精确剂量,但预期平均体重 (50-70kg)的人的合适剂量为约50μg至10mg/天,例如500μg至5mg/天。
预期本发明的化合物具有一个或多个以下有利的属性:
有效的抗真菌活性,特别是抗曲霉菌属物种如烟曲霉的活性,特别是向肺或鼻局部施用后;
在肺中的作用时间长,优选与每日一次给药一致;
向肺或鼻局部施用后低的全身暴露量;和
可接受的安全性,特别是在向肺或鼻局部施用后。
实验部分
下文定义了本文所用的缩写(表1)。未定义的任何缩写都旨在传达其普遍接受的含义。
表1:缩写
ABPA 过敏性支气管肺曲霉病
aq 水溶液
ATCC 美国典型培养物保藏所
BALF 支气管肺泡灌洗液
BEAS2B 支气管上皮+腺病毒12-SV40杂合体,株系2B
Boc 叔丁氧羰基
br 宽
BSA 牛血清白蛋白
CC50 50%细胞毒性浓度
CFU 菌落形成单位
CLSI 临床与实验室标准学会
COI 截止指数
conc 浓
d 双峰
DCM 二氯甲烷
DMAP 4-二甲基氨基吡啶
DMEM 达尔伯克改良伊格尔培养基
DMF N,N-二甲基甲酰胺
DMSO 二甲基亚砜
DNA 脱氧核糖核酸
DSS 葡聚糖硫酸钠
EBM 内皮细胞基础培养基
ECM 细胞外基质
EDCI 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺
ee 对映异构体过量
EGM 内皮细胞生长培养基
EUCAST 欧洲抗菌剂易感性试验委员会
(ES+) 电喷雾电离,阳离子模式
EtOAc 乙酸乙酯
FAM 6-荧光素酰胺化物(amidite)
FBS 胎牛血清
GM 半乳甘露聚糖
hr 小时
HPAEC 原代人肺动脉内皮细胞
IA 侵入性曲霉病
i.n. 鼻内
i.t. 气管内
LC-MS/MS 液相色谱-质谱法
Li Hep 肝素锂
LiHMDS 双(三甲基甲硅烷基)酰胺锂
(M+H)+ 质子化分子离子
MDA 丙二醛
Me 甲基
MeCN 乙腈
MeOH 甲醇
MHz 兆赫兹
MIC50 50%的最小抑制浓度
MIC75 75%的最小抑制浓度
MIC90 90%的最小抑制浓度
min 分钟
MMD 质量中值直径
MOI 复合感染
MOPS 3-(N-吗啉代)丙磺酸
m/z: 质荷比
NCPF 国家致病性真菌保藏中心
NMR 核磁共振(光谱学)
NT 未检测
OD 光密度
PBS 磷酸盐缓冲盐水
PCR 聚合酶链式反应
P 保护基团
q 四重峰
RT 室温
RP HPLC 反相高效液相色谱
RPMI Roswell Park纪念研究所培养基
RuPhos 2-二环己基膦基-2’,6’-二异丙氧基联苯基
RuPhosG3 甲磺酸(2-二环己基膦基-2’,6’-二异丙氧基联苯基)[2-(2’-氨基-1,1’-联苯基)]钯(II)
s 单峰
sat 饱和
sc 皮下
SDS 十二烷基硫酸盐
t 三重峰
TAMRA 四甲基-6-羧基罗丹明
TE 三(EDTA)(乙二胺四乙酸)
TFA 三氟乙酸
THF 四氢呋喃
TR34/L98H 烟曲霉菌株,其含有在密码子98处的亮氨酸到组氨酸的替代和34bp串联重复序列
TR46/Y121F/ 烟曲霉菌株,其含有在密码子121处的酪氨酸到苯丙
T289A 氨酸的替代、在密码子289处的苏氨酸到丙氨酸的替代和46bp串联重复序列
vol 体积
通用方法
所有的试剂和溶剂都是从商业渠道获得,或根据文献引文制备。除非另有说明,否则所有反应均被搅拌。有机溶液通常用无水硫酸镁干燥。
分析方法
反相HPLC方法:
Waters Xselect CSH C18XP柱,2.5μm(4.6x 30mm),40℃;流速 2.5-4.5mL min-1,用H2O-MeCN(包含0.1%v/v甲酸(方法1a)或10mM NH4HCO3水溶液(方法1b))梯度洗脱持续4分钟,用UV在254nm检测。梯度信息:0-3.00min,从95%H2O-5%MeCN升至5%H2O-95%MeCN;3.00-3.01min,保持在5%H2O-95%MeCN,流速升至4.5mL min-1;3.01 3.50min,保持在5%H2O-95%MeCN;3.50-3.60min,恢复至 95%H2O-5%MeCN,流速降至3.50mL min-1;3.60-3.90min,保持在 95%H2O-5%MeCN;3.90-4.00min,保持在95%H2O-5%MeCN,流速降至2.5mL min-1。
1H NMR谱:
在Bruker Advance III光谱仪上,使用残留的未氘代溶剂作为参照,在400MHz下获得1H NMR谱,除非另有说明,否则在DMSO-d6中进行。
化合物(Ia-d)的制备:化合物(I)的立体异构体。
先前已经报道了光学纯的顺式和反式2-氨基己醇的合成(Jacobsen等, 1997)。这些材料可以从许多商业来源以高的对映异构纯度获得,并以供货形式使用。
4-(4-羟基-3-甲基苯基)哌嗪-1-甲酸叔丁基酯
将装有哌嗪-1-甲酸叔丁基酯(19.1g,103mmol)、4-溴-2-甲基苯酚(16.0 g,86.0mmol)、RuPhos(798mg,1.71mmol)和RuPhos G3(1.43g,1.71mmol) 的烧瓶抽真空,再充入氮气三次。将LiHMDS(1M的THF溶液,257mL, 257mmol)溶液经套管加入,将反应混合物在70℃加热3小时。冷却至 RT后,在0℃下将该混合物通过加入1M盐酸水溶液(400mL)猝灭,然后用饱和NaHCO3水溶液(400mL)中和。将水层用EtOAc萃取(1x 400 mL,然后2x 200mL),并将合并的有机萃取物用盐水(500mL)洗涤,并干燥。真空除去挥发物,得到粗产物,将其在乙醚:己烷(2:1)(750mL)中研磨,并经过滤收集,得到标题化合物,中间体1,为粉红色固体(20.7g, 76%);Rt 2.07min(方法1b);m/z 293(M+H)+(ES+);1H NMRδ:1.41(9H,s), 2.07(3H,s),2.86-2.88(4H,m),3.41-3.43(4H,m),6.58-6.66(2H,m),6.71 (1H,d)和8.73(1H,s)。
1-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢呋喃-3-基)甲氧基)-3-甲基苯基)哌嗪
向中间体1(21.5g,66.1mmol)在DMSO(408mL)的溶液中加入氢氧化钠水溶液(28.3mL,3.5M,99.0mmol)。将混合物在室温下搅拌30分钟,随后用4-甲基苯磺酸((3S,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基-5-(2,4-二氟苯基) 四氢呋喃-3-基)甲基酯2(exAPIChem,目录号:AC-8330,32.7g,72.7mmol) 分批处理。反应混合物在30℃搅拌18小时,冷却到室温,加入水(600mL)。所得混合物用EtOAc(3x 500mL)萃取,合并的有机萃取物用饱和NaHCO3水溶液(2x 500mL)和盐水(500mL)洗涤,随后干燥并真空蒸发,得到棕色油(约41g)。粗的N-Boc-保护的产物3通过1H NMR分析表明其含有约10mol%的亚烷基消除产物:(R)-1-((2-(2,4-二氟苯基)-4-亚甲基四氢呋喃-2-基)甲基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑[A],以及一些未反应的原料。该粗产物不经纯化而用于后续步骤。
该粗的氨基甲酸酯3溶于DCM(260mL),用TFA(76.0mL,991mmol) 处理。在室温下2小时后,将反应混合物真空浓缩以除去大多数挥发物,然后用DCM(200mL)稀释,小心地用饱和NaHCO3水溶液(500mL)中和至pH 7,从而形成乳液。通过加入1M盐酸(250mL)将混合物酸化至pH 1,加入DCM(350mL),形成两相混合物(两层)。分离水相并保留,有机相用 1M盐酸(800mL)萃取。合并的水层通过加入2M氢氧化钠水溶液(500mL) 而碱化至pH 14,随后用EtOAc(3x 500mL)萃取。合并的有机萃取物用盐水(2000mL)洗涤,然后干燥并真空浓缩,得到标题化合物4,为粘稠棕色油(24.6g,78%);Rt 1.46min(方法1a);m/z 470(M+H)+(ES+);1H NMR δ:2.07(3H,s),2.15(1H,dd),2.36-2.42(1H,m),2.52-2.56(1H,m),2.79-2.81(4H,m),2.87-2.90(4H,m),3.66(1H,dd),3.73-3.77(2H,m),4.04(1H,t), 4.57(2H,dd),6.64(1H,dd),6.70-6.75(2H,m),6.99(1H,td),7.25-7.33(2H, m),7.76(1H,s)和8.34(1H,s)。
4-(4-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢呋喃-3-基)甲氧基)-3-甲基苯基)哌嗪-1-基)苯甲酸甲酯
将装有中间体4(19.1g,40.7mmol)、4-溴苯甲酸甲酯(10.5g,48.8 mmol)、RuPhos(0.38g,0.81mmol,2mol%)、RuPhosG3(0.68g,0.81mmol, 2mol%)和碳酸铯(21.2g,65.1mmol)的烧瓶抽真空并重新填充氮气三次,然后加入DMF(500mL)。将混合物在90℃加热18小时,冷却到室温,倒入水中(300mL)。所得固体经过滤收集,用水(3x 100mL)和乙醚(3x75 mL)洗涤,然后在50℃真空干燥,得到标题化合物5,为褐色固体(22.8g, 89%);Rt2.56min(方法1a);m/z 604(M+H)+(ES+);1H NMRδ:2.09(3H, s),2.16(1H,dd),2.36-2.42(1H,m),2.53-2.57(1H,m),3.11-3.13(4H,m), 3.43-3.46(4H,m),3.67(1H,dd),3.74-3.79(5H,s,其在m上重叠),4.04(1H, dd),4.58(2H,dd),6.75(2H,br s),6.85(1H,br d),7.00(1H,td),7.04(2H, d),7.27-7.34(2H,m),7.77(1H,s),7.81(2H,d)和8.35(1H,s)。
4-(4-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢呋喃-3-基)甲氧基)-3-甲基苯基)哌嗪-1-基)苯甲酸。
向中间体5(22.8g,37.8mmol)在DMSO(1000mL)的混悬液中加入氢氧化锂(4.52g,188mmol)在水(100mL)中的溶液。将混合物在70℃加热 22h,然后冷却到室温,倒入水中(1000mL),通过加入1M盐酸(300mL) 酸化至pH 2。将混合物在冰浴中冷却2小时,所得沉淀通过过滤收集。将滤饼用水(2x 200mL)和乙醚(4x 200mL)洗涤。粗的固体用THF(150mL) 研磨,经过滤收集,随后用乙醚(3x 100mL)洗涤,在50℃真空干燥,得到标题化合物6,为灰白色固体(19.7g,88%);Rt 2.28min(方法1a);m/z 590(M+H)+(ES+);1H NMRδ:2.09(3H,s),2.16(1H,dd),2.36-2.42(1H,m), 2.52-2.58(1H,m),3.11-3.14(4H,m),3.41-3.44(4H,m),3.67(1H,dd), 3.74-3.79(2H,m),4.04(1H,dd),4.58(2H,dd),6.75(2H,br s),6.85(1H,brd),6.97-7.03(3H,m),7.26-7.34(2H,m),7.77-7.80(3H,m),8.34(1H,s)和 12.32(1H,s)。
化合物(Ia):4-(4-(4-(((3R,5R)-5-((1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-基)甲基)-5-(2,4-二氟苯基)四氢呋喃-3-基)甲氧基)-3-甲基苯基)哌嗪-1-基)-N-((1S,2S)-2-羟基环己基)苯甲酰胺。
向中间体6(100mg,0.17mmol)、EDCI(65mg,0.34mmol)和DMAP (2.07mg,0.017mmol)在吡啶(1.0mL)中的混合物中加入(1S,2S)-2-氨基环己醇盐酸盐(51.4mg,0.34mmol)。反应混合物在室温下搅拌16小时,然后用DCM(8.0mL)稀释,用1M盐酸(2.0mL)洗涤。混合物通过相分离器,将有机相真空蒸发。所得粗产物用快速柱色谱纯化(SiO2,12g,0-5%MeOH 在EtOAc中的溶液,梯度洗脱),得到标题化合物(Ia),为白色固体(75mg, 64%)。
制备化合物(Ib-Id)
本发明的其余化合物实施例按照类似方式制备,将苯甲酸中间体6与适宜的2-氨基环己醇的单一立体异构体进行偶联。这些化合物可容易地从商业来源获得。从SigmaAldrich获得的材料以盐酸盐形式提供,其对映异构体纯度如下所述:(1S,2S)反式异构体,>98%ee;(1R,2R)反式异构体, >98%ee;(1R,2S)顺式异构体,>97%ee;(1S,2R)顺式异构体,>97%ee。
化合物实施例(Ia-Id)的LCMS和1H NMR波谱数据如下所示(表2)。
表2:本发明化合物的分析和波谱数据
生物测试:实验方法
浮游真菌生长评估:培养基微量稀释测定法
该测定法使用由EUCAST(Rodriguez-Tudela等人,2008)公布的改良方法进行。将烟曲霉的孢子(NCPF2010、NCPF7010(甲硫氨酸220突变体)、 NCPF7099(甘氨酸G54突变体),获自Public Health England,Wiltshire; TR34/L98H突变体获自St Louis Hospital,法国巴黎;TR46/Y121F/T289A 突变体,获自德里大学,印度德里)在Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂中培养3天。通过用PBS-吐温(10mL;含有0.05%吐温-20、100U/mL青霉素和100U/mL 链霉素的PBS)洗涤,从Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂培养物制备储备孢子悬浮液。使用Neubauer血细胞计数器评估孢子计数,并使用PBS调节至106孢子/mL。在过滤灭菌的BSA MOPS RPMI-1640(50mL;含有2mM L-谷氨酰胺、0.5%BSA、2%葡萄糖、0.165M MOPS的RPMI-1640,用NaOH 缓冲至pH7)中制备孢子的工作悬浮液(2x 105孢子/mL)。
对于该测定,首先将BSA MOPS RPMI-1640(50μL/孔)加入到384孔板中(目录号353962,BD Falcon,Oxford,UK)。然后用Integra VIAFLO 96 (Integra,Zizers,瑞士)将试验化合物(0.5μL DMSO溶液)一式四份加入,并用平板混合器充分混合。随后将50μL如上文制备的工作孢子悬浮液加入除不含孢子的对照孔以外的全部孔中。对于不含孢子的对照孔,加入BSA MOPS-RPMI溶液(50μL/孔)代替。将板子用塑料盖覆盖,并孵育(35℃,用环境空气)48小时。使用多扫描仪(Clariostar:BMG,Buckinghamshire, UK)测定530nm处的每个孔的OD。计算每个孔的抑制百分比,并从每个测试化合物产生的浓度-响应曲线计算MIC50、MIC75和MIC90值。
真菌组筛选由Eurofins Panlabs公司进行。测试制品的MIC和MIC50值按照CLSI的指南对酵母(CLSI M27-A2)(CLSI,2002)和丝状真菌(CLSI M38-A)(CLSI,2008)的培养基微量稀释方法测定。
支气管上皮细胞的烟曲霉感染
将BEAS2B细胞接种于96-孔板(100μL;3x 104细胞/孔;目录号3596, SigmaAldrich,Dorset,UK)上的10%FBS RPMI-1640中,随后在试验前孵育(37℃,5%CO2)一天。向每孔中加入试验化合物(0.5μL DMSO溶液)或溶媒(DMSO),得到5%的DMSO最终浓度。将BEAS2B细胞用试验化合物孵育1小时(35℃,5%CO2),然后用烟曲霉(20μL;Public HealthEngland) 分生孢子混悬液(0.5x105/ml,在10%FBS RPMI-1640中)感染。将平板孵育24小时(35℃,5%CO2)。收集上清(50μL),并转移至PCR平板(目录号 L1402-9700,Starlab,Milton Keynes,UK),将其冷冻(-20℃)直至使用。融化后,将上清(5μL)通过加入R7-PBS溶液(95μL;1:4的R7:PBS;Bio-Rad 实验室,Redmond,WA,USA)1:20稀释。这些样品(50μL)中的半乳甘露聚糖水平用Platelia GM-EIA试剂盒(Bio-Rad实验室,Redmond,WA,USA) 检测。计算每个孔的抑制百分比,并根据每个试验化合物产生的浓度-响应曲线计算IC50值。
人肺泡双层的烟曲霉感染
如以前所述(Hope等人,2007),制备由人肺泡上皮细胞和内皮细胞的双层组成的人肺泡的体外模型。该系统允许将试验化合物施用于上部(“空气”空间)和/或下部(“系统”空间)隔室。已经开发了这种灵活性以通过将化合物(I)给予上室和将泊沙康唑或其他抗真菌剂给予下室来研究组合治疗的效果。收集原代人肺动脉内皮细胞(HPAEC),并在EGM-2培养基(Lonza, Basel,瑞士)中稀释至106细胞/mL。将穿透小室(transwell)倒置,并将细胞悬浮液(100μL/孔)施加到每个穿透小室的底部。将倒置的穿透小室在室温下在流罩内孵育2小时,然后将其正放。将EGM-2培养基加入到下部 (700μL/孔)和上部(100μL/孔)的隔室中,并将穿透小室孵育48小时(37℃, 5%CO2)。然后用新鲜的EGM-2培养基更换下室中的EGM-2培养基。收集A549细胞,并在10%EBM中稀释至5x105个细胞/mL,然后加入到所有穿透小室的上室(100μL/孔)中,并将该平板孵育72小时(37℃,5%CO2)。伊曲康唑敏感的烟曲霉菌株(NCPF2010)和伊曲康唑抗性菌株(TR34-L98H) 的分生孢子分别在Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂中培养3天。通过用PBS-吐温 (10mL;含有0.05%吐温-20、100U/mL青霉素和100U/mL链霉素的PBS) 洗涤,从Sabouraud葡萄糖琼脂培养物制备任一菌株的储备分生孢子悬浮液。使用Neubauer血细胞计数器评估分生孢子计数,并用PBS调节至106个分生孢子/mL。在使用前立即在EBM中制备分生孢子的工作储备液(105分生孢子/mL)。
将试验和参考化合物(或作为溶媒的纯DMSO)加入24孔板(3μL/孔,含有600μL 2%FBS EBM)的适当孔中用于下部隔室处理,和加入96孔板 (1μL/孔,含有200μL的2%FBSEBM)中用于上部隔室处理,从而提供0.5%的最终DMSO浓度。吸出上部隔室中的培养基,加入含有适当的试验和参考化合物或溶媒的培养基(100μL/孔)。然后将穿透小室转移到含有试验和参考化合物或DMSO溶媒的24孔板中。孵育1小时(35℃,5%CO2)后,将分生孢子悬浮液(10μL/孔)加入到每个穿透小室的上部隔室中。然后将平板孵育24小时(35℃,5%CO2)。收集每个隔室的上清液(5μL/室)并储存 (-20℃)。收集上清液后每天更换培养基,如上所述用试验和参考化合物或 DMSO处理所有孔3天。继续收集样品,直到所有穿透小室中的真菌生长肉眼可见。然后通过ELISA(BioRad,CA,USA)检测下部隔室的上清液中 GM的水平,作为烟曲霉侵袭的指标。
细胞活力:刃天青试验
在实验前将BEAS2B细胞接种于384孔平板(100μL;3000/孔/;BD Falcon,目录号353962)中的RPMI-LHC8(RPMI-1640和LHC8培养基等比例混合)中一天。对于不含细胞的对照孔,加入RPMI-LHC8(100μL)。用 Integra VIAFLO 96(Integra,Zizers,瑞士)加入试验化合物(0.5μL DMSO 溶液),得到0.5%的DMSO终浓度。将BEAS2B细胞与各试验化合物一起孵育1天(37℃/5%CO2,在RPMI-LHC8中)。加完刃天青储备溶液(5μL, 0.04%)后,将该平板再孵育4小时(37℃/5%CO2)。每个孔的荧光在 545nm(激发)和590nm(发射)下使用多扫描仪(Clariostar:BMG Labtech)检测。计算每个孔相对于溶媒(0.5%DMSO)处理的细胞存活率的百分比减少。在适当的情况下,根据每个试验化合物的浓度-响应曲线产生的浓度-响应曲线计算CC50值。
体内抗真菌活性
将烟曲霉(ATCC 13073[菌株:NIH 5233],美国典型培养物保藏中心, Manassas,VA,USA)在麦芽琼脂(Nissui Pharmaceutical,日本东京)平板上在RT(24±1℃)下生长6-7天。将孢子无菌地从琼脂平板上移出并悬浮于含有0.05%吐温80和0.1%琼脂的无菌蒸馏水中。感染当天,通过血细胞计数器评估孢子计数,调整接种物以获得1.67×108个孢子/mL生理盐水的浓度。为了诱导免疫抑制和中性粒细胞减少症,A/J小鼠(雄性,5周龄)在感染前3、2和1天用氢化可的松(Sigma H4881;125mg/kg,皮下)和在感染前2天用环磷酰胺(SigmaC0768;250mg/kg,腹膜内)给药。在第0天,用孢子悬浮液(30μL,经鼻内)感染动物。
仅在第1、2和3天(由此代表治疗性处理方案),每日一次鼻内施用试验物质(35μL0.0032-10.0mg/mL在生理盐水中的试验物质)。对于延长的预防性处理,将试验化合物(35μL,0.0032或0.016mg/mL的在生理盐水中的悬浮液)每天一次鼻内给药,持续七天。一组在第0天感染前30分钟给药,但随后不再给药,而第二组在感染后1、2和3天进行给药。将这些治疗范例的效果与局限于接种前一天或接种前30分钟以及随后在感染后第1、2 和3天治疗的其他组所得的效果进行比较。在最后一组中,给药进一步限制为施用两次,仅在感染前一天和感染前30分钟施用。
每天监测动物体重,并在第3天施用最后一次药物剂量后6小时,对动物进行麻醉,气管插管,收集BALF血液和肺组织。分别使用小鼠IL-6或TNF-αELISA试剂盒(R&D systems公司,Minneapolis,MN, USA)测定血清中IL-6和TNFα的水平。使用Platelia GM-EIA试剂盒 (Bio-Rad Laboratories,Redmond,WA,USA)测定血清中的曲霉GM。截止指数(COI)通过以下公式计算:截止指数=样品中的OD/试剂盒中提供的截止对照品的OD。对于组织真菌负载试验,无菌取出100mg肺组织,在无菌蒸馏水中的0.2mL 0.1%琼脂中匀浆。将连续稀释的肺匀浆接种在麦芽琼脂平板(50μL/板)上,并在24±1℃下孵育72至96小时。对每个平板上烟曲霉的菌落进行计数,真菌滴度以每克肺组织的CFU表示。
为了确定烟曲霉DNA含量,根据生产商的说明书,用Isoplant(Nippon Gene)从感染的肺或烟曲霉中提取DNA。将切成<3mm的任何长度的组织与溶液I(提取缓冲液:300μL)混合。将溶液II(裂解缓冲液;苄基氯:150μL) 加入到混合物中,随后用涡旋混合器混合5秒钟。在50℃孵育15分钟后,加入溶液III(乙酸钠,pH5.2:150μL),剧烈搅拌混合物1-3秒,然后在冰上孵育15分钟。孵育后,将混合物在4℃以12,000g离心15分钟。用100%乙醇(x 2.5体积)沉淀上清液的上层水相中的DNA,用70%乙醇洗涤并溶于 5-10μl TE缓冲液中。
使用Premix Ex TaqTM(Takara Bio)在96孔光反应板中进行DNA扩增。使用以下引物对进行烟曲霉18S rRNA基因片段扩增: 5’-GGCCCTTAAATAGCCCGGT-3’(SEQ ID No.1)和5’-TGAGCCGATAGTCCCCCTAA-3’(SEQ ID No.2),杂交探针 5’-FAM-AGCCAGCGGCCCGCAAATG-TAMRA-3’(SEQ ID No.3)。在25μL含有50ng小鼠DNA以及200nM探针的溶液中,在以下条件下进行实时PCR:在50℃最初孵育2分钟,在95℃起始变性10分钟,随后进行55个循环(95℃下15秒和65℃下1分钟)。在50ng小鼠肺DNA中的烟曲霉DNA的量根据使用0.05-50,000pg烟曲霉DNA获得的标准曲线进行评估。
筛选结果概述
化合物(I)显示出如培养基微量稀释测定法所评估的对浮游真菌生长的有效抑制活性(表3)。
表3:伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、两性霉素B和化合物(Ia-d)对烟曲霉分离株的浮游真菌生长的影响。
表格脚注:1.培养基微量稀释法,n=2-3
在这些试验中,化合物(Ia)尤其显示出比泊沙康唑、伏立康唑和两性霉素B显著更高的对泊沙康唑抗性菌株(NCPF7099、NCPF7100、TR34/L98H 和TR46/Y121F/T289A)和泊沙康唑敏感菌株(NCPF2010)二者的效力。
化合物(Ia和Ic)也显示针对支气管上皮细胞的真菌感染的有效抑制活性(表4)。在该试验体系中,化合物(Ia和Ic)显示出显著高于伏立康唑的效力,以及高于泊沙康唑的效力。在下面所示的浓度下与化合物(Ia、Ib、Ic 和Id)一起孵育对BEAS2B支气管上皮细胞的活力没有影响或影响很小。
表4:用伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、两性霉素B和化合物(Ia-d)处理对烟曲霉(NCPF2010)浮游真菌生长、对BEAS2B支气管上皮细胞的真菌感染和 BEAS2B细胞活力的影响。
表格脚注:1.支气管上皮细胞,n=1-3;2.n=3;nt:未测试。
使用CLSI培养基微量稀释法评估化合物(I)对较大范围真菌病原体生长的影响。发现化合物(Ia)是出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)、米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)、新型隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)、球毛壳菌 (Chaetomium globosum)、产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)、禾谷镰孢菌 (Fusarium graminearum)、草本支孢霉(Cladosporium herbarum)和红色毛癣菌(Trichophyton rubrum)以及一些假丝酵母属物种(特别是白色假丝酵母 (Candida albicans)、光滑假丝酵母(Candida glabrata)和克鲁斯假丝酵母 (Candida krusei))和一些曲霉属物种(特别是黄曲霉(Aspergillusflavus))的有效的生长抑制剂(表5)。
表5化合物(Ia)对一系列真菌物种生长的抑制作用。
表格脚注:MIC50/MIC100=通过目视检查对真菌生长抑制50%和100%所需的浓度(CLSI)。ND:未测定。
通过在感染后第一天测定人肺泡双层的下部隔室中的半乳甘露聚糖 (GM),测定对烟曲霉(唑类敏感株:NCPF2010;和唑类抗性株TR34/L98H) 肺泡侵入的抑制活性。向上部隔室施用化合物(Ia),产生了浓度依赖性的对下部隔室GM水平的抑制,对这两种菌株的最大作用超过90%(表6和7)。
表6:化合物(Ia)和泊沙康唑对烟曲霉(唑类敏感株系:NCPF 2010)侵入人肺泡双层(穿透小室)的下部隔室的影响。
表格脚注:n=3
表7:化合物(Ia)和泊沙康唑对烟曲霉(唑类抗性株系:TR34-L98H)侵入人肺泡双层(穿透小室)下部隔室的影响。
表格脚注:n=1
在感染后监测抑制活性数天,发现使用化合物(Ia)(0.1μg/mL,在上部隔室)或泊沙康唑(0.01μg/mL,在下部隔室)的单一疗法的早期抑制作用迅速消失(表8)。相反,在上部隔室的化合物(Ia)与在下部隔室的泊沙康唑(如上所述)的组合治疗导致对感染后侵袭的持续抑制。因此,组合治疗的 DFB50为3.63天,比使用单一化合物的值长得多(表8)。当化合物(Ia)与伊曲康唑、伏立康唑或卡泊芬净组合治疗时,组合治疗的这种协同作用或至少是叠加效应也同样发生(结果未显示)。
表8:化合物(Ia)、泊沙康唑和治疗组合对烟曲霉(NCPF 2010)侵入人肺泡双层(穿透小室)的下部隔室的影响。
表格脚注:1.以0.1μg/mL给药;2.以0.01μg/mL给药;DFB50:达到对照的50%的真菌负载的天数
此外,这种组合治疗已经在感染了烟曲霉的唑类抗性菌株TR34-L98H 的双层中进行了测试(表9)。在上部隔室用化合物(Ia)(0.3μg/mL)或在下部隔室用泊沙康唑(0.1μg/mL)的单一疗法显示有限的益处。相反,化合物(Ia) 和泊沙康唑的组合对真菌侵入下部隔室显示出显著的抑制作用。
表9:化合物(Ia)、泊沙康唑和治疗组合对烟曲霉(唑类抗性菌株: TR34-L98H)侵入人肺泡双层细胞系统(穿透小室)下部隔室的影响。
表格脚注:1.以0.3μg/mL给药;2.以0.1μg/mL给药;DFB50:达到对照的50%的真菌负载的天数
当接种后第1、2、3天向免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少的小鼠鼻内给药(治疗性处理)时,在3天内检测的减少由烟曲霉感染引起的体重减轻的保护作用方面,化合物(Ia)显示比泊沙康唑所需剂量更低(表10)。
表10:化合物(Ia)或泊沙康唑治疗对由烟曲霉感染引起的免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少的小鼠的体重减轻的影响。
表格脚注:1.与治疗开始第1天的动物体重相比由烟曲霉感染造成的体重减轻百分比; 2.进行了两个独立的研究。
此外,用化合物(Ia)的治疗性处理对于肺部真菌负载、血清中的半乳甘露聚糖浓度和肺中的烟曲霉DNA含量都显示出优于泊沙康唑的效果。化合物(Ia)的这些数据示于表11和图1、2和3中。
表11:化合物(Ia)的预防和治疗性处理对烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少的小鼠的肺中CFU、血清中半乳甘露聚糖浓度和肺中的曲霉 DNA的效果。
表格脚注:真菌负载数据显示为平均值±平均值的标准误差(SEM;n=6)。
在独立试验中治疗性施用的泊沙康唑和化合物(Ia)的ID50值也在下面提供(表12)。
表12:泊洛沙唑和化合物(Ia)的治疗性处理对烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的嗜中性粒细胞减少的小鼠肺中真菌负载、血清中半乳甘露聚糖浓度和肺组织中烟曲霉DNA含量的ID50值。
表格脚注:nt:未检测
还发现化合物(Ia)的治疗性处理抑制烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的嗜中性粒细胞减少的小鼠中的血清细胞因子浓度(表13和14;图1、2和3)。抑制血清细胞因子水平的计算的ID50值(表14)与所观测的肺中真菌负载、血清中半乳甘露聚糖浓度和肺中烟曲霉DNA含量的ID50值(上文)非常相似。
表13:化合物(Ia)的治疗性处理对烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少的小鼠的血清中IL-6和TNFα水平的影响
表格脚注:生物标志物浓度的数据显示为平均值±平均值的标准误差(SEM),N=6。
表14:在烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少小鼠中化合物(Ia) 的治疗性处理对血清中IL-6和TNFα水平的ID50值。
还评估了化合物(Ia)的延长的预防性给药在烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少的小鼠中的作用。发现用比以前的研究中使用的剂量低25 倍的化合物(Ia)进行的延长预防可抑制肺中的真菌负载以及BALF和血清中的GM浓度(表15)。此外,数据表明在重复给药情况下肺中抗真菌作用的积累,因为与1天的预防性治疗相比,7天的预防产生更大的抗真菌作用。发现从第-7天至第0天的治疗在第3天产生了比仅在第-1天和第0天治疗更好的抗真菌作用,表明该化合物在肺中作用的持久性。
表15:化合物(Ia)的延长的预防给药在烟曲霉感染的免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少的小鼠中对肺中真菌负载(CFU)以及BALF和血清中GM浓度的影响。
表格脚注:1.所有溶媒和药物处理组的N值为5;2.真菌负载和GM水平的数据显示为平均值±平均值的标准误差和相对于溶媒的抑制百分比。
体内药代动力学
对于肺部治疗剂来说,常规使用的方法是向动物(例如小鼠)的肺给药,并在给药后的不同时间点收集血浆,以鉴定所得到的对所施用化合物的全身接触的情况。
可以在上述的体内系统中测试本发明的化合物。
化合物(I)的生物学特性概述
已经发现,以全部四种立体异构体形式的化合物(I)是烟曲霉浮游生物生长和支气管上皮细胞感染的有效抑制剂。化合物(Ia)抑制了对泊沙康唑耐药和伏立康唑耐药的烟曲霉分离株的生长,证明了比泊沙康唑、伏立康唑和两性霉素B对这些菌株更大的效力。还发现很大范围的其他致病性真菌也对化合物(Ia)敏感。化合物(Ia)与泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑和卡泊芬净进行组合,已经显示出协同或至少是叠加的效果。在体内,在感染烟曲霉的免疫受损的中性粒细胞减少的小鼠中,化合物(Ia)当以预防性或治疗性给药时,对烟曲霉感染以及相关的肺部免疫应答都表现出有效的抑制作用。化合物(Ia)在降低感染依赖性的体重减轻方面也是有效的。这些抑制作用都优于泊沙康唑。在治疗环境中观察到化合物(I)的有益的抗真菌作用是临床上显著的。
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Claims (18)
4.根据权利要求1-3任一项的化合物,其以单一立体异构体提供。
5.根据权利要求1的化合物在制备用于治疗真菌病或用于预防或治疗与真菌病相关的疾病的药物中的用途。
6.根据权利要求5的用途,其中所述真菌病由曲霉属物种引起。
7.根据权利要求6的用途,其中所述真菌病由烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)或黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)引起。
8.根据权利要求7的用途,其中所述真菌病由烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)引起。
9.根据权利要求5的用途,其中所述真菌病由以下物种引起:出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)、米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)、新型隐球菌(Cryptococcusneoformans)、球毛壳菌(Chaetomium globosum)、产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)、禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)、草本支孢霉(Cladosporium herbarum)、红色毛癣菌(Trichophyton rubrum)、或假丝酵母属物种。
10.根据权利要求9的用途,其中所述真菌病由白色假丝酵母(Candida albicans)、光滑假丝酵母(Candida glabrata)或克鲁斯假丝酵母(Candida krusei)引起。
11.根据权利要求5的用途,其中所述真菌病是唑类抗性的真菌病。
12.药物组合物,其包含根据权利要求1的化合物以及任选的一种或多种可药用的稀释剂或载体。
13.根据权利要求12的药物组合物,其包含第二种或其它活性成分。
14.根据权利要求13的药物组合物,其中所述第二种或其它活性成分选自抗真菌剂,包括唑类抗真菌剂、两性霉素B、棘球白素,和3-羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰-CoA还原酶抑制剂。
15.根据权利要求13的药物组合物,其中所述第二种或其它活性成分选自伏立康唑、泊沙康唑、伊曲康唑和卡泊芬净。
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JP2018520104A (ja) | 2018-07-26 |
JP6811727B2 (ja) | 2021-01-20 |
US10513511B2 (en) | 2019-12-24 |
ES2790723T3 (es) | 2020-10-29 |
EP3298006B1 (en) | 2020-01-01 |
CA2981945C (en) | 2023-08-29 |
CN107635988A (zh) | 2018-01-26 |
SG11201708007VA (en) | 2017-12-28 |
MX2017014814A (es) | 2018-02-15 |
DK3298006T3 (da) | 2020-03-30 |
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