CN107602725B - 一种壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物及应用 - Google Patents
一种壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明为一种壳聚糖‑原花青素接枝共聚物及应用。该共聚物由以下方法制得,包括如下步骤:将壳聚糖加入到乙酸溶液中溶解,得到壳聚糖溶液,然后加入含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液,搅拌30~60 min后,加入原花青素,搅拌30~60 min后,静置24~48 h;再用氢氧化钠溶液将反应液的pH值调整为7.0~8.0,离心分离10~20 min,所得沉淀用无水乙醇洗涤后,冷冻干燥,得到壳聚糖‑原花青素接枝共聚物。本发明得到的壳聚糖‑原花青素接枝共聚物,具有抗氧化性能强、制备工艺简单、应用方便、无毒无害且对人体有益的优点,非常适合于鲜切水果的保鲜。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物保鲜技术领域,特别涉及一种壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的制备方法,以及将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物应用于鲜切水果的保鲜。
背景技术
鲜切水果又称最少加工或半加工水果,是以新鲜水果为原料,在清洁环境下经清洗、去皮、切分、包装等处理得到的水果制品。鲜切水果既保持了原有水果新鲜、营养的特点,又具备了食用方便、利用率高等优点,还能在一定程度减少生活垃圾的产生,深受消费者喜爱。随着现代生活节奏的加快和消费者对天然、营养、快捷、环保食品需求的不断扩大,鲜切水果呈现出巨大的市场潜力。但是,在加工过程中,切分会对水果造成机械损伤从而引起一系列不利于贮藏的因素,如呼吸代谢加快、酶和底物区域化消失、各种酶促反应加剧、组织软化,出现褐变、营养物质流失等品质劣变现象。这些变化会导致鲜切水果品质下降,货架期缩短,大大降低其商品价值。因此,鲜切水果的加工、贮运及销售过程中必须采取一定的保鲜措施,以保障鲜切水果的品质,最大限度延长其货架期。
壳聚糖(Chitosan,CS)是一种氨基多糖,具有良好的成膜性及生物相容性,在食品、农业、医药等领域均具有很好的应用。作为一种天然多糖,壳聚糖具有来源丰富、无毒、可生物降解等优点。壳聚糖可在水果表面形成一层半透膜,抑制水果的呼吸作用,减缓物质代谢和色变、衰老,是一种非常有潜力的生物保鲜剂。但是,天然壳聚糖的抗氧化性能较弱,作为生物保鲜剂,需要经过适当化学修饰以提高其抗氧化性能,增强其保鲜效果。
原花青素(Proanthocyanidin,PA)是一种天然多酚,对人体具有诸多有益作用,作为食品添加剂和营养强化剂,广泛应于食品领域。特别是,原花青素是已知的最有效的清除自由基的抗氧化物之一。专利CN1486700A公开了一种原花青素与壳聚糖的复合物,并作为止血材料使用。从组成上看,虽然该复合物含有原花青素和壳聚糖两种物质,但它是原花青素和壳聚糖的简单混合,没有形成稳定的结合,故而该复合物是亚稳态的,原花青素会释放出来,减弱了原花青素与壳聚糖的协同效应。专利CN107141370A公开了一种制备接枝羟丙基壳寡糖原花青素冻干粉的方法,但该方法中使用了环氧氯丙烷制备羟丙基壳寡糖,如果将其用于鲜切水果的保鲜,则可能存在食品安全隐患。目前,还未见通过自由基接枝共聚的方法将原花青素接枝到壳聚糖上制备壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物(CS-g-PA)的报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对当前技术中存在的不足,提供一种壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的制备方法,并将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物作为生物保鲜剂应用于鲜切水果的保鲜。本发明采用过氧化氢-抗坏血酸为引发体系,通过自由基接枝共聚的方法制备得到的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物,具有抗氧化性能强、制备工艺简单、应用方便、无毒无害且对人体有益的优点,非常适合于鲜切水果的保鲜。
本发明的技术方案为:
一种壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物,该共聚物由以下方法制得,包括如下步骤:
将壳聚糖加入到乙酸溶液中溶解,得到壳聚糖溶液,然后加入含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液,搅拌30~60min后,加入原花青素,搅拌30~60min后,静置24~48h;再用氢氧化钠溶液将反应液的pH值调整为7.0~8.0,离心分离10~20min,所得沉淀用无水乙醇洗涤后,冷冻干燥,得到壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物;
其中,乙酸溶液的浓度为0.2~0.4mol/L;壳聚糖溶液中壳聚糖浓度为10~20g/L;含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液中抗坏血酸的浓度为0.3~0.6mol/L,过氧化氢的浓度为1~3mol/L;体积比含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液∶壳聚糖溶液=1~3∶50;质量比原花青素∶壳聚糖=0.2~0.8∶1。
所述的离心分离的转速为6000~10000rpm。
所述的氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为1~5mol/L。
所述的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的应用,作为生物保鲜剂应用于鲜切水果的保鲜。
具体包括如下步骤:将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物溶解于浓度为0.1~0.2mol/L的乙酸溶液中,配制成浓度为5~10g共聚物/L的保鲜涂膜液;将新鲜水果清洗、去皮、切分,得到鲜切水果;接着,将鲜切水果在保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5~10min,沥干,置于保鲜盒中4~8℃贮藏。
所述的水果优选为菠萝或猕猴桃。
本发明的有益效果为:
1)本发明的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的抗氧化性能比壳聚糖有很大的提高,测试浓度下,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对DPPH和ABTS自由基的最大清除率分别达到91.67%和98.77%,远高于壳聚糖的9.5%和4.1%。
2)本发明的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对鲜切水果的保鲜效果优于壳聚糖,可有效减缓鲜切水果在贮藏中水分、总抗氧化能力、总酚、固含量和维生素C的损失。贮藏6天后,对照组鲜切菠萝的失重率为12.8%,壳聚糖处理组的失重率为8.0%,而壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理组鲜切菠萝的失重率只有7.1%。对照组鲜切菠萝的维生素C损失率高达62.0%,壳聚糖处理组为54.2%,而壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理组只有40.5%。同样的趋势也出现在其他几个参数以及鲜切猕猴桃的保鲜中。
3)本发明的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的原料为天然产物,制备工艺简单,无毒无害,在鲜切水果保鲜领域具有较大的应用价值。
附图说明
图1:实施例2中的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的傅立叶红外光谱。
图2:实施例2中的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的核磁共振氢谱。
图3:实施例3中的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对DPPH自由基的清除率。
图4:实施例4中的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对ABTS自由基的清除率。
具体实施方式
下面的实施例将对本发明提供的方法予以进一步的说明。
实施例1:
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的制备方法:将1g壳聚糖溶解在50mL浓度为0.2mol/L的乙酸溶液中,然后加入3mL含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液(抗坏血酸的浓度为0.3mol/L,过氧化氢的浓度为3mol/L),搅拌60min后,加入0.2g原花青素,搅拌30min后,使反应液在室温下静置48h。用5mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液将反应液的pH值调整为8.0。反应液在6000rpm下离心20min,所得沉淀用无水乙醇洗涤后,冷冻干燥,得到壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物。
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物中原花青素的接枝率:壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物溶于0.1mol/L的乙酸溶液中,制得浓度为1mg/mL的样品溶液,取0.5mL样品溶液加入2.5mL的0.2mol/L的福林酚溶液,充分混匀后避光反应5min,然后加入2mL浓度为0.7mol/L的碳酸钠溶液,震荡30s后避光反应2h,在760nm下测量其吸光值。根据原花青素标准曲线计算壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物中原花青素的含量,结果表示为每克壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物中原花青素的毫克数(mg PA/g CS-g-PA)。经计算,制备得到的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物中原花青素的接枝率为128.12mg PA/g CS-g-PA。
实施例2:
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的制备方法:将1g壳聚糖溶解在100mL浓度为0.4mol/L的乙酸溶液中,然后加入2mL含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液(抗坏血酸浓度为0.6mol/L,过氧化氢浓度为1mol/L),搅拌30min后,加入0.8g原花青素,搅拌60min后,使反应液在室温下静置24h。用1mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液将反应液的pH值调整为7.0。反应液在10000rpm下离心10min,所得沉淀用无水乙醇洗涤后,冷冻干燥,得到壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物。
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的接枝率:具体测定方法同实施例1。经计算,制备得到的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的接枝率为381.76mg PA/g CS-g-PA。
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的傅立叶红外光谱:将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物用KBr压片,在4000~500cm-1范围内进行傅立叶红外光谱检测。从图1可以看到,壳聚糖在1649cm-1、1597cm-1和1323cm-1处显示出了特征吸收峰,分别为酰胺Ⅰ的C=O伸缩振动、酰胺Ⅱ的N-H弯曲振动和酰胺Ⅲ的C-N伸缩振动。原花青素在1608cm-1、1520cm-1和1444cm-1处出现了芳香环的特征峰。与壳聚糖相比,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的酰胺Ⅰ、酰胺Ⅱ和酰胺Ⅲ的特征峰消失,说明壳聚糖的氨基参与了接枝共聚反应。而且,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物在1448~1608cm-1处出现了原花青素的芳香环特征峰,说明原花青素成功接枝到壳聚糖上。
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的核磁共振氢谱:将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物溶于质量百分浓度为2%的CD3COOD/D2O溶液中进行核磁共振氢谱检测。从图2可以看出,壳聚糖在3.0ppm处有一个H-2的单峰,3.4~3.8ppm处有一组H-3到H-6的多峰,4.4ppm处有一个H-1的单峰。和壳聚糖相比,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物在6.8ppm处出现一个新的单峰,属于原花青素的苯环质子峰,说明原花青素成功接枝到壳聚糖上。
实施例3:
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的抗氧化性能。以壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对DPPH自由基的清除率作为评价指标。所用样品为实施例2中制备得到的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物。
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对DPPH自由基的清除率:将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物溶解于0.1mol/L的乙酸溶液中制得样品溶液。将2mL浓度为1mmol/L的DPPH无水乙醇溶液和2mL样品溶液混合均匀,避光反应30min后,在517nm波长下测量其吸光度,记为AS。同样条件下,用2mL的DPPH无水乙醇溶液与2mL无水乙醇反应测定其吸光度,记为A0;用2mL无水乙醇加入2mL样品溶液中测定其吸光度,记A1。DPPH自由基清除率(%)由公式(1)进行计算。
DPPH自由基清除率(%)=[A0-(AS-A1)]/A0×100% (1)
结果见图3。可以看出,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物具有良好的DPPH自由基清除能力,相同浓度下,其DPPH清除能力远高于壳聚糖。测试浓度下,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对DPPH的最大清除率为91.67%,而壳聚糖只有9.5%。说明壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的抗氧化性能具有显著的提高。从图3还可以计算得出,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对DPPH自由基的半数清除浓度为6.2μg/mL。这些结果说明壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物具有很强的抗氧化性能,且其抗氧化性能远高于壳聚糖。
实施例4:
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的抗氧化性能。以壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对ABTS自由基的清除率作为评价指标。所用样品为实施例2中制备得到的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物。
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对ABTS自由基的清除率:将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物溶解于0.1mol/L的乙酸溶液中制得样品溶液。ABTS母液(7mmol/L)和等体积的K2S2O8溶液(4.9mmol/L)混合后,避光放置12~15h,得到ABTS自由基溶液。在734nm下,用0.01mol/L磷酸缓冲液(pH7.4)将ABTS自由基溶液的吸光度调整为0.70±0.02。取3mL的ABTS自由基溶液,加入50μL样品溶液,震荡摇匀后反应7min,接着在734nm下测量其吸光度,记为AS。同样条件下,用磷酸缓冲液代替样品,吸光度记为A0;用磷酸缓冲液代替ABTS自由基溶液,吸光度记为A1。ABTS自由基清除率(%)由公式(2)进行计算。
ABTS自由基清除率(%)=[A0-(AS-A1)]/A0×100%(2)
结果见图4。可以看出,壳聚糖对ABTS自由基的清除能力非常低。相比较,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物具有优良的ABTS自由基清除的能力。测试浓度下,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对ABTS自由基的最大清除率可达98.77%,而壳聚糖对ABTS自由基的最大清除率只有4.1%。从图4还可以计算得出,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对ABTS自由基的半数清除浓度为5.9μg/mL。这些结果说明壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物具有远高于壳聚糖的很强的抗氧化性能。
实施例5:
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对鲜切菠萝的保鲜效果。所用样品为实施例2中制备得到的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物。
鲜切菠萝的处理:分别取1g壳聚糖和壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物,各自溶于100mL浓度为0.1mol/L的乙酸溶液中,制成两种保鲜涂膜液。将新鲜菠萝清洗去皮,用无菌钢刀切分成1×1×5cm的长条状鲜切菠萝。接着,将两份鲜切菠萝分别在以上两种保鲜涂膜液中浸泡10min,沥干,置于保鲜盒中4℃贮藏。另用蒸馏水浸泡作为对照。6天后,测定鲜切菠萝的失重率、总抗氧化能力损失率、总酚损失率、固含量损失率和维生素C损失率。
评价指标测定:
1)失重率。称量鲜切菠萝贮藏前后的重量,计算其失重率(%)。
2)总抗氧化能力损失率。采用FRAP法测定鲜切菠萝的总抗氧化能力。取10mL的0.3mol/L的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液(pH3.6),1mL的10mmol/L的TPTZ溶液(溶于40mmol/L盐酸),1mL的20mmol/L的FeCl3溶液混合,37℃水浴10min制得FRAP溶液。鲜切菠萝榨汁,取3mL的FRAP溶液与0.5mL果汁混合均匀后反应10min,在593nm下测量吸光值。由标准曲线得到FRAP值,计算总抗氧化能力损失率(%)。
3)总酚损失率。鲜切菠萝榨汁,取0.2mL果汁加0.5mL福林酚溶液,避光反应5min,加入0.4mL浓度为0.7mol/L的Na2CO3溶液,用蒸馏水定容到10mL,30℃水浴2h,在760nm下测量吸光值。由标准曲线得到总酚含量,计算总酚损失率(%)。
4)固含量损失率。鲜切菠萝榨汁,用手持折光仪测量果汁固含量,计算固含量损失率(%)。
5)维生素C损失率。鲜切菠萝榨汁,取1mL果汁用2,6-二氯靛酚滴定法测定维生素C含量,计算维生素C损失率(%)。
结果见表1。可以看出,贮藏6天后,对照组鲜切菠萝的失重率为12.8%,壳聚糖处理组的失重率为8.0%,而壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理后,鲜切菠萝的失重率只有7.1%,说明壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物在鲜切菠萝表面形成了半透膜,减少了鲜切菠萝水分的损失,且其效果优于壳聚糖。还可以看出,贮藏6天后,对照组鲜切菠萝的总抗氧化能力损失率为58.0%,壳聚糖处理组的损失率为34.4%,而壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理组的损失率只有27.0%,比对照组和壳聚糖处理组明显降低。同样的趋势也在其他几个参数中可以看到,比如:贮藏6天后,对照组鲜切菠萝的维生素C损失率高达62.0%,壳聚糖处理组为54.2%,而壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理组只有40.5%。这些结果说明壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对鲜切水果具有良好的保鲜效果,且其保鲜效果优于壳聚糖。
表1壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对鲜切菠萝的保鲜效果
实施例6:
壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对鲜切猕猴桃的保鲜效果。所用样品为实施例2中制备得到的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物。
鲜切猕猴桃的处理:分别取0.5g壳聚糖和壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物,各自溶于100mL浓度为0.2mol/L的乙酸溶液,制成两种保鲜涂膜液。将新鲜的猕猴桃清洗去皮,用无菌钢刀切分成7~10mm厚的片状鲜切猕猴桃。接着,将两份鲜切猕猴桃分别在以上两种保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5min,沥干,置于保鲜盒中8℃贮藏。另用蒸馏水浸泡作为对照。6天后,测定鲜切猕猴桃的失重率、总抗氧化能力损失率、总酚损失率、固含量损失率和维生素C损失率。
评价指标测定:评价指标的测定方法同实施例5,不同之处是将菠萝替换为猕猴桃。
结果见表2。可以看出,贮藏6天后,和对照组相比,壳聚糖处理组的5个指标均有一定程度的降低,说明壳聚糖有一定的保鲜效果。相比较,壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理组的鲜切猕猴桃在贮藏6天后,5个指标进一步下降。比如:对照组鲜切猕猴桃的总酚损失率为11.8%,壳聚糖处理组的总酚损失率为7.5%,而壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理组的总酚损失率为6.8%;对照组鲜切猕猴桃的固含量损失率为13.1%,壳聚糖处理组的固含量损失率为9.7%,而壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物处理组的固含量损失率为6.9%。这些结果说明壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对鲜切水果具有良好的保鲜效果,且其保鲜效果比壳聚糖有进一步的提高。
表2壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物对鲜切猕猴桃的保鲜效果
本发明未尽事宜为公知技术。
Claims (4)
1.一种壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物,其特征为该共聚物由以下方法制得,包括如下步骤:
将壳聚糖加入到乙酸溶液中溶解,得到壳聚糖溶液,然后加入含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液,搅拌30~60min后,加入原花青素,搅拌30~60min后,静置24~48h;再用氢氧化钠溶液将反应液的pH值调整为7.0~8.0,离心分离10~20min,所得沉淀用无水乙醇洗涤后,冷冻干燥,得到壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物;
其中,乙酸溶液的浓度为0.2~0.4mol/L;壳聚糖溶液中壳聚糖浓度为10~20g/L;含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液中抗坏血酸的浓度为0.3~0.6mol/L,过氧化氢的浓度为1~3mol/L;体积比含抗坏血酸的过氧化氢溶液∶壳聚糖溶液=1~3∶50;质量比原花青素∶壳聚糖=0.2~0.8∶1;
所述的离心分离的转速为6000~10000rpm;
所述的氢氧化钠溶液的浓度为1~5mol/L。
2.如权利要求1所述的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的应用,其特征为作为生物保鲜剂应用于鲜切水果的保鲜。
3.如权利要求2所述的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的应用,其特征为包括如下步骤:将壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物溶解于浓度为0.1~0.2mol/L的乙酸溶液中,配制成浓度为5~10g共聚物/L的保鲜涂膜液;将新鲜水果清洗、去皮、切分,得到鲜切水果;接着,将鲜切水果在保鲜涂膜液中浸泡5~10min,沥干,置于保鲜盒中4~8℃贮藏。
4.如权利要求2所述的壳聚糖-原花青素接枝共聚物的应用,其特征为所述的水果优选为菠萝或猕猴桃。
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CN111840115A (zh) * | 2020-08-17 | 2020-10-30 | 蓝科恒业医疗科技(长春)有限公司 | 一种基于原花青素低聚体的面部激素依赖性皮炎治疗液及其制备方法 |
CN113892644B (zh) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-12-09 | 江南大学 | 一种聚电解质络合包封的原花青素纳米粒及其制备方法 |
CN114794479B (zh) * | 2022-05-20 | 2024-09-03 | 中国计量大学 | 原花青素-壳聚糖微凝胶的制备方法 |
CN115124632B (zh) * | 2022-06-10 | 2023-03-24 | 海南大学 | 一种对羟基苯甲酸-壳聚糖接枝物的制备方法 |
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