CN107555521A - 一种重金属污水处理用多孔生物质微球及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种重金属污水处理用多孔生物质微球及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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Abstract
本发明属于生物质技术领域,具体涉及一种重金属污水处理用无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球及其制备方法。本发明以改性高粱梗和改性水辉石为原料复合而成无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球;制备出的复合材料可吸附废水中重金属离子和苯胺、苯酚类有机污染物,对苯酚吸附去除率高达99%。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于生物质技术领域,具体涉及一种重金属污水处理用多孔生物质微球及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着工业开发进程的不断发展,我国土壤遭到了严重的污染,其中重金属污染使土壤污染的主要类型,主要污染物类型为铬(Cd)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)等。目前我国耕地土壤重金属超标点位主要是以中低度重金属污染为主,因此,为实现农业正常生产和土壤重金属修复的双重目标,我们通常在土壤中添加改良剂(俗称钝化剂)将重金属向低溶解、被固定的、低毒形态转化,减少重金属在植株体内的富集,达到保障农业生产的同时,降低污染重金属环境风险的目的。
目前,广泛使用的土壤钝化修复剂主要包括无机钝化剂和有机钝化剂两大类;其中磷酸盐类化合物如羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,简称HAP)是当前应用较为广泛的钝化修复剂。胡田田(胡田田.纳米羟基磷灰石对重金属铜和铅污染土壤的修复研究[D].安徽农业大学,2012)通过小区田间试验验证微米级HAP能够有效降低土壤中可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Cu的含量减少Cu的生态环境风险。
华南农业大学公开了一种生物质炭土壤重金属修复剂(CN 105622290 A),以鸡粪或油茶壳经过450-550℃高温煅烧所得生物质炭对土壤中的Cu吸附性较好,但吸附重金属元素较为单一;CN 102583619 A中报道了一种复合生物质吸附重金属的方法,以板栗果皮、水稻地上部分生物质、香蒲地上部分生物质为原料形成复合生物质,可通过吸附去除水溶液中的多种重金属。大连理工大学马伟等人(CN 103316640 B)开发出了一种磁性生物质吸附剂去除重金属,以木粉、果壳、玉米秸生物质为原料进行粉碎混合,然后用乙酸的壳聚糖溶液混合,加入磁性物质,通过碱液进行固化得具有磁性的生物质吸附剂,但也仅研究了对As(V)的吸附能力,所以吸附性单一。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种新型无机杂化的生物质材料,本发明以改性高粱梗和改性水辉石为原料复合而成无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球;制备出的复合材料可吸附废水中重金属离子和苯胺、苯酚类有机污染物,对苯酚吸附去除率高达99%。
根据本发明的一个方面,本发明提供了一种无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球,所述多孔生物质微球由高粱梗与水辉石杂化而成;
本发明无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备方法如下:
1)高粱梗的改性:
a)粉碎工序:将高粱梗晾干后粉碎至粒径为200目以下得高粱梗生物质颗粒;
b)酸碱处理工序:将100g高粱梗生物质颗粒置于3wt%磷酸水溶液中搅拌浸渍30min,然后置于5wt%的氢氧化钾水溶液中于50℃下浸渍10min,过滤、自来水洗涤至滤液成中性得酸碱改性的生物质颗粒;磷酸水溶液和氢氧化钾水溶液用量以能够浸没高粱梗生物质颗粒为宜;
c) 氧化工序:将酸碱改性的生物质颗粒置于浓度为5wt%的高锰酸钾水溶液中氧化处理1-2h得氧化生物质分散液;生物质中含有大量的纤维素和半纤维素,采取高锰酸钾可以氧化形成裸露的羧基;
d) 接枝化反应:然后加入N-(叔丁氧羰基)氨基乙酸和浓硫酸40℃下反应2h,然后70℃下反应2h;过滤、水洗至滤液成中性、烘干得氨基乙酸接枝化的生物质;氨基乙酸在浓硫酸的作用下与氧化工序中形成的裸露的羧基形成酸酐,同时脱去保护基裸露出氨基与硫酸成盐;
2)复合改性水辉石的制备:
(1). 水辉石季铵盐化:将粒度为200目以下的水辉石置于十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵的水溶液中超声分散48h得季铵盐化的水辉石分散液;每克水辉石需要0.12-0.20g十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵;
(2). 水辉石的络合:向水辉石分散液中加入乙二胺进行络合,40℃下搅拌12h,然后过滤至滤液用硝酸银检测无氯离子;70℃下烘干得复合改性水辉石;每克水辉石需要0.05-0.10g乙二胺;该步工序中通过络合将乙二胺负载到季铵盐化的水辉石上;
3)无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备:
将10g复合改性水辉石和8g氨基乙酸接枝化的生物质置于100ml乙醇的水溶液中搅拌均匀,加入0.1g三乙胺,然后加入交联剂戊二醛回流反应2h后过滤,水洗,干燥得无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球。本发明中加入三乙胺是为了将氨基乙酸接枝化的生物质中氨基的硫酸盐解离出来,从而使生物质上的氨基、水辉石负载的氨基位点与戊二醛交联形成复合材料;
优选的,所述氧化工序中氧化处理温度为10-20℃,高锰酸钾的用量为高粱梗生物质颗粒重量的0.08-0.13倍;高粱梗中含有大量的纤维素和半纤维素,在氧化工序中是为了将生物质中纤维素和半纤维素的碳碳键氧化断裂,形成部分羧基;高锰酸钾通常选择性低,氧化温度直接决定了后续接枝化反应的程度,进而影响最终无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的形貌及其理化性质;
优选的,所述接枝化反应中N-(叔丁氧羰基)氨基乙酸的用量为高粱梗生物质颗粒重量的0.21-0.32倍;
优选的,所述交联剂戊二醛的用量为0.3-0.5g;
优选的,所述无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备过程中干燥温度为65℃,比表面积达到79.2m2.g-1;研究中发现,在无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备过程中干燥温度会影响多孔生物质微球的比表面积,当20-30℃下自然晾干时比表面积较小,70℃以上多孔生物质微球中的生物质结构逐渐塌陷导致微球的孔径变大,都不利于对重金属或者有机污染物的吸附。
根据本发明的又一方面,本发明提供了一种无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的用途,在一定pH值的环境下用于吸附废水中的重金属离子、苯酚和苯胺;所述重金属为Pb2+、Cr2+、Cu2+、Ni2+或Zn2+;本发明制备的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球具有氮氧富电子基团,能够与重金属离子提供吸附的结合位点,另外可以通过氢键和多孔结构吸附有机污染物。
根据本发明所述的一种无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的用途,在一定pH值的环境下用于吸附废水中的重金属离子、苯酚和苯胺;所述重金属为Pb2+、Cr2+、Cu2+、Ni2+或Zn2+;在不同pH的环境下,无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球对重金属、苯胺、苯酚类的吸附效果不同,吸附Pb2+、Cr2+、Cu2+、Ni2+或Zn2+的pH环境分别为:Pb2+为4.3-5.2,Cr2+为5.2-5.5,Cu2+为6.2-6.5,Ni2+为4.3-4.8;Zn2+为3.2-7.8;吸附苯酚的pH环境为5.5-6.4,吸附苯胺的pH环境为7.8-8.2。
本发明制备的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球用于吸附重金属后,可通过盐酸溶液对其吸附的重金属进行解吸,解吸后的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球通过热处理活化后可重复利用。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有如下优点:
1)本发明提供了一种以改性高粱梗和改性水辉石为原料复合而成无机材料杂化的新型多孔生物质微球,该新型多孔生物质微球具有优异的比表面积,达到79.2m2.g-1;
2)本发明制备的多孔生物质微球可用于吸附多种重金属离子,并能同时吸附苯胺和/或苯酚;
3)通过本发明制备的多孔生物质微球吸附的重金属可通过盐酸溶液进行重金属的解吸,酸解吸后通过热处理的多孔生物质微球可重复利用再次吸附重金属。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球电镜扫描图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明了,下面结合具体实施方式,对本发明进一步详细说明。应该理解,这些描述只是示例性的,而并非要限制本发明的范围。
实施例1
制备无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球:
1)高粱梗的改性:
a)粉碎工序:将高粱梗晾干后粉碎至粒径为200目以下得高粱梗生物质颗粒;
b)酸碱处理工序:将100g高粱梗生物质颗粒置于200ml 3wt%磷酸水溶液中搅拌浸渍30min,然后置于200ml 5wt%的氢氧化钾水溶液中于50℃下浸渍10min,过滤、自来水洗涤至滤液成中性得酸碱改性的生物质颗粒;
c)氧化工序:将酸碱改性的生物质颗粒置于浓度为5wt%的高锰酸钾水溶液中在10-20℃下氧化处理1-2h得氧化生物质分散液;高锰酸钾的用量为高粱梗生物质颗粒重量的0.10倍;
d)接枝化反应:然后加入N-(叔丁氧羰基)氨基乙酸和浓硫酸40℃下反应2h,然后70℃下反应2h;过滤、水洗至滤液成中性、烘干得氨基乙酸接枝化的生物质;接枝化反应中N-(叔丁氧羰基)氨基乙酸的用量为高粱梗生物质颗粒重量的0.26倍;
2)复合改性水辉石的制备:
(1).水辉石季铵盐化:将100g粒度为200目以下的水辉石置于十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(每克水辉石需要0.12-0.20g十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵,此实施例用量为(每克水辉石需要0.15g十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵)的水溶液中超声分散48h得季铵盐化的水辉石分散液;
(2).水辉石的络合:向水辉石分散液中加入乙二胺(以步骤1)中水辉石为计算基数,每克水辉石需要0.05-0.10g乙二胺,此实施例用量为每克水辉石需要0.08g乙二胺)进行络合,40℃下搅拌12h,然后过滤至滤液用硝酸银检测无氯离子,70℃下烘干得复合改性水辉石;
3)无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备:
将10g复合改性水辉石和8g氨基乙酸接枝化的生物质置于100ml乙醇的水溶液中搅拌均匀,加入0.1g三乙胺,然后加入交联剂戊二醛(0.4g)回流反应2h后过滤,水洗,65℃下干燥至恒重得无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球。
实施例2不同干燥温度对多孔生物质微球比表面积的影响
(a)与实施例1相比,区别在于无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备过程中干燥温度为20-30℃,其余制备过程和原料配比与实施例1完全相同;
(b)与实施例1相比,区别在于无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备过程中干燥温度为80-90℃,其余制备过程和原料配比与实施例1完全相同。
实施例3
采取无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球吸附水溶液中重金属,具体方法如下,分别配制Pb2+、Cr2+、Cu2+、Ni2+或Zn2+的氯化物的水溶液,摩尔浓度均为60mmol/L;另外分别配制苯胺和苯酚的水溶液,摩尔浓度也为60mmol/L;以实施例1制备的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球为吸附剂(每升水溶液加入1.0g 吸附剂),在室温20-30℃下放置于重金属或有机物(苯胺或苯酚)的水溶液中,采用盐酸或者氢氧化钠调节体系pH至一定区间,然后进行搅拌吸附2h,过滤,采用紫外光检测器测试滤液中苯胺和苯酚中的浓度,采用原子吸收测量滤液中重金属离子的浓度,计算吸收效率;结果如下表1所示:
表1多孔生物质微球吸附重金属和有机污染物的吸附能力
注:1)以上去除效率是该pH值区间三个点的平均值,分别为该pH区间的两个端点值和一个中间值;例2.0-3.0,即pH分别为2.0±0.1,2.5±0.1,和3.0±0.1,三个点值对应吸附效率的平均值;2)苯酚+ Cr2+体系代表苯酚和CrCl2的混合溶液,二者浓度均为60mmol/L,吸附剂用量同样为每升水溶液加入1.0g 吸附剂,吸附温度也为20-30℃,吸附时间为2h。
按照实施例2中(a)和(b)中制备方法制备的多孔生物质微球,对其进行吸附试验测试(试验条件同上,即温度、吸附剂用量、初始浓度等),结果如表2所示:
表2 不同干燥温度对吸附剂吸附性能的影响
由于酸性条件下重金属会与吸附剂发生解吸,所以本发明根据这一原理尝试将吸附剂使用后进行重金属的解吸,具体方法如下:将无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球过滤回收后置于2mol/L的盐酸水溶液中于50℃下进行超声2h,测量Pb2+、Cr2+、Cu2+、Ni2+或Zn2+重金属离子的脱附率,并将解吸后的吸附剂50℃下真空干燥至恒重,并对脱附率大于90%的吸附剂重复使用测试其回收后的吸附率(测试方法同上),结果如表3所示:
表3 吸附剂在酸性条件下的脱附率及其回收套用后的吸附性能
Pb2+ | Cr2+ | Cu2+ | Ni2+ | Zn2+ | |
脱附率/% | 72 | 65 | 98 | 97 | 82 |
回收套用吸附率/% | —— | —— | 94 | 96 | —— |
注:“——”表示由于解吸率过低未进行吸附率测试,其中Cu2+回收套用时吸附pH环境为7.0;Ni2+回收套用时吸附pH环境为4.5。
尽管已经详细描述了本发明的实施方式,但是应该理解的是,在不偏离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以对本发明的实施方式做出各种改变、替换和变更。
Claims (9)
1.一种无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球,其特征在于:所述多孔生物质微球由高粱梗与水辉石杂化而成;
所述无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备方法如下:
高粱梗的改性:
粉碎工序:将高粱梗晾干后粉碎至粒径为200目以下得高粱梗生物质颗粒;
酸碱处理工序:将100g高粱梗生物质颗粒置于3wt%磷酸水溶液中搅拌浸渍30min,然后置于5wt%的氢氧化钾水溶液中于50℃下浸渍10min,过滤、自来水洗涤至滤液成中性得酸碱改性的生物质颗粒;
氧化工序:将酸碱改性的生物质颗粒置于浓度为5wt%的高锰酸钾水溶液中氧化处理1-2h得氧化生物质分散液;
接枝化反应:然后加入N-(叔丁氧羰基)氨基乙酸和浓硫酸40℃下反应2h,然后70℃下反应2h;过滤、水洗至滤液成中性、烘干得氨基乙酸接枝化的生物质;
复合改性水辉石的制备:
水辉石季铵盐化:将粒度为200目以下的水辉石置于十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵的水溶液中超声分散48h得季铵盐化的水辉石分散液;每克水辉石需要0.12-0.20g十八烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵;
水辉石的络合:向水辉石分散液中加入乙二胺进行络合,40℃下搅拌12h,然后过滤至滤液用硝酸银检测无氯离子,70℃下烘干得复合改性水辉石;每克水辉石需要0.05-0.10g乙二胺;
无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备:
将10g复合改性水辉石和8g氨基乙酸接枝化的生物质置于100ml乙醇的水溶液中搅拌均匀,加入0.1g三乙胺,然后加入交联剂戊二醛回流反应2h后过滤,水洗,干燥得无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球。
2.根据权利要求1所述的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球,其特征在于:氧化工序中氧化处理温度为10-20℃,高锰酸钾的用量为高粱梗生物质颗粒重量的0.08-0.13倍。
3.根据权利要求1所述的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球,其特征在于:接枝化反应中N-(叔丁氧羰基)氨基乙酸的用量为高粱梗生物质颗粒重量的0.21-0.32倍。
4.根据权利要求1所述的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球,其特征在于:所述交联剂戊二醛的用量为0.3-0.5g。
5.根据权利要求1所述的无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球,其特征在于:所述无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的制备过程中干燥温度为65℃。
6.一种权利要求1所述无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的用途,其特征在于:用于吸附废水中的重金属离子、苯酚或苯胺。
7.根据权利要求6所述无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的用途,其特征在于:吸附苯酚的pH环境为5.5-6.4,吸附苯胺的pH环境为7.8-8.2。
8.根据权利要求6所述无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的用途,其特征在于:所述重金属离子为Pb2+、Cr2+、Cu2+、Ni2+或Zn2+。
9.根据权利要求7所述无机材料杂化的多孔生物质微球的用途,其特征在于:吸附Pb2+时体系pH为4.3-5.2,吸附Cr2+时体系pH为5.2-5.5,吸附Cu2+时体系pH为6.2-6.5,吸附Ni2+时体系pH为4.3-4.8;吸附Zn2+时体系pH为3.2-7.8。
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