CN107468714A - 一种用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
一种用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂及其制备方法和应用，按质量百分含量计，包含超微凹凸棒石粉84％～96％、维生素C 0.3％～8％、甜菜碱0.2％～5％、低聚壳聚糖0.1％～3％、枯草芽孢杆菌0.1％～3％。本发明的复合制剂用水稀释成质量分数为0.1％～1％的悬浮液，可预防水产动物细菌性、病毒性和寄生虫病，对水产动物无毒，且可缓解水产动物应激，提高水产动物成活率和生长速度。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
水产养殖户通常从苗种场购买苗种进行饲养，苗种质量是影响养殖产量和经济效益的关键因素之一。实践证明，即使健康的鱼、虾、蟹种苗也难免带有一些细菌、病毒和寄生虫等病原体，若放养不经过消毒处理的苗种，仍会把病原体带入池塘中。因此，在投放苗种前对体表进行消毒是预防疾病、提高苗种成活率的重要措施。水产动物体表消毒的主要方法是药物浸洗法，目前常用的药物有漂白粉、硫酸铜、高锰酸钾等，但这些化学消毒剂对水产动物有一定毒性，如果使用不当会抑制水产动物生长，甚至造成大量死亡。另外，苗种在运输和投放过程中往往会受到较大应激，而且容易出现擦伤，导致机体免疫力下降，对化学消毒剂的敏感性上升，从而提高死亡率。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对现有技术的不足，提供一种用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂及其制备方法和应用。
本发明的目的可以通过以下技术方案实现：
一种用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂，按质量百分含量计，该复合制剂包含超微凹凸棒石粉84％～96％、维生素C 0.3％～8％、甜菜碱0.2％～5％、低聚壳聚糖0.1％～3％、枯草芽孢杆菌0.1％～3％，本发明配方中，所有组分质量百分含量之和为100％。优选的包含超微凹凸棒石粉87％～95％、维生素C 1％～5％、甜菜碱0.5％～4％、低聚壳聚糖0.5％～2％、枯草芽孢杆菌0.5％～2％。
所述的超微凹凸棒石粉纯度在80％以上，粒径小于18μm。凹凸棒石是一种层链状结构的硅酸盐矿物，具有选择吸附、离子交换、承载性、悬浮性、流变性等多种特性，在工业、医药、食品等多个领域均有广泛应用。目前市场上已有以凹凸棒石为主要成分的胃肠道疾病用药，具有保护黏膜、吸附病菌和病毒及各种毒素等作用。凹凸棒石还具有良好的悬浮性，可在水中形成稳定的悬浮液。将凹凸棒石进行超微粉碎后可提高其悬浮性能和吸附性能。因此，本发明选用纯度较高的凹凸棒石粉作为主要成分来配制复合制剂，避免过多杂质对凹凸棒石功能特性的不利影响，并将其进行超微粉碎以提高其悬浮性，用水稀释后可与水产动物体表充分接触，以吸附病原菌、病毒或寄生虫。
维生素C又名抗坏血酸，是在水产动物生长发育过程中必不可少的营养物质，可促进生长和骨骼发育，改善动物机体免疫力和抗应激能力，促进水产动物外伤愈合。然而大部分水产动物自身不能合成维生素C，因此在水产养殖中一般都会添加维生素C。本发明选用维生素C来配制复合制剂，可提高水产苗种的抗应激能力，使捕捞和运输过程中受到的创伤加速愈合，提高对病原体的抵抗力，从而减少发病率和死亡率。
所述的甜菜碱为无水甜菜碱，纯度在96％以上。甜菜碱又名三甲基甘氨酸，是一种广泛存在于动植物和微生物体内的生物碱，具有调节机体脂肪、蛋白质代谢等多种功能。此外，甜菜碱是微生物、植物、水生动物最重要的渗透压缓冲物质之一，在渗透压应激时对维持正常的细胞代谢起着重要作用。本发明选用高纯度的无水甜菜碱来配制复合制剂，可调节水产苗种细胞渗透压，缓解应激，还可调节生理功能，促进其生长。
所述的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量为25kDa，脱乙酰度在85％以上，粒径小于25μm。低聚壳聚糖是甲壳素脱乙酰化然后降解而成的低聚糖，具有抑菌、增强机体免疫力等生物学活性。低聚壳聚糖可以和细菌表面产生的磷酸质酸、荚膜多糖等酸性物质相互作用来改变细胞膜的通透性，使膜功能发生紊乱，细胞内电解质、蛋白质和内酶外渗，阻止营养物质进入细菌细胞，从而起到抑菌和杀菌作用。分子量在100kDa以上的壳聚糖不溶于水，而本发明所用的低聚壳聚糖分子量小，水溶性得到改善，且经过超微粉碎后粒径变小，可改善分散性，用水稀释后能在悬浮液中均匀分布，有效抑制和杀灭水产苗种体表病原菌，对病毒和寄生虫卵亦有一定杀灭作用。
所述的枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数≥1.0×1011个/g。枯草芽孢杆菌是养殖业中常用的多功能微生态制剂之一，在其生长过程中产生的枯草菌素、多粘菌素等活性物质对致病菌有明显的抑制作用，还可改善动物的免疫和消化功能。枯草芽孢杆菌对水中的弧菌、大肠杆菌和杆状病毒等有害微生物有很强的抑制作用，可有效预防水产动物肠炎、烂鳃等疾病，还可分解水中的有毒有害物质，净化水质。研究表明，在水中泼洒枯草芽孢杆菌能显著提高对虾育苗成活率。本发明选用枯草芽孢杆菌来配制复合制剂，可抑制水产苗种体表有害微生物，进入消化道内后还可调节微生态平衡，增强机体免疫和消化功能，从而减少疾病的发生。
上述的用于水产动物体表消毒复合制剂的制备方法为：按所述的配比，将超微凹凸棒石粉、维生素C、甜菜碱、低聚壳聚糖和枯草芽孢杆菌进行充分混合，即得用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂产品。
所述的复合制剂在水产动物体表消毒中的应用。使用时，用水将复合制剂产品稀释成质量分数为0.1％～1％的悬浮液，搅拌均匀后放入水产动物，浸泡20～40分钟后捞出，投入池塘即可。
一种水产动物体表消毒的方法，用水将上述的复合制剂稀释成质量分数为0.1％～1％的悬浮液，搅拌均匀后放入水产动物，浸泡20～40分钟后捞出，投入池塘。
本发明所涉及的材料除特别说明外，均可通过市场购买获得。
本发明的有益效果为：
本发明的复合制剂可杀灭水产动物体表细菌、病毒和寄生虫，预防水产动物细菌性、病毒性和寄生虫病，对水产动物无毒，且可缓解水产动物应激，提高水产动物成活率和生长速度。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步说明，但本发明不受其限制。
实施例1：制备用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂
按质量百分含量计，将超微凹凸棒石粉88％、维生素C 5％、甜菜碱3％、低聚壳聚糖2％、枯草芽孢杆菌2％进行充分混合，即得用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂产品。
所述的超微凹凸棒石粉纯度在80％以上，粒径小于18μm。所述的甜菜碱为无水甜菜碱，纯度在96％以上。所述的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量为25kDa，脱乙酰度在85％以上，粒径小于25μm。所述的枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数≥1.0×1011个/g。
实施例2：制备用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂
按质量百分含量计，将超微凹凸棒石粉93％、维生素C 3％、甜菜碱2％、低聚壳聚糖1％、枯草芽孢杆菌1％进行充分混合，即得用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂产品。
所述的超微凹凸棒石粉纯度在80％以上，粒径小于18μm。所述的甜菜碱为无水甜菜碱，纯度在96％以上。所述的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量为25kDa，脱乙酰度在85％以上，粒径小于25μm。所述的枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数≥1.0×1011个/g。
为了验证用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂的应用效果，将实施例1所配制的复合制剂进行动物试验。选用来自于同一鱼种场的1g左右的团头鲂2000条，平均分成对照组和试验组，对照组用0.01g/L漂白粉溶液浸泡30分钟，试验组用水将实施例1所配制的复合制剂产品稀释成质量分数为0.5％的悬浮液并浸泡30分钟，然后分别投入各自的网箱中，投喂相同饲料，饲养试验为期8周，试验期间记录团头鲂发病和死亡数，试验结束后统计成活数并进行称重。试验结果显示，对照组团头鲂发病率、成活率和增重率分别为18.6％、89.5％和315％，试验组团头鲂发病率、成活率和增重率分别为11.8％、95.4％和393％；同时，试验组团头鲂的活力明显比对照组好。可见，该复合制剂可降低水产动物发病率，且可缓解水产动物应激，提高水产动物成活率和生长速度。
Claims (10)
1.一种用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂，其特征在于：按质量百分含量计，该复合制剂包含超微凹凸棒石粉84％～96％、维生素C 0.3％～8％、甜菜碱0.2％～5％、低聚壳聚糖0.1％～3％、枯草芽孢杆菌0.1％～3％。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂，其特征在于：该复合制剂包含超微凹凸棒石粉87％～95％、维生素C 1％～5％、甜菜碱0.5％～4％、低聚壳聚糖0.5％～2％、枯草芽孢杆菌0.5％～2％。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂，其特征在于：所述的超微凹凸棒石粉纯度在80％以上，粒径小于18μm。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂，其特征在于：所述的甜菜碱为无水甜菜碱，纯度在96％以上。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂，其特征在于：所述的低聚壳聚糖平均分子量为25kDa，脱乙酰度在85％以上，粒径小于25μm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的用于水产动物体表消毒的复合制剂，其特征在于：所述的枯草芽孢杆菌活菌数≥1.0×1011个/g。
7.权利要求1所述的用于水产动物体表消毒复合制剂，其特征在于：按权利要求1所述的配比，将超微凹凸棒石粉、维生素C、甜菜碱、低聚壳聚糖和枯草芽孢杆菌进行充分混合。
8.权利要求1所述的复合制剂在水产动物体表消毒中的应用。
9.根据权利要求8所述的应用，其特征在于：用水将权利要求1所述的复合制剂稀释成质量分数为0.1％～1％的悬浮液，搅拌均匀后放入水产动物，浸泡20～40分钟后捞出，投入池塘。
10.一种水产动物体表消毒的方法，其特征在于：用水将权利要求1所述的复合制剂稀释成质量分数为0.1％～1％的悬浮液，搅拌均匀后放入水产动物，浸泡20～40分钟后捞出，投入池塘。
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