CN107429180B - 减少温室气体、氮氧化物及颗粒物的燃料添加剂 - Google Patents

减少温室气体、氮氧化物及颗粒物的燃料添加剂 Download PDF

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CN107429180B
CN107429180B CN201680019547.3A CN201680019547A CN107429180B CN 107429180 B CN107429180 B CN 107429180B CN 201680019547 A CN201680019547 A CN 201680019547A CN 107429180 B CN107429180 B CN 107429180B
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CN107429180A (zh
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李永瑞
李明真
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Li Yongrui
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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供一种包括油溶性金属化合物(Oil soluble metallic compound)、供氧剂、分散剂、润滑剂、非离子性界面活性剂以及净化剂(detergent)的组合物形态重质油溶燃料添加剂。重油里投放少量(0.025％)本发明的燃料添加剂时，燃烧过程中可以减少颗粒物(PM)、残留碳、氮氧化物等的产生。并且，重油里投放少量(0.025％)本发明的燃料添加剂时，燃烧过程中可以提升最高燃烧压力的同时，反而降低排气温度，从而提高燃烧效率。因此，本发明的燃料添加剂广泛应用于将重油作为燃料使用的巨型锅炉，特别是，巨型柴油机等。

Description

减少温室气体、氮氧化物及颗粒物的燃料添加剂
技术领域
本发明涉及一种燃料添加剂，更具体地，涉及一种内燃机或者锅炉将重油用作燃料进行燃烧时，被添加于重油里，可以减少重油的温室气体、氮氧化物及颗粒物并提升燃烧效率的燃料添加剂。
背景技术
IMO MEPC曾经提出，为了减缓地球变暖，使船舶减速航行来减少船舶排放GHG(Green House Gas)的CO2。海运公司也为了节省燃料费正在自觉自愿地减速航行(Lowsteaming)。目前，从事国际航海业的大部分集装箱船正在减速航行。并且，由于日益增加的海运物流量，船舶的燃料费负担也随之加重，这种情况迫切要求开发出节省燃料费的技术。
使用远洋二冲程巨型柴油机的大部分船舶正在使用着船舶专用重油。因为重油的运动粘度高，所以不加热到100℃以上无法使用。Ryu et al.为了降低船舶专用重油较高的运动粘度，尝试了通过于运动粘度低的二甲醚的混合来降低重油的运动粘度的研究。据其研究结果，有报告说明，通过降低重油的运动粘度，可以不经过加热过程将重油直接投入使用于船舶的柴油机。在其研究过程中经过验证发现，将作为柴油机代用燃料受瞩目的二甲醚与重油进行混合后使用时可以改善发动机的性能。而且，对于柴油机的燃料添加剂，众多领域都在进行着多方面的研究和验证。
对于运营管理船舶的航运公司来说，燃料费在预算支出中占据着很高的比重。大部分国内外海运公司为了节省燃料费减速航行。但是，安装高功率发动机的状态下持续长时间、低负荷运行时，不完全燃烧会产生碳，由于故障发生率的增加，维修费用也会增加。另外，日益加重的船舶燃料费负担，迫使船主渴望燃料费节能技术的开发。
为了解决上述问题，对于在燃烧重油时可以最大限度地减少残留碳粉、粉尘或者硫粉等的含量或提高燃烧效率的燃料添加剂的研究在间歇地被进行。例如，韩国注册专利公报第10-0743826号公开了用于沥青质重油/水乳油燃料的燃料添加剂，其包括：重量百分比为30至60且粒度为0.1至10μm的氢氧化镁；重量百分比为0.1至1的多元羧酸及/或其盐；以及其余重量百分比的水。另外，韩国注册专利公报第10-1071204号公开了一种重油用燃料添加剂，其特征在于，由包含钙、钡、锰或者铁中一种金属的油溶性金属化合物(Oilsoluble metallic compound)25～55重量百分比、酒精15～25重量百分比、加氢轻质馏分(Hydrotreated Light Distillate)10～20重量百分比、煤油(Kerosene)5～15重量百分比、矿物油(Mineral oil)5～15重量百分比以及非离子性界面活性剂2～8重量百分比的组合物组成，所述矿物油从由加氢重质石蜡馏分(Hydrotreated heavy paraffinicdistillate)或加氢轻质石蜡馏分(Hydrotreated light paraffinic distillate)、溶剂脱蜡重质石蜡馏分(Solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate)、溶剂脱蜡轻质石蜡馏分(Solvent-dewaxed light paraffinic distillate)、加氢脱蜡重质石蜡馏分(Hydrotreated and dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate)及加氢脱蜡轻质石蜡馏分(Hydrotreated and dewaxed light paraffinic distillate)组成的群中选择的一种以上组成。
发明内容
技术问题
本发明是在现有技术的背景下导出来的，其目的在于提供一种在以重油为燃料的内燃机或者锅炉中添加于燃烧中的重油而减少温室气体、氮氧化物及颗粒物并提高燃烧效率的燃料添加剂。
技术方案
为了达到本发明的上述目的，本发明一方面提供一种包含油溶性金属化合物(Oilsoluble metallic compound)、供氧剂、分散剂、润滑剂、非离子性界面活性剂及净化剂(detergent)的呈组合物形态的重油用燃料添加剂。以下，根据不同的组成成分分别详细说明本发明的重油用燃料添加剂。
油溶性金属化合物(Oil soluble metallic compound)
油溶性金属化合物(Oil soluble metallic compound)是根据本发明的重油用燃料添加剂的一成分，其在燃烧燃料油重油时，增强与氧气之间的反应强度，促进氧化，促进沥青烯等燃烧性能弱的成分的燃烧反应，抑制煤烟和粉尘的产生，起到燃烧促进剂的作用。本发明的油溶性金属化合物(Oil soluble metallic compound)优选地包含促进燃烧反应性能强的金属的同时，具有易溶于燃料油重油的(Oil soluble)的特性。所述促进燃烧反应性能强的金属有钙、钡、锰或者铁等。另外，本发明的油溶性金属化合物为了易溶于燃料油重油，优选地由活性金属(Active metal)部分和有机配位体(Organic ligand)组成。所述油溶性金属化合物有乙酰丙酮钙(Calcium acetylacetonate)、环烷酸钙(Calciumnaphthenate)、草酸钙(Calcium oxlate)、乙酰丙酮钡(Barium acetylacetonate)、环烷酸钡(Barium naphthenate)、草酸钡(Barium oxlate)、乙酰丙酮锰(Manganeseacetylacetonate)、环烷酸锰(Manganese naphthenate)、草酸锰(Manganese oxlate)、乙酰丙酮铁(Iron acetylacetonate)、环烷酸铁(Iron naphthenate)、草酸铁(Iron oxlate)等。并且，从另一角度来讲，本发明的油溶性金属化合物也可以是羧酸的金属盐或者磺酸的金属盐。
考虑到促进燃烧反应性能的强度时，本发明的油溶性金属化合物优选地，由从包含钙的油溶性金属化合物，例如，可以由从磺酸的钙盐、乙酰丙酮钙(Calciumacetylacetonate)、环烷酸钙(naphthenate)或者草酸钙(Calcium oxlate)中选择的一种以上组成。所述磺酸的钙盐包含烷基、芳基或者如烷基芳基有机官能基，优选地，是包含双烷基芳基的烷基苯磺酸钙(Calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate)。所述烷基苯磺酸钙的烷基的特征是碳数为8至50。所述烷基苯磺酸钙的具体例子有代表性负离子界面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钙(Calcium dodecylbenzenesulfonate)。
本发明的重油用燃料添加剂中，考虑到最大限度地减少粉尘产生的效果以及与其他组成成分之间的混合使用性能，优选地，所述油溶性金属化合物(Oil soluble metalliccompound)的含量以组合物总重量为准，占有20～25重量百分比为宜。
供氧剂
即使在燃烧重油时提供过多的燃烧用空气，比起氧气扩散速度，由于燃烧反应如异构表面反应(Heterogeneous surface reaction)烧尽的速度更快，导致在发生燃烧反应的界面上可能会出现缺氧现象。优选地，本发明的重油用燃料添加剂一成分供氧剂是沸点低的化合物。沸点低的化合物由于燃烧炉喷雾液滴内部的气化现象会增大燃烧反应表面积，可以有助于完全燃烧。优选地，本发明中用于供氧剂的低沸点化合物由从二烯基醚(dialkyl ether)化合物、乙二醇的二烯基醚化合物、丙二醇的二烯基醚化合物、丁二醇的二烯基醚化合物、二烷基酮化合物、二烷氧基烷烃化合物或者二烷基碳酸化合物中选择的一种以上组成。此时，进一步优选地，所述烷基、烷氧基或者烷烃的碳数为1至5。所述供氧剂的具体例子有甲丙醚、二异丙基醚、乙基甲基醚、乙二醇二甲基醚、乙二醇二乙基醚、丙二醇二甲基醚、二甲基酮、乙酰丙酮、甲基丙基酮、乙基甲基酮、异丁基甲基酮、二甲氧基甲烷、二甲基碳酸酯、二乙基碳酸酯、二丙基碳酸酯、二异丙基碳酸酯、二丁基碳酸酯、二戊基碳酸酯、甲基乙基碳酸酯、甲基丙基碳酸酯或者乙酸丙酯碳酸酯等。其中，优选地，由从二甲基碳酸酯、二乙基碳酸酯、二丙基碳酸酯、二异丙基碳酸酯、二丁基碳酸酯、二戊基碳酸酯、甲基乙基碳酸酯、甲基丙基碳酸酯或者乙酸丙酯碳酸酯选择的一种以上组成。
考虑到最大限度地减少粉尘产生的效果以及与其他组成成分之间的混合使用性能，优选地，本发明的重油用燃料添加剂中所述供氧剂的含量以组合物总重量为准，占有30～35重量百分比为宜。
分散剂
本发明的重油用燃料添加剂的一成分分散剂可以防止污泥的产生，降低重油的燃点，降低运动粘度(kinematic viscosity)和表面张力。如果重油的粘度和表面张力降低，从喷嘴喷出的燃料的颗粒直径变得很小、均质，并在燃烧时，不仅燃烧得急速，还可以在低温状态下爆发，从而可以降低内燃机的排放气体的温度。本发明的分散剂的特征在于该分散剂为加氢轻质馏分(Hydrotreated Light Distillate)。
加氢处理(Hydrotreated)是给油等添加氢的处理方法。并且，轻质馏液是指蒸馏原油时首先蒸馏的轻质碳化氢。通常情况下，加氢轻质馏分(Hydrotreated LightDistillate)的沸点是150～300℃，但并不限定于此。本发明可以采用的加氢轻质馏液(Hydrotreated Light Distillate)是CAS注册编号64742-47-8、68921-07-3等产品，但并不限定于此。
考虑到降低燃点和运动粘度的效果和最大限度地减少粉尘及残留碳粉的效果以及与其他组成成分之间的混合使用性能，优选地，本发明的重油燃料添加剂中所述加氢轻质馏液(Hydrotreated Light Distillate)的含量以组合物总重量为准，占有15～20重量百分比为宜。
润滑剂
本发明的重油用燃料添加剂的一成分润滑剂可以保持重新分散成微粒子状态的污泥的形态，抑制内燃机内发生摩擦。本发明的润滑剂优选是石蜡基油(Paraffinic oil)，进一步优选地，经过加氢或者脱蜡处理得到改性。所述经过加氢或者脱蜡处理得到改性的石蜡基油(Paraffinic oil)可以由从加氢重质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated heavyparaffinic distillate；CAS注册编号64742-54-7)、加氢轻质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreatedlight paraffinic distillate；CAS注册编号64742-55-8)、溶剂脱蜡重质石蜡馏液(Solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate；CAS注册编号64742-65-0)、溶剂脱蜡轻质石蜡馏液(Solvent-dewaxed light paraffinic distillate；CAS注册编号64742-56-9)、加氢脱蜡重质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated and dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate；CAS注册编号91995-39-0)或者加氢脱蜡轻质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated and dewaxed lightparaffinic distillate；CAS注册编号91995-40-3)选择的一种以上组成，但并不限定于此。
考虑到降低燃点和运动粘度的效果和最大限度地减少粉尘及残留碳粉的效果以及与其他组成成分之间的混合使用性能，优选地，本发明的重油用燃料添加剂中所述润滑剂的含量以组合物总重量为准，3～7重量百分比为宜。
非离子性界面活性剂
本发明的重油用燃料添加剂的一成分非离子性界面活性剂可以预防污泥的产生，将产生的污泥重新分散成微粒子状态。特别是，非离子性界面活性剂是通过对于立体阻碍显示出反驳作用来形成稳定的分散剂，与离子性物质如油溶性金属化合物(Oil solublemetallic compound)同时使用时，可以大幅提高分散性能。
本发明采用的非离子性界面活性剂是酯基、醚基、脂肪酸酰胺、脂肪族胺类衍生物等，其种类大体上不予以限定。酯基非离子性界面活性剂有山梨聚糖和脂肪酸的酯、季戊四醇和脂肪酸的酯、丙二醇和脂肪酸的单酯、丙三醇和脂肪酸的单酯、聚乙二醇山梨聚糖和脂肪酸的酯、聚乙二醇山梨糖醇和脂肪酸的酯、聚乙二醇和脂肪酸的酯等；醚基非离子性界面活性剂有聚乙二醇烷基醚、聚乙二醇烷基苯基醚、烷基葡糖苷等；脂肪酸酰胺非离子性界面活性剂有脂肪酸二烷烃酰胺、脂肪酸单烷烃酰胺、聚乙二醇脂肪酸酰胺等；脂肪族胺类衍生物非离子性界面活性剂有聚乙二醇烷基胺等。考虑到降低燃点和运动粘度的效果和最大限度地减少粉尘及残留碳粉的效果以及与其他组成成分之间的混合使用性能，优选地，本发明采用的非离子性界面活性剂由从山梨聚糖和脂肪酸的酯、聚乙二醇和脂肪酸的酯或者聚乙二醇山梨聚糖和脂肪酸的酯中选择的一种以上组成。所述山梨聚糖和脂肪酸的酯有如山梨聚糖单油酸酯、山梨聚糖单月桂酸酯等。并且，所述聚乙二醇山梨聚糖和脂肪酸的酯有聚乙二醇山梨聚糖单油酸酯等。另外，所述聚乙二醇和脂肪酸的酯有聚乙二醇二月桂酸(Polyethylene glycol dilaurate)、聚乙二醇单油酸酯(Polyethylene glycolmonooleate)、聚乙二醇二油酸酯(Polyethylene glycol dioleate)、聚乙二醇单顺蓖麻酸酯(Polyethylene glycol monoricinoleate)、聚乙二醇单硬脂酸酯(Polyethyleneglycol monostearate)等。
考虑到降低燃点和运动粘度的效果和最大限度地减少粉尘及残留碳粉的效果以及与其他组成成分之间的混合使用性能，优选地，本发明的重油用燃料添加剂中所述非离子性界面活性剂的含量以组合物总重量为准，8～15重量百分比为宜。
净化剂
本发明的重油用燃料添加剂的一成分净化剂可以分解二次氧化物和燃烧产物，减少金属表面上形成的沉淀物。本发明采用的净化剂可以从公知的磺酸盐(sulfonate)的碱性金属盐、磺酸盐(sulfonate)的碱土金属盐、石炭酸盐(phenate)的碱性金属盐、石炭酸盐(phenate)的碱土金属盐、水杨酸盐(salicylate)的碱性金属盐、水杨酸盐(salicylate)的碱土金属盐、环烷酸盐(naphthenate)的碱性金属盐或者环烷酸盐(naphthenate)的碱土金属盐中选择的一种以上组成。优选地，所述碱性金属或者碱土金属从钙、镁、钠或者钡中选择。
所述金属盐形态的净化剂可以包含接近或者超过化学量(stoichiometricamount)的金属。超过化学量时，被称作高碱性净化剂(overbased detergent)。所述高碱性净化剂(overbased detergent)是油溶性金属盐，是由在下述燃料油组合物中被悬浮液捕捉的非溶性金属盐组成的胶束(micelle)状态物质。根据ASTM D2896标准测量到的TBN(Total base number)证明了净化剂的高碱性特性，其表示方法是每克KOH的mg。高碱性净化(overbased detergent)本身具有大约150以上或者250或者450以上的TBN值，具有典型意义。考虑到与其他组成成分之间的最佳效果，优选地，本发明的净化剂是高碱性净化剂(Overbased detergent)。并且，优选地，本发明的高碱性净化剂的TBN达到200以上，进一步优选地，达到300以上。高碱性化工程是本发明所属技术领域公知的工艺流程，典型地，包括使包含有机酸或者其金属盐、金属化合物的反应混合物和酸性物质进行反应的工艺流程。所述酸性物质可以是气体，如二氧化碳或者二氧化硫，也可以是硼酸。美国专利第4,839,094号公开了高碱性的碱性金属磺酸盐和石炭酸盐的制造方法。EP-A-235929公开了高碱性钠磺酸盐的恰当制造工艺。美国专利第5,451,331公开了高碱性水杨酸盐的制造工艺。并且，可以商用的高碱性净化剂有Anneng Chemical Co.,Ltd.的T106(Overbased Heavyalkyl benzene synthetic calcium sulfonate；CAS注册编号61789-86-4)、ChemturaCorporation的CALCINATETM C-300CS、Chevron Chemical Company的OLOA 246S(Sulfonicacids、petroleum、calcium salts、overbased；CAS注册编号68783-96-0)等。另外，CAS注册编号68783-96-0的高碱性磺酸盐基净化剂具有如下化学公式1的结构，CAS注册编号115733-10-3的高碱性磺酸盐基净化剂具有如下化学公式2的结构。
[化学公式1]
Figure BDA0001422655430000071
[化学公式2]
Figure BDA0001422655430000072
考虑到燃烧性能提升效果、降低NOx效果、最大限度地减少粉尘及残留碳粉产生的效果或者与其他组成成分之间的混合使用性能，，本发明的重油用燃料添加剂中所述净化剂的含量以组合物总重量为准，7～15重量百分比为宜。
另外，本发明的另一方面涉及一种以重油为基础的燃料油。本发明的以重油为基础的燃料油包括重油和所述重油用燃料添加剂。此时，对于重油的种类，大体上不予以限定，可以是A重油、B重油、C重油(或者船用燃料油C)或者其混合重油。并且，对于所述燃料油中重油用燃料添加剂的含量，大体上也不予以限定。但是，考虑到降低燃料添加剂的燃点及运动粘度的效果、最大限度地减少粉尘及残留碳粉产生的效果、降低NOx效果及提升燃烧效率效果、燃料油的经济效能等，重油每100重量份数里含0.001～0.5重量份数为宜，进一步优选地，占有0.005～0.1重量份数。
有益效果
如果将本发明的燃料添加剂少量(0.025％)投放到重油，在燃烧时，可以减少颗粒状物质(PM)、残留碳、氮氧化物等的产生。并且，如果将本发明的燃料添加剂少量(0.025％)投放到重油里，在燃烧时，可以提升最高燃烧压力，降低排气温度，从而可以提高燃烧效果。因此，本发明的燃料添加剂可以广泛应用在以重油作为燃料的巨型锅炉，特别是，巨型柴油机等。
附图说明
图1是本项研究中采用的发动机的试验装置略图。
图2是显示本项研究中根据是否投放燃料添加剂在不同负荷领域的功率增强及变弱比例图表。
图3是显示本项研究中根据是否投放燃料添加剂的燃料消耗率的统计图表。
图4是显示本项研究中根据是否投放燃料添加剂的发动机最高燃烧压力统计图表。
图5是显示本项研究中根据是否投放燃料添加剂在不同负荷领域中发动机燃烧后排气温度统计表。
具体实施方式
下面，通过实施例进一步详细说明本发明。以下实施例只用于更加明确地说明本发明的技术特征，其目的不在于限定本发明的要求保护范围。
为了节省燃料费，本发明的申请人将给定燃料添加剂(将油溶性钙基有机金属化合物作为一成分包含在其中)投放到用于船舶的重油之中。更具体地讲，为了研究出节省燃料费的方法，投放了一定量(使用燃料量的0.025％)的给定燃料添加剂(将油溶性钙基有机金属化合物作为一成分包含在其中)。为了保证试验的准确度，将设置在陆地火力发电厂的二冲程巨型柴油机作为试验品投入使用。对于试验发动机的负荷，分成了低、中、高(50、75、100％)三档负荷，对比分析了投放燃料添加剂之前和之后的发动机性能(功率、燃料消耗率、最高燃烧压力(P-max)、排气温度)。本项试验的研究结果显示，投放燃料添加剂之后，在低负荷(50％)状态下，可以节省2％以上的燃料费，最高燃烧压力上升，但排气温度反而下降。下面，详细说明本发明申请人实施的研究过程。
1、制造用于试验的燃料添加剂
混合烷基苯磺酸钙(Benzenesulfonic acid、mono-C15-30-branched alkyl anddi-C11-13-branched and linear alkyl derivs、calcium salts；CAS注册编号71486-79-8)23重量份数、二甲基碳酸酯(Dimethyl carbonate)32重量份数、加氢轻质馏液(Hydrotreated Light Distillate；CAS注册编号64742-47-8)18重量份数、加氢重质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillate；CAS注册编号64742-54-7)5重量份数、山梨聚糖单油酸酯(Sorbitan monooleate；CAS注册编号1338-43-8)12重量份数及高碱性钙基磺酸盐净化剂(Benzenesulfonic acid、C14-24-branched and linear alkylderivatives、calcium salts、overbased；CAS注册编号115733-10-3)10重量份数并进行搅拌，制备内含油溶性钙基有机金属化合物的燃料添加剂。
2、试验装置及方法
本项研究中，为了保证试验的准确度，将设置在陆地火力发电厂的二冲程巨型柴油机作为试验品投入使用。开始实施试验时，以使用燃料量的0.025％的比例投放燃料添加剂。试验发动机的负荷试验在排气温度的热平衡稳定之后开始，并分成低、中、高负荷(50、75、100％)三个步骤进行了试验。采用负荷限制器(Load Limiter)使其始终保持在±3％以内，使发电机输出端电压始终保持在额定电压。并且，对比分析了投放燃料添加剂之前和之后的发动机性能(功率、燃料消耗率、最高燃烧压力(P-max)、排气温度)。表1显示了本项研究中采用的试验发动机的诸多结构。用于性能试验的适用标的设备是由斗山发动机株式会社制造设置的柴油发电机(Diesel engine generator)设备，是40MW级发电机。另外，表2显示用于本项研究的燃料的性状，表示了将燃料添加剂投放到船舶用重油之前的重油和按照0.025％比例投放燃料添加剂之后的重油的燃料性状。燃料添加剂是采用了内含油溶性钙基有机金属化合物的添加剂。在各个燃料的燃料成分分析方面，为了准确地分析出燃料的成分，在实施试验的过程中，抽取三个样品委托中国燃料专门分析机构进行了分析。
[表1]
项目 说明
发动机类型 低速二冲程循环,12K80MC-S
口径×冲程 800㎜×2300㎜
燃烧方式 直喷型
气缸数 12
MCR输出 41,320kW
MCR每分钟转数 109.1转/分钟
平均有效压力 16.4㎏<sub>f</sub>/cm<sup>2</sup>
活塞平均速度 8.36米/秒
重量 1,413吨
涡轮增压器每分钟转数 11,000转/分钟
点火顺序 1-5-12-7-2-6-10-3-8-4-11-9
[表2]
Figure BDA0001422655430000101
Figure BDA0001422655430000111
*重油：投放燃料添加剂之前的重油
*已添加燃料油：以0.025％比例投放燃料添加剂的重油
在控制箱(Control tank)周边安装可以自动恒量供应的定量泵(Dosing pump)来用作注入燃料添加剂的设备。将燃料供应位置设定为燃料控制箱(Control tank)上部，并连接于供应管道。另外，采用现场(Local)累计电量仪表和控制室(Control room)仪表测量发动机的功率，参考设置在燃料油供应线路侧的现场质量流量仪表指针了解燃料消耗量。表3显示定量泵(Dosing pump)和质量流量仪表的技术参数。计算发动机功率和燃料消耗率时，适用制造公司提供的补正曲线和计算公式计算与性能相关的各个项目。图1是本项研究中采用的发动机的试验装置略图。
[表3]
项目 说明
定量泵 CMG Techwin,AX1-12型,110Ml/分钟
质量流量计 Endress Hauser,IP67/NEMA/TYPE4X型
3、试验结果及现场勘验
3.1发动机功率(Engine power output)
发动机功率分成低、中、高负荷(50、75、100％)的三个步骤并进行测量。发动机负荷为50％的低负荷显示了测量4次的平均值，发动机负荷为75％的中负荷和100％的高负荷显示了测量7次的平均值。表4显示了各个负荷中功率的增强及降低，图2显示了其结果。在50％的低负荷领域功率大约降低了2.1％，而在75％的中负荷和100％的高负荷领域分别提升了大约1.6、0.4％。根据验证认为造成这种结果是因为在75％负荷领域由于燃料添加剂的效果完全燃烧了未燃部分，提升了功率。本发动机的功率值是将测量到的功率值补正为设计总功率因数(Gen power factor)值的值。通过其结果我们可以了解到，将燃料添加剂投放到重油时，中、高负荷领域比低负荷更有可能提升发动机的功率。
[表4]
负荷(％) HFO(kW) 已添加燃料(kW) 差异 比例(％)
50 21,186 20,748 -438 -2.11
75 30,521 31,016 495 1.60
100 40,460 40,605 145 0.36
*HFO：投放燃料添加剂之前的重油
*已添加燃料：按照0.025％比例投放燃料添加剂之后的重油
3.2燃料消耗率(Fuel consumption rate)
表5和图3表示燃料消耗率的结果。在发动机负荷为50％的低负荷领域显示了测量4次的平均值，在发动机负荷为75和100％的中、高负荷领域显示了测量7次的平均值。在低负荷领域燃料消耗率大约降低了2.2％，而在中、高负荷领域分别降低了大约0.7、0.8％。根据验证，这样的结果可以判断为促进燃烧的效果。即，将燃料添加剂投放到重油之后进行确认，在全部负荷领域，燃料费用均得到了改善。特别是，中、高负荷领域比低负荷领域燃料费用节省效果更明显。
[表5]
负荷(％) HFO(g/kW h) 已添加燃料(g/kW h) 差异 比例(％)
50 207.430 202.833 -4.597 -2.27
75 186.395 185.103 -1.292 -0.70
100 188.422 186.913 -1.509 -0.81
*HFO：投放燃料添加剂之前的重油
*已添加燃料：按照0.025％比例投放燃料添加剂之后的重油
3.3最高燃烧压力(P-max)
表6和图4表示发动机的最高燃烧压力，至于各个数值，测量完12个气缸之后显示了平均值。在低负荷领域最高燃烧压力大约上升了3.0％，而在中、高负荷领域则分别上升了大约6.6、0.9％。即，将燃料添加剂投放到用于船舶的重油之后确认，在全部负荷领域，最高燃烧压力均得到了上升。特别是，作为发动机常用负荷的75％的中负荷领域显示出了较高的上升率。如表2显示，可以通过测量结果进行分析，包含在燃料添加剂中的氧气起到作用之后积极促进发动机燃烧，提升了燃烧效率。
[表6]
负荷(％) HFO(Bar) 已添加燃料(Bar) 差异 比例(％)
50 86.25 88.83 2.58 2.90
75 114.83 122.91 8.08 6.57
100 139.83 141.08 1.25 0.89
*HFO:投放燃料添加剂之前的重油
*已添加燃料：按照0.025％比例投放燃料添加剂之后的重油
3.4排气温度(Exhaust temperature)
表7和图5显示在各个负荷发动机燃烧之后的排气温度。至于各个值，测量完12个气缸之后显示了平均值。在低负荷领域的排气温度大约降低了2.7％，而在中、高负荷领域则分别降低了大约2.4、0.6％。即，将燃料添加剂投放到重油之后确认结果，在全部负荷领域，排气温度均下降。根据验证认为造成这种结果的原因在于包含于重油的沥青质、污泥被包含于燃料添加剂的分散剂均匀地分散，燃料的颗粒变得小而均质，使燃烧具有了稳定性。
[表7]
负荷(％) HFO(℃) 已添加燃料(℃) 差异 比例(％)
50 337.08 328.08 -9.00 -2.74
75 326.42 318.83 -7.59 -2.38
100 343.08 341.17 -1.91 -0.56
*HFO:投放燃料添加剂之前的重油
*已添加燃料：按照0.025％比例投放燃料添加剂之后的重油
4.结论
本项研究中，对于二冲程高功率巨型柴油机，采用不受海洋及气象环境条件影响的陆地标准检测装备进行了试验。为了对比分析投放燃料添加剂之前和之后的发动机性能(功率、燃料消耗率、最高燃烧压力、排气温度)，在发动机的低、中及高负荷(50、75、100％)领域进行了试验，其研究结果如下。
(1)在发动机负荷为50％的低负荷领域功率大约下降了2.1％，但在发动机负荷为75％的中负荷和100％的高负荷领域分别上升了大约1.6、0.4％。据其结果我们可以了解到，将燃料添加剂投放到重油时，中、高负荷领域比低负荷领域发动机功率提升效果更明显。
(2)燃料消耗率在低负荷领域大约降低了2.2％，而中、高负荷则分别降低了大约0.7、0.8％。即，将燃料添加剂投放到重油后确认结果发现，全部负荷的燃料费用消耗均得到了改善。特别是，低负荷领域比中、高负荷领域燃料消耗降低效果更明显。
(3)最高燃烧压力在低负荷领域大约上升了3.0％，在中、高负荷领域分别上升了大约6.6、0.9％。即，经过确认结果显示，将燃料添加剂投放到用于船舶的重油时，全部负荷均可以提升最高燃烧压力。
(4)检测排气温度的结果发现，在低负荷领域大约降低了2.7％，在中负荷领域大约降低了2.4％，在高负荷领域大约降低了0.6％。即，将燃料添加剂投放到重油里之后，全部负荷的排气温度均下降了。根据验证认为造成这种结果的原因是燃料添加剂给发动机的燃烧产生影响，使燃烧具有了稳定性。
通过本项研究我们可以发现，将含有油溶性钙基有机金属化合物的给定燃料添加剂投放到当前正在运行的二冲程高功率巨型柴油机使用的船舶用重油时，在低负荷领域(50％)燃料费节省效果达到2％以上，并且，最高燃烧压力上升，但排气温度是反而下降。我们可以认为，通过上述效果可以提高发动机的性能。因此，使用船舶用重油的二冲程巨型柴油机里注入燃料添加剂时，可以节省燃料费用。
5、附加试验
除了上述研究之外，还观察了投放燃料添加剂时出现的排气排放物的变化。其结果可参考下表8及9。表8显示了根据是否投放燃料添加剂氮氧化物(NOx)的排放变化，表9显示了根据是否投放燃料添加剂颗粒状态物质(Particulate Matter、PM)的排放变化。如表8及表9显示，将本发明的燃料添加剂投放到重油后进行燃烧时，可以大幅减少氮氧化物和颗粒状态物质的产生。
[表8]
Figure BDA0001422655430000141
Figure BDA0001422655430000151
[表9]
Figure BDA0001422655430000152
本发明通过所述实施例详细说明和公开的以上技术特征并不局限于此本发明所属领域技术人员应当理解，在不脱离权利要求书请求的本发明的实质的范畴与情况下，可以对本发明进行各种变形。由此，对于本发明进行的各种变形均该解释为涵盖在本发明的权利要求范围当中的所有实施形态。

Claims (4)

1.一种重油用燃料添加剂，其特征在于，
构成组合物形态，其包括油溶性金属化合物(Oil soluble metallic compound)、供氧剂、分散剂、润滑剂、非离子性界面活性剂以及高碱性净化剂(Overbased detergent)；
所述油溶性金属化合物是烷基苯磺酸钙(Calcium alkylbenzenesulfonate)，所述烷基的碳数为8至50；
所述供氧剂由从二甲基碳酸酯、二乙基碳酸酯、二丙基碳酸酯、二异丙基碳酸酯、二丁基碳酸酯、二戊基碳酸酯、甲基乙基碳酸酯、甲基丙基碳酸酯或者乙基丙基碳酸酯中选择的一种以上组成；
所述分散剂是加氢轻质馏液(Hydrotreated Light Distillate)；
所述润滑剂由从加氢重质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillate)、加氢轻质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated light paraffinic distillate)、溶剂脱蜡重质石蜡馏液(Solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate)、溶剂脱蜡轻质石蜡馏液(Solvent-dewaxed light paraffinic distillate)、加氢脱蜡重质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated anddewaxed heavy paraffinic distillate)或者加氢脱蜡轻质石蜡馏液(Hydrotreated anddewaxed light paraffinic distillate)中选择的一种以上组成；
所述非离子性界面活性剂由从山梨聚糖(sorbitan)和脂肪酸的酯、聚乙二醇和脂肪酸的酯、聚乙二醇山梨聚糖和脂肪酸的酯中选择的一种以上组成；
所述高碱性净化剂是CAS注册编号为115733-10-3的高碱性磺酸盐化合物；
以组合物全体重量为准，包含油溶性金属化合物(Oil soluble metallic compound)20至低于25重量百分比(weight percent)、供氧剂30～35重量百分比、分散剂15～20重量百分比、润滑剂3～7重量百分比、非离子性界面活性剂高于8至15重量百分比及净化剂(detergent)7～15重量百分比。
2.根据权利要求1所述的重油用燃料添加剂，其特征在于，
所述非离子性界面活性剂由从山梨聚糖单油酸酯(sorbitan monooleate)、山梨聚糖月桂酸酯(sorbitan monoolaurate)或者聚乙二醇山梨聚糖油酸酯(polyethyleneglycolsorbitan monooleate)选择的一种以上组成。
3.一种燃料油，其包括：
重油以及权利要求1至2中任一权利要求的重油用燃料添加剂。
4.根据权利要求3所述的燃料油，其特征在于，
所述燃料油中重质油用 燃料添加剂的含量，在每100重量份数重油里占有0.001～0.5重量份数(parts by weight)。
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