US20090013588A1 - Iron-containing fuel additive for reducing particulates generated during combustion - Google Patents
Iron-containing fuel additive for reducing particulates generated during combustion Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20090013588A1 US20090013588A1 US11/777,624 US77762407A US2009013588A1 US 20090013588 A1 US20090013588 A1 US 20090013588A1 US 77762407 A US77762407 A US 77762407A US 2009013588 A1 US2009013588 A1 US 2009013588A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- fuel
- compound
- ppm
- soluble
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 239000002816 fuel additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 20
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 131
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 68
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 88
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052768 actinide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 150000001255 actinides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052747 lanthanoid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002602 lanthanoids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 23
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Chemical class [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Caprylic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- -1 diphenyl acetylacetonate Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 12
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- OXQGTIUCKGYOAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Ethylbutanoic acid Chemical compound CCC(CC)C(O)=O OXQGTIUCKGYOAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Chemical compound CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002283 diesel fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M (2r)-2-ethylhexanoate Chemical compound CCCC[C@@H](CC)C([O-])=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-SSDOTTSWSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000344 soap Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- GYSCBCSGKXNZRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzothiophene-2-carboxamide Chemical compound C1=CC=C2SC(C(=O)N)=CC2=C1 GYSCBCSGKXNZRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AWQSAIIDOMEEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,5-Dimethyl-4-(3-oxobutyl)dihydro-2(3H)-furanone Chemical compound CC(=O)CCC1CC(=O)OC1(C)C AWQSAIIDOMEEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Decanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O GHVNFZFCNZKVNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GONOPSZTUGRENK-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl(trichloro)silane Chemical compound Cl[Si](Cl)(Cl)CC1=CC=CC=C1 GONOPSZTUGRENK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexanoic acid Natural products CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003225 biodiesel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenylbenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 4
- 150000001341 alkaline earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- 150000002697 manganese compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 3
- POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O POILWHVDKZOXJZ-ARJAWSKDSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 229940045985 antineoplastic platinum compound Drugs 0.000 claims 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- NZNMSOFKMUBTKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1CCCCC1 NZNMSOFKMUBTKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002504 iridium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002941 palladium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 150000003058 platinum compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 150000001339 alkali metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002603 lanthanum Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002681 magnesium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002909 rare earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 18
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 13
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000015096 spirit Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- OVBFMEVBMNZIBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylvaleric acid Chemical compound CCCC(C)C(O)=O OVBFMEVBMNZIBR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XCTNDJAFNBCVOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2-ylmethanamine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC(CN)=NC2=N1 XCTNDJAFNBCVOM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L palladium(ii) acetylacetonate Chemical compound [Pd+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O JKDRQYIYVJVOPF-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 2
- KLFRPGNCEJNEKU-FDGPNNRMSA-L (z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate;platinum(2+) Chemical compound [Pt+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O KLFRPGNCEJNEKU-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004912 1,5-cyclooctadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- SMSVUYQRWYTTLI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2-ethylhexanoate;iron(2+) Chemical compound [Fe+2].CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O.CCCCC(CC)C([O-])=O SMSVUYQRWYTTLI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- MIMZZKDIKWTJKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethylhexanoic acid manganese Chemical compound [Mn].CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O.CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O MIMZZKDIKWTJKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical class [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005595 acetylacetonate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium atom Chemical compound [Ba] DSAJWYNOEDNPEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MDXRFOWKIZPNTA-UHFFFAOYSA-L butanedioate;iron(2+) Chemical class [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O MDXRFOWKIZPNTA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- FXNONNRUNQPNLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium;2-ethylhexanoic acid Chemical compound [Ce].CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O.CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O.CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O FXNONNRUNQPNLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000517 death Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLYTZTFNIRBLNA-LNTINUHCSA-K iridium(3+);(z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Ir+3].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O HLYTZTFNIRBLNA-LNTINUHCSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 159000000014 iron salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UVGBHHDZLVBFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+);2,4,6-trinitrophenolate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O.[O-]C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O UVGBHHDZLVBFAS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002085 irritant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000021 irritant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 150000002601 lanthanoid compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003863 metallic catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940049964 oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- XQILZJGDWBRFIU-UHFFFAOYSA-L pyridine-3-carboxylate;trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1.[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1.C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C XQILZJGDWBRFIU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007655 standard test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylenedisulfotetramine Chemical compound C1N(S2(=O)=O)CN3S(=O)(=O)N1CN2C3 AGGKEGLBGGJEBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
- C10L1/1608—Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/1814—Chelates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
- C10L1/1886—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof naphthenic acid
Definitions
- the present invention relates to additives for liquid fuels. More particularly, the invention relates to oil-soluble, iron-based fuel additives that include a precious metal to reduce the smoke produced when the fuel is burned in an engine.
- hydrocarbon fuels can produce incomplete and/or undesirable products such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides (NO x ), unburned hydrocarbons, and particulates.
- particulates generated during the combustion or pyrolysis of diesel fuels typically have inorganic ash (due to engine wear particles and combustion products of lubricant oil additives), sulfuric acid (due to sulfur in diesel fuel), and hydrocarbons from incomplete fuel combustion.
- the hydrocarbons are typically further divided into SOF (solvent organic fraction, i.e., material extractable in, for example, CH 2 Cl 2 ) and a hydrocarbonaceous soot.
- smoke emissions can also be a problem for military aircraft.
- weapons guidance systems that detect particulates in the aircraft exhaust and use the detection as a way of tracking and/or finding the aircraft. Reducing or eliminating smoke emissions from aircraft can therefore provide a level of protection against these types of weapons systems.
- Diesel engines and jet engines are especially prone to emitting high levels of small sized soot particulates when the engine is highly loaded, worn or badly maintained. Even when the engine is run at partial load and well maintained, there is still a significant amount of particulate emissions that are normally invisible to the naked eye.
- a number of ways are being examined to enable diesel and jet engines to run cleaner.
- One approach is to design the engine and/or combustion chamber to have improved combustion efficiency.
- improvements in engine design can be expensive, complex, and generally cannot be easily retrofitted in to existing engines.
- engine modifications to reduce particulate emissions can result in lower power output and reduced efficiency, which is undesirable.
- Another solution for reducing particulate emissions in combustion engines is to add a fuel additive that catalyzes the complete combustion of the fuel.
- a fuel additive that catalyzes the complete combustion of the fuel.
- Many different metals have been mixed with liquid fuels and tested in combustion engines, boilers, and combustion turbines.
- metals that have been used in various fuel additives include iron, manganese, copper, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, platinum, and rare earth elements such as cerium and lanthanum.
- Most fuel additives using these and other catalysts reduce smoke emissions by no more than 50% and typically require metal concentrations in the fuel of at least 50 ppm on a weight/weight.
- iron based additives have the potential to be economical and effective.
- One disadvantage of existing iron-based catalysts is the large amount of metal that must be used to achieve a desired smoke point reduction.
- the large quantities of iron in the fuel can cause an iron coating on the metal surfaces of the engine. Residual iron can change the dynamic behavior of engine and/or require frequent engine cleaning.
- the fuel additives include an oil-soluble iron compound as a primary metal component and a transition group metal as a secondary metal component.
- Transition group metals include base transition metals, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, lanthanum series metals, and actinide series metals.
- the combination of iron and at least one other transition metal have been found to reduce particulates in exhaust, increase the research octane number (“RON”) of the fuel, and/or otherwise improve the combustion performance of the fuel mixture.
- the at least one other transition metal comprises at least platinum group metal (e.g., platinum, palladium, or iridium).
- platinum group metal e.g., platinum, palladium, or iridium
- the combination of iron and the at least one other transition metal provides the same or better smoke reduction with lower concentrations of iron and while using relatively little platinum-group metal.
- the at least one other transition metal comprises manganese, which also helps reduce the amount of iron. Achieving a desired reduction in smoke with reduced concentrations of iron is advantageous because it reduces the amount of residual iron that can potentially coat engine parts.
- engines burning fuel mixtures according to the invention require less maintenance and/or have greater longevity compared to engines burning fuel additives with higher concentrations of iron.
- oil-soluble iron compounds examples include iron naphthanate and iron 2-ethyl hexanoate.
- the oil-soluble iron compound is included in the fuel mixtures of the invention at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of iron metal, more preferably about 2 ppm to about 50 ppm, most preferably from about 5 to about 30 ppm of iron metal.
- ppm shall refer to a mass/mass ratio.
- the platinum-group metal compound typically includes one or more of Ir, Pt, or Pd in oil-soluble form.
- the platinum-group metal can be included in the fuel mixture at a much lower concentration than that of the iron component.
- the concentration of platinum-group metal in the fuel mixture is in a range from about 0.01 ppm to about 10 ppm of metal, more preferably from about 0.1 ppm to about 5 ppm, and most preferably in a range from about 0.2 ppm to about 3 ppm.
- the base transition metal compound is included in the fuel mixtures of the invention at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, more preferably about 2 ppm to about 50 ppm, most preferably from about 5 to about 30 ppm.
- the other base transition metal will be included in an amount that is less than that of iron.
- the fuel additive or fuel mixture can include one or more additional oil-soluble metal components such as one or more alkaline earth metals, alkali metals, rare earth metals, lanthanide series metals, or actinide series metals.
- the additional metal component is typically added in a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm.
- the oil-soluble metal compounds decompose in-situ to form metal or metal oxide catalysts.
- the metallic catalyst formed in-situ catalyzes combustion of the fuel, thereby increasing the burning efficiency and reducing smoke and particulate emissions.
- the fuel additives of the invention can also increases the Research Octane Number (RON) of the liquid fuel.
- the present invention is directed to fuel additives that improve the burn properties of hydrocarbon fuels incorporating the fuel additives.
- the fuel additives include iron as a primary metal component and another transition metal, such as one or more of a platinum-group metal or a base transition metal (e.g., manganese) as a secondary metal component.
- the concentration of the platinum-group metal in the fuel additive is significantly less (e.g., an order of magnitude less) than the concentration of iron.
- the minute amount of platinum-group metal in combination with 1 to 100 ppm iron synergistically improves smoke point and/or utilizes less iron to achieve the same improvement in smoke point as compared to iron-based fuel additives without a platinum-group metal.
- the use of other transition metals, such as manganese also greatly improves burn catalysis over the use of iron alone.
- oil-soluble compound refers to compounds that can be dissolved or dispersed in a hydrocarbon fuel.
- the fuel additives of the invention are mixed with a liquid hydrocarbon to produce a fuel mixture having improved burn properties.
- Metals included in the fuel additives are (i) oil-soluble iron, (ii) another oil soluble transition metal such as a platinum-group metal or base transition metal, (iii) optionally an additional oil-soluble metal such as an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal, or an additional base transition metal, and (iv) optionally a solvent in which the oil-soluble metals are dissolved.
- the primary metal component of the fuel additive of the invention is an oil-soluble iron compound. Any iron compound can be used so long as it can be dissolved or dispersed in the selected liquid hydrocarbon.
- the oil-soluble iron compounds are typically organometallic complexes of iron. Examples of oil-soluble iron complexes include iron naphthanate, iron carboxylate and iron ⁇ -diketonate complexes, over-based iron soaps (carboxylate or sulfonate), ferrocene, iron succinates, and iron picrate. Additional examples of suitable oil-soluble iron compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,327 to May, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- the iron-containing compound is preferably an iron carboxylate.
- Iron carboxylates in combination with a platinum-group compound have been found to have superior particulate reduction while also improving RON. Examples include, but are not limited to iron salts of butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, 2-ethyl butanoic acid, 2-methyl pentanoic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, and the like.
- the iron compound can be iron naphthanate.
- the platinum-group metal compound can be any oil-soluble compound of Pt, Pd, or Ir, including organometallic complexes of Pt, Pd, or Ir.
- suitable oil-soluble platinum-group metal compounds include 1,5-cyclooctadiene platinum diphenyl (platinum COD), platinum group metal acetylacetonates, platinum group metal dibenzylidene acetonates, and fatty acid soaps of tetrainine platinum metal complexes, e.g., tetramine platinum oleate.
- platinum can be substituted with Pd or Ir.
- Acetonates and alkyl carboxylic acids, (i.e., fatty acid soaps) are preferred. Alkyl carboxylic acids are particularly preferred for their oil solubility, cost, and performance.
- An example of a suitable base transition compound is an oil-soluble manganese.
- Additional metals include oil-soluble compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, base transition metals (other than iron), lanthanides, and the like.
- suitable alkaline earth metals include oil-soluble compounds of barium, magnesium, and calcium.
- An example of a suitable lanthanide compound is an oil-soluble cerium.
- the oil-soluble metals can be provided as metal complexes of butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, 2-ethyl butanoic acid, 2-methyl pentanoic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, or the like.
- the fuel additive can be added to any liquid fuel so long as the components of the fuel additive alone or in combination are soluble or dispersible in the liquid hydrocarbon.
- suitable liquid hydrocarbons include diesel fuel, jet fuel, gasoline, biodiesel, and the like. Particulate reduction using the fuel additives of the invention can be particularly beneficial when used in diesel fuel or jet fuel.
- the oil-soluble metals are mixed together and/or mixed with a liquid fuel in a desired ratio of iron to platinum-group metal and optionally a desired ratio of iron to additional metals.
- the ratio of iron to platinum group metal is in a range from about 10,000 to 1 to about 1:10, more preferably 1:10,000 to about 1:100, and most preferably in a range from 1:10,000 to 1:1,000.
- the iron concentration is at least 500 times greater than the platinum group metal concentration, more preferably greater than 1000 times, and most preferably greater than 5000 times the concentration of the platinum group metal.
- manganese is used instead of the platinum group metal, it is typically included in an amount that is less than the amount of iron, as measured in ppm. In the case where a platinum group metal is used, the amount of iron can be reduced, and the amount of manganese, if used, can either be less or exceed that of iron.
- the oil-soluble metal compounds can be mixed together to form a concentrated fuel additive having the desired ratios of metals.
- the oil-soluble metals can be dissolved in one another or can be dissolved in a suitable solvent.
- solvents suitable for making concentrated fuel additives include mineral oil.
- one or more individual components of the additive can be separately mixed into the liquid fuel.
- the components are added to the liquid fuel so as to achieve the desired ratio of oil-soluble metals.
- the concentrated fuel additive or the individual metal components of the additive are added to a liquid fuel to form a fuel mixture having a desired concentration of oil-soluble metal components.
- the concentration of the oil-soluble iron compound in the liquid fuel is in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of iron, more preferably from about 2 ppm to about 50 ppm, and most preferably from about 5 ppm to about 30 ppm (mass/mass).
- the concentration of the iron compound is selected in combination with the concentration of the platinum-group compound, the need to reduce particulate emissions, and the need to minimize residual iron on engine parts.
- the concentration of the oil-soluble platinum-group metal compound in the fuel mixture can be in a range from about 0.01 ppm to about 10 ppm of metal, more preferably from about 0.1 ppm to about 5 ppm, and most preferably in a range from about 0.2 ppm to about 3 ppm.
- the concentration of the platinum-group metal compound is selected so as to maximize the synergistic benefits of the platinum-group metal and iron combination.
- the platinum-group metal compound is included in sufficient concentration to achieve a desired reduction in exhaust particulates using reduced concentrations of iron while minimizing the use of the platinum-group metal, since the platinum-group metal is relatively expensive.
- the concentration of the other transition metal will typically depend on the particular transition metal that is included.
- the other transition metal compound is included in the fuel mixture at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of metal, and more preferably in a range from about 5 to about 50 ppm.
- the concentration of the optional additional oil-soluble metal compound will typically depend on the particular additional metal that is included.
- the additional metal compound is included in the fuel mixture at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of metal, and more preferably in a range from about 5 to about 50 ppm.
- the fuel additive and liquid hydrocarbon can be mixed just before use or can be pre-mixed and stored. If the fuel mixture is to be stored, the fuel additive and liquid hydrocarbon are typically selected such that the fuel additive is relatively stable in the liquid hydrocarbon.
- the fuel additives can include detergents or other chemicals that facilitate mixing and/or dispersing the fuel additive in the liquid fuel and/or enhance the stability of the fuel additive in the liquid hydrocarbon.
- the fuel mixtures incorporating the fuel additives of the invention can be used in any combustion engine that is prone to producing particulates during combustion.
- the fuel mixtures can be used in turbine engines, spark ignited engines, compression ignited engines, and the like.
- the fuel mixtures can be advantageous for medium speed (450 to 1,000 rpm) and high speed (greater than 1,000 rpm) engines.
- the fuel additives of the invention have been found to work particularly well with jet fuels (i.e., kerosene) and in jet engines. Reducing particulates in the exhaust of jets (e.g., fighter jets) is beneficial for avoiding tracking by weapon systems, in addition to reducing harmful pollutants.
- the following examples provide formulas for making fuel mixtures that include bimetallic oil-soluble metal additives and the use of these fuel mixtures in a combustion engine.
- Smoke tests were carried out by following ASTM D1322-97: Standard Test Method of Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel.
- the smoke point is the maximum height, in millimeters, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specified design. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
- the baseline test result for aviation fuel JP8 is 25.0 mm.
- Example describes a fuel mixture with a an iron additive and a manganese additive. 833 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe) and 500 grams of magnesium 2-ethyl hexonate (containing 6 wt % Mg) were mixed firstly. The mixture was then added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel. The smoke test result is 28.0 mm.
- Example 2 describes a fuel mixture with a platinum additive, an iron additive, and a manganese additive.
- platinum acetyl acetonate containing 48.8 wt % Pt
- 833 grams of iron naphthanate 80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe
- magnesium 2-ethyl hexanoate containing 8 wt % Mg
- the mixture was finally added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel.
- the smoke test result is 28.5 mm.
- Example 3 describes a fuel mixture with a palladium additive and an iron additive.
- 8.67 g of palladium acetyl acetonate (containing 34.6 wt % Pd), 417 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe) and 250 grams of magnesium 2-ethyl hexanoate (containing 8 wt % Mg) were mixed by adding 500 ml of toluene.
- the mixture was finally added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel.
- the smoke test result is 28.0 mm.
- Example 4 describes a fuel mixture with an iridium additive, an iron additive and a magnesium additive.
- 7.80 g of iridium acetyl acetonate (containing 38.5 wt % Ir), 417 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe) and 250 grams of magnesium 2-ethyl hexanoate (containing 8 wt % Mg) were mixed by adding 500 ml of toluene.
- the mixture was finally added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel.
- the smoke test result is 29.0 mm.
- Example 5 describes a fuel mixture with a palladium additive, an iron additive, a cerium additive, and a manganese additive.
- the smoke test results indicate that substantial reduction in smoke can be achieved using very low amounts of precious metal.
- good results are achieved using acetonates and fatty acid soaps to achieve oil solubility with the catalytic metals.
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Abstract
Description
- 1. The Field of the Invention
- The present invention relates to additives for liquid fuels. More particularly, the invention relates to oil-soluble, iron-based fuel additives that include a precious metal to reduce the smoke produced when the fuel is burned in an engine.
- 2. Related Technology
- The combustion of hydrocarbon fuels can produce incomplete and/or undesirable products such as carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides (NOx), unburned hydrocarbons, and particulates. For example, particulates generated during the combustion or pyrolysis of diesel fuels typically have inorganic ash (due to engine wear particles and combustion products of lubricant oil additives), sulfuric acid (due to sulfur in diesel fuel), and hydrocarbons from incomplete fuel combustion. The hydrocarbons are typically further divided into SOF (solvent organic fraction, i.e., material extractable in, for example, CH2Cl2) and a hydrocarbonaceous soot.
- The emission of smoke from diesel engines and jet turbines is a well-known problem. In addition to being unsightly, such emissions contain particulates and unburned hydrocarbons which are understood to represent a hazard to health. In particular, unburned hydrocarbons emitted into the atmosphere are irritant astringent materials. Further, in a problem recently highlighted for diesel fuels, emissions of particulate matter of less than 10 micrometers (microns) are claimed to be the cause of many deaths. It is suspected that these smaller particles penetrate deeper into the lungs and adhere to the mucocilliary system. The mucocilliary system is thought to have evolved to cope with airborne dusts and pollens, but does not cope well with smaller particles, especially those of less than 2.5 μm in diameter.
- In addition to health concerns, smoke emissions can also be a problem for military aircraft. There are many weapons guidance systems that detect particulates in the aircraft exhaust and use the detection as a way of tracking and/or finding the aircraft. Reducing or eliminating smoke emissions from aircraft can therefore provide a level of protection against these types of weapons systems.
- Diesel engines and jet engines are especially prone to emitting high levels of small sized soot particulates when the engine is highly loaded, worn or badly maintained. Even when the engine is run at partial load and well maintained, there is still a significant amount of particulate emissions that are normally invisible to the naked eye.
- A number of ways are being examined to enable diesel and jet engines to run cleaner. One approach is to design the engine and/or combustion chamber to have improved combustion efficiency. However, improvements in engine design can be expensive, complex, and generally cannot be easily retrofitted in to existing engines. Furthermore, engine modifications to reduce particulate emissions can result in lower power output and reduced efficiency, which is undesirable.
- Another solution for reducing particulate emissions in combustion engines is to add a fuel additive that catalyzes the complete combustion of the fuel. Many different metals have been mixed with liquid fuels and tested in combustion engines, boilers, and combustion turbines. Examples of metals that have been used in various fuel additives include iron, manganese, copper, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, platinum, and rare earth elements such as cerium and lanthanum. Most fuel additives using these and other catalysts reduce smoke emissions by no more than 50% and typically require metal concentrations in the fuel of at least 50 ppm on a weight/weight.
- The use of an iron catalyst to reduce smoke emissions is of great interest because iron based additives have the potential to be economical and effective. One disadvantage of existing iron-based catalysts is the large amount of metal that must be used to achieve a desired smoke point reduction. The large quantities of iron in the fuel can cause an iron coating on the metal surfaces of the engine. Residual iron can change the dynamic behavior of engine and/or require frequent engine cleaning.
- This invention relates to fuel additives that include two or more different oil-soluble, organometallic compounds for reducing smoke and particulate emissions in the exhaust of combustion engines. The fuel additives include an oil-soluble iron compound as a primary metal component and a transition group metal as a secondary metal component. Transition group metals include base transition metals, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, lanthanum series metals, and actinide series metals. The combination of iron and at least one other transition metal have been found to reduce particulates in exhaust, increase the research octane number (“RON”) of the fuel, and/or otherwise improve the combustion performance of the fuel mixture. Optionally, an oil-soluble alkaline earth metals or can also be included in the fuel additive.
- The iron metal component in combination with the at least one other transition metal synergistically reduces the generation of smoke and/or particulates during combustion of the fuel. According to one embodiment, the at least one other transition metal comprises at least platinum group metal (e.g., platinum, palladium, or iridium). Compared to known fuel additives, the combination of iron and the at least one other transition metal provides the same or better smoke reduction with lower concentrations of iron and while using relatively little platinum-group metal. According to another embodiment, the at least one other transition metal comprises manganese, which also helps reduce the amount of iron. Achieving a desired reduction in smoke with reduced concentrations of iron is advantageous because it reduces the amount of residual iron that can potentially coat engine parts. Thus, engines burning fuel mixtures according to the invention require less maintenance and/or have greater longevity compared to engines burning fuel additives with higher concentrations of iron.
- Examples of suitable oil-soluble iron compounds that can be used in the fuel additives of the invention include iron naphthanate and iron 2-ethyl hexanoate. In one embodiment, the oil-soluble iron compound is included in the fuel mixtures of the invention at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of iron metal, more preferably about 2 ppm to about 50 ppm, most preferably from about 5 to about 30 ppm of iron metal. Unless otherwise specified, the term “ppm” shall refer to a mass/mass ratio.
- The platinum-group metal compound typically includes one or more of Ir, Pt, or Pd in oil-soluble form. The platinum-group metal can be included in the fuel mixture at a much lower concentration than that of the iron component. In one embodiment, the concentration of platinum-group metal in the fuel mixture is in a range from about 0.01 ppm to about 10 ppm of metal, more preferably from about 0.1 ppm to about 5 ppm, and most preferably in a range from about 0.2 ppm to about 3 ppm.
- An examples of a base transition metal that has been found to work well in combination with iron to synergistically improve burn catalyst includes manganese. In one embodiment, the base transition metal compound is included in the fuel mixtures of the invention at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm, more preferably about 2 ppm to about 50 ppm, most preferably from about 5 to about 30 ppm. Typically, the other base transition metal will be included in an amount that is less than that of iron.
- Optionally, the fuel additive or fuel mixture can include one or more additional oil-soluble metal components such as one or more alkaline earth metals, alkali metals, rare earth metals, lanthanide series metals, or actinide series metals. The additional metal component is typically added in a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm.
- During combustion of the fuel mixture, the oil-soluble metal compounds decompose in-situ to form metal or metal oxide catalysts. The metallic catalyst formed in-situ catalyzes combustion of the fuel, thereby increasing the burning efficiency and reducing smoke and particulate emissions. The fuel additives of the invention can also increases the Research Octane Number (RON) of the liquid fuel.
- These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims as set forth hereinafter.
- The present invention is directed to fuel additives that improve the burn properties of hydrocarbon fuels incorporating the fuel additives. The fuel additives include iron as a primary metal component and another transition metal, such as one or more of a platinum-group metal or a base transition metal (e.g., manganese) as a secondary metal component. The concentration of the platinum-group metal in the fuel additive is significantly less (e.g., an order of magnitude less) than the concentration of iron. The minute amount of platinum-group metal in combination with 1 to 100 ppm iron synergistically improves smoke point and/or utilizes less iron to achieve the same improvement in smoke point as compared to iron-based fuel additives without a platinum-group metal. The use of other transition metals, such as manganese, also greatly improves burn catalysis over the use of iron alone.
- For purposes of the present invention, the term “oil-soluble” compound refers to compounds that can be dissolved or dispersed in a hydrocarbon fuel.
- The fuel additives of the invention are mixed with a liquid hydrocarbon to produce a fuel mixture having improved burn properties. Metals included in the fuel additives are (i) oil-soluble iron, (ii) another oil soluble transition metal such as a platinum-group metal or base transition metal, (iii) optionally an additional oil-soluble metal such as an alkaline earth metal, an alkali metal, or an additional base transition metal, and (iv) optionally a solvent in which the oil-soluble metals are dissolved.
- The primary metal component of the fuel additive of the invention is an oil-soluble iron compound. Any iron compound can be used so long as it can be dissolved or dispersed in the selected liquid hydrocarbon. The oil-soluble iron compounds are typically organometallic complexes of iron. Examples of oil-soluble iron complexes include iron naphthanate, iron carboxylate and iron β-diketonate complexes, over-based iron soaps (carboxylate or sulfonate), ferrocene, iron succinates, and iron picrate. Additional examples of suitable oil-soluble iron compounds are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,986,327 to May, which is incorporated herein by reference.
- In one embodiment, the iron-containing compound is preferably an iron carboxylate. Iron carboxylates in combination with a platinum-group compound have been found to have superior particulate reduction while also improving RON. Examples include, but are not limited to iron salts of butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, 2-ethyl butanoic acid, 2-methyl pentanoic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, and the like. Alternatively, in one embodiment, the iron compound can be iron naphthanate.
- The platinum-group metal compound can be any oil-soluble compound of Pt, Pd, or Ir, including organometallic complexes of Pt, Pd, or Ir. Examples of suitable oil-soluble platinum-group metal compounds include 1,5-cyclooctadiene platinum diphenyl (platinum COD), platinum group metal acetylacetonates, platinum group metal dibenzylidene acetonates, and fatty acid soaps of tetrainine platinum metal complexes, e.g., tetramine platinum oleate. In the foregoing examples, platinum can be substituted with Pd or Ir. Acetonates and alkyl carboxylic acids, (i.e., fatty acid soaps) are preferred. Alkyl carboxylic acids are particularly preferred for their oil solubility, cost, and performance.
- An example of a suitable base transition compound is an oil-soluble manganese. Additional metals include oil-soluble compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, base transition metals (other than iron), lanthanides, and the like. Examples of suitable alkaline earth metals include oil-soluble compounds of barium, magnesium, and calcium. An example of a suitable lanthanide compound is an oil-soluble cerium. The oil-soluble metals can be provided as metal complexes of butanoic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, 2-ethyl butanoic acid, 2-methyl pentanoic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, or the like.
- The fuel additive can be added to any liquid fuel so long as the components of the fuel additive alone or in combination are soluble or dispersible in the liquid hydrocarbon. Examples of suitable liquid hydrocarbons include diesel fuel, jet fuel, gasoline, biodiesel, and the like. Particulate reduction using the fuel additives of the invention can be particularly beneficial when used in diesel fuel or jet fuel.
- The oil-soluble metals are mixed together and/or mixed with a liquid fuel in a desired ratio of iron to platinum-group metal and optionally a desired ratio of iron to additional metals. In one embodiment the ratio of iron to platinum group metal is in a range from about 10,000 to 1 to about 1:10, more preferably 1:10,000 to about 1:100, and most preferably in a range from 1:10,000 to 1:1,000. In an alternative embodiment, the iron concentration is at least 500 times greater than the platinum group metal concentration, more preferably greater than 1000 times, and most preferably greater than 5000 times the concentration of the platinum group metal. In the case were manganese is used instead of the platinum group metal, it is typically included in an amount that is less than the amount of iron, as measured in ppm. In the case where a platinum group metal is used, the amount of iron can be reduced, and the amount of manganese, if used, can either be less or exceed that of iron.
- In one embodiment, the oil-soluble metal compounds can be mixed together to form a concentrated fuel additive having the desired ratios of metals. In this embodiment, the oil-soluble metals can be dissolved in one another or can be dissolved in a suitable solvent. Examples of solvents suitable for making concentrated fuel additives include mineral oil.
- In an alternative embodiment, one or more individual components of the additive can be separately mixed into the liquid fuel. In this embodiment, the components are added to the liquid fuel so as to achieve the desired ratio of oil-soluble metals.
- The concentrated fuel additive or the individual metal components of the additive are added to a liquid fuel to form a fuel mixture having a desired concentration of oil-soluble metal components. In one embodiment, the concentration of the oil-soluble iron compound in the liquid fuel is in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of iron, more preferably from about 2 ppm to about 50 ppm, and most preferably from about 5 ppm to about 30 ppm (mass/mass). The concentration of the iron compound is selected in combination with the concentration of the platinum-group compound, the need to reduce particulate emissions, and the need to minimize residual iron on engine parts.
- The concentration of the oil-soluble platinum-group metal compound in the fuel mixture can be in a range from about 0.01 ppm to about 10 ppm of metal, more preferably from about 0.1 ppm to about 5 ppm, and most preferably in a range from about 0.2 ppm to about 3 ppm. The concentration of the platinum-group metal compound is selected so as to maximize the synergistic benefits of the platinum-group metal and iron combination. The platinum-group metal compound is included in sufficient concentration to achieve a desired reduction in exhaust particulates using reduced concentrations of iron while minimizing the use of the platinum-group metal, since the platinum-group metal is relatively expensive.
- The concentration of the other transition metal will typically depend on the particular transition metal that is included. In one embodiment, the other transition metal compound is included in the fuel mixture at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of metal, and more preferably in a range from about 5 to about 50 ppm.
- The concentration of the optional additional oil-soluble metal compound will typically depend on the particular additional metal that is included. In one embodiment, the additional metal compound is included in the fuel mixture at a concentration in a range from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of metal, and more preferably in a range from about 5 to about 50 ppm.
- The fuel additive and liquid hydrocarbon can be mixed just before use or can be pre-mixed and stored. If the fuel mixture is to be stored, the fuel additive and liquid hydrocarbon are typically selected such that the fuel additive is relatively stable in the liquid hydrocarbon. The fuel additives can include detergents or other chemicals that facilitate mixing and/or dispersing the fuel additive in the liquid fuel and/or enhance the stability of the fuel additive in the liquid hydrocarbon.
- The fuel mixtures incorporating the fuel additives of the invention can be used in any combustion engine that is prone to producing particulates during combustion. The fuel mixtures can be used in turbine engines, spark ignited engines, compression ignited engines, and the like. The fuel mixtures can be advantageous for medium speed (450 to 1,000 rpm) and high speed (greater than 1,000 rpm) engines. The fuel additives of the invention have been found to work particularly well with jet fuels (i.e., kerosene) and in jet engines. Reducing particulates in the exhaust of jets (e.g., fighter jets) is beneficial for avoiding tracking by weapon systems, in addition to reducing harmful pollutants.
- The following examples provide formulas for making fuel mixtures that include bimetallic oil-soluble metal additives and the use of these fuel mixtures in a combustion engine. Smoke tests were carried out by following ASTM D1322-97: Standard Test Method of Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel. The smoke point is the maximum height, in millimeters, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specified design. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency. The baseline test result for aviation fuel JP8 is 25.0 mm.
- Example describes a fuel mixture with a an iron additive and a manganese additive. 833 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe) and 500 grams of magnesium 2-ethyl hexonate (containing 6 wt % Mg) were mixed firstly. The mixture was then added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel. The smoke test result is 28.0 mm.
- Example 2 describes a fuel mixture with a platinum additive, an iron additive, and a manganese additive. 2.05 grams of platinum acetyl acetonate (containing 48.8 wt % Pt), 833 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe) and 250 grams of magnesium 2-ethyl hexanoate (containing 8 wt % Mg) were mixed by adding 500 ml of toluene. The mixture was finally added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel. The smoke test result is 28.5 mm.
- Example 3 describes a fuel mixture with a palladium additive and an iron additive. 8.67 g of palladium acetyl acetonate (containing 34.6 wt % Pd), 417 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe) and 250 grams of magnesium 2-ethyl hexanoate (containing 8 wt % Mg) were mixed by adding 500 ml of toluene. The mixture was finally added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel. The smoke test result is 28.0 mm.
- Example 4 describes a fuel mixture with an iridium additive, an iron additive and a magnesium additive. 7.80 g of iridium acetyl acetonate (containing 38.5 wt % Ir), 417 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe) and 250 grams of magnesium 2-ethyl hexanoate (containing 8 wt % Mg) were mixed by adding 500 ml of toluene. The mixture was finally added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel. The smoke test result is 29.0 mm.
- Example 5 describes a fuel mixture with a palladium additive, an iron additive, a cerium additive, and a manganese additive. 2.89 g of palladium acetyl acetonate (containing 34.6 wt % Pd), 417 grams of iron naphthanate (80% in mineral spirits, containing 12 wt % Fe), 500 grams of manganese 2-ethyl hexanoate (containing 6 wt % Mn) and 167 grams of cerium 2-ethyl hexanoate (49% in 2-ethylhexanoic acid, containing 12 wt % Ce) were mixed by adding 500 ml of toluene. The mixture was finally added to aviation fuel JP8 to form 1,000 kg of test fuel. The smoke test result is 29.0 mm.
- The smoke test results indicate that substantial reduction in smoke can be achieved using very low amounts of precious metal. In addition, good results are achieved using acetonates and fatty acid soaps to achieve oil solubility with the catalytic metals.
Claims (22)
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/777,624 Abandoned US20090013588A1 (en) | 2007-07-13 | 2007-07-13 | Iron-containing fuel additive for reducing particulates generated during combustion |
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US (1) | US20090013588A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20100292112A1 (en) * | 2009-05-14 | 2010-11-18 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Extended drain diesel lubricant formulations |
US20140360164A1 (en) * | 2013-06-06 | 2014-12-11 | Cdti | Diesel Exhaust Treatment Systems and Methods |
KR20150039807A (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2015-04-13 | 에피션트 퓨얼 솔루션즈, 엘엘씨 | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
WO2023064959A1 (en) * | 2021-10-15 | 2023-04-20 | Cdti Advanced Materials Inc. | Diesel fuel and fuel additive with a combustion catalyst |
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US20040035045A1 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2004-02-26 | Rinaldo Caprotti | Overbased metallic salt diesel fuel additive compositions for improvement of particulate traps |
US20050160724A1 (en) * | 2002-02-04 | 2005-07-28 | Valentine James M. | Reduced-emissions combustion utilizing multiple-component metallic combustion catalyst and lightly catalyzed diesel oxidation catalyst |
US20090000990A1 (en) * | 2004-02-02 | 2009-01-01 | Japan Energy Corporation | Method of Desulfurizing Hydrocarbon Oil |
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Patent Citations (3)
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US20050160724A1 (en) * | 2002-02-04 | 2005-07-28 | Valentine James M. | Reduced-emissions combustion utilizing multiple-component metallic combustion catalyst and lightly catalyzed diesel oxidation catalyst |
US20040035045A1 (en) * | 2002-07-03 | 2004-02-26 | Rinaldo Caprotti | Overbased metallic salt diesel fuel additive compositions for improvement of particulate traps |
US20090000990A1 (en) * | 2004-02-02 | 2009-01-01 | Japan Energy Corporation | Method of Desulfurizing Hydrocarbon Oil |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100292112A1 (en) * | 2009-05-14 | 2010-11-18 | Afton Chemical Corporation | Extended drain diesel lubricant formulations |
KR20150039807A (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2015-04-13 | 에피션트 퓨얼 솔루션즈, 엘엘씨 | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
EP2877558A4 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2016-07-20 | Efficient Fuel Solutions Llc | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
US9879196B2 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2018-01-30 | Efficient Fuel Solutions, Llc | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
AU2017251764B2 (en) * | 2012-07-26 | 2019-06-13 | Efficient Fuel Solutions, Llc | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
KR102151651B1 (en) | 2012-07-26 | 2020-09-04 | 에피션트 퓨얼 솔루션즈, 엘엘씨 | Body of molecular sized fuel additive |
US20140360164A1 (en) * | 2013-06-06 | 2014-12-11 | Cdti | Diesel Exhaust Treatment Systems and Methods |
US9771534B2 (en) * | 2013-06-06 | 2017-09-26 | Clean Diesel Technologies, Inc. (Cdti) | Diesel exhaust treatment systems and methods |
WO2023064959A1 (en) * | 2021-10-15 | 2023-04-20 | Cdti Advanced Materials Inc. | Diesel fuel and fuel additive with a combustion catalyst |
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