CN107407779B - 用于管理波长选择开关中各端口之间的分集和隔离的光学装置 - Google Patents

用于管理波长选择开关中各端口之间的分集和隔离的光学装置 Download PDF

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CN107407779B
CN107407779B CN201680013613.6A CN201680013613A CN107407779B CN 107407779 B CN107407779 B CN 107407779B CN 201680013613 A CN201680013613 A CN 201680013613A CN 107407779 B CN107407779 B CN 107407779B
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杰斐逊·L·瓦格纳
卡尔·E·斯克里奇
石川隆明
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Abstract

一种光学设备包括光学端口阵列、光学装置、色散元件、聚焦元件和可编程光相位调制器。光学端口阵列具有至少一个光学输入端口，用于接收光束，以及多个光学输出端口。光学装置允许输入端口和每个输出端口之间的光耦合，并阻止多个光学输出端口中的任意一个和任意其他光学输出端口之间的光耦合。色散元件在来自输入端口的光束穿过光学装置后接收该光束并在空间上将该光束分隔为多个波长分量。聚焦元件将多个波长分量聚焦。可编程光相位调制器接收聚焦的多个波长分量并操纵波长分量至选择的一个光学输出。

Description

用于管理波长选择开关中各端口之间的分集和隔离的光学 装置
背景技术
在光通信网络中，具有各波长(即通道)处的多个光通道的光信号通常通过一定长度的光纤从一个位置传递至另一位置。光交叉连接模块允许光信号从一根光纤切换至另一根光纤。波长选择光交叉连接、或波长选择开关(WSS)允许可重构的波长依赖切换，也就是说，它允许一定波长的通道从第一光纤切换至第二光纤，而使得其他波长通道在第一光纤中传播，或它允许一定波长的通道切换至第三光纤。基于波长选择光开关的光学网络架构由于自动地生成或重新路由各个波长通道的光路的能力而具有许多有吸引力的特征。它加速了服务部署，加速了光网络故障点附近的重新路由，并减少了针对服务提供者来说的资金和运营花费，以及产生了有未来保证的网络拓扑。
波长选择开关会在它们的各个输入和输出端口之间呈现不期望的光耦合。
发明内容
根据本文中所讨论的主题的一个方面，提供了一种光学设备，其包括光学端口阵列、光学装置、色散元件、聚焦元件和可编程光相位调制器。光学端口阵列具有至少一个光学输入端口，用于接收光束，以及多个光学输出端口。光学装置允许所述至少一个光学输入端口和每个光学输出端口之间的光耦合，并阻止任意一个光学输出端口和任意其他光学输出端口之间的光耦合。色散元件在来自所述至少一个光学输入的光束穿过光学装置后接收该光束并在空间上将该光束分隔为多个波长分量。聚焦元件将多个波长分量聚焦。可编程光相位调制器接收聚焦的多个波长分量。调制器构造为操纵波长分量至选择的一个光学输出。
根据本文中所讨论的主题的另一个方面，所述光学装置构造为通过区分穿过它的光能量的不同偏振状态来选择性地允许和阻止所选择端口之间的光耦合。特别地，在一些实施方式中，光学装置还构造为接收以任意偏振状态的光束并以预定偏振状态将该光束提供至色散元件。
在一个特定实施方式中，光学装置包括至少一个走离晶体，用于将从光学端口阵列中任意端口接收的光束在空间上分离为分别以第一和第二偏振状态布置的第一和第二光学分量。光学装置还包括第一复合半波片，用于布置第一光学分量为第二偏振状态，以及可选地，偏振镜，用于传递第二偏振状态而非第一偏振状态的光能量。光学装置的该实施方式还包括法拉第旋转器和第二复合半波片，法拉第旋转器和第二复合半波片将从光学输入端口接收的、经由偏振镜的空间上分离的光束旋转至第一偏振状态以及将从多个光学输出端口接收的空间上分离的光束旋转为第二正交偏振状态。
附图说明
图1-3图解地示意了光学装置的横剖面图，其可被结合例如到波长选择开关中，用于光束在各端口的不同端口之间切换。
图4示出了图1-3中所示的光学装置的可替代实施例。
图5A和图5B分别是可以和本发明各实施方式结合使用的简化光学设备诸如自由空间WSS的一个示例的顶视图和侧视图。
具体实施方式
如下所详细描述的，提供了一种光学装置，其将一组光学端口直接耦合至不同组的光学端口以使得每组中光学端口不光耦合至其自身组中的任意其他光学端口。该装置可集成到光学设备诸如光开关中以实现各端口之间的低阶光耦合。
图1图解地示意了光学装置100的横剖面图，其可例如被结合到波长选择开关中，用于解决分集(在光束从一个输入端口行进至另一输入端口时发生的光损耗)和隔离(在光束从一个输出端口行进至输入端口时发生的光损耗)问题。四个光学端口10、20、30和40被示出因此在该示例中，光学设备100可并入的波长选择开关是1*3开关。图1中所示出的光学装置100将允许空间光调制器在Com端口10与任意光学端口20、30和40之间引导光束。更一般而言，可利用任意数量n的光学端口来提供1*n开关功能，光学装置100包括走离晶体50、第一复合半波片60、偏振镜70、法拉第旋转器80和第二复合半波片90，它们全部如所示地光耦合用于处理通过用作为Com(公共)端口的光学端口10接收的光束，并选择性地引导至任意光学端口20、30和40。
在图1中，示出了随着光束穿过各个光学元件传播，光束的两个正交状态或分量。一个偏振分量(例如，垂直或v分量)由垂直箭头指示，以及另一偏振分量(例如，水平或h分量)由圆点指示。将参照前进或顺流方向(即，正z方向)上传播的光束的偏振分量来描述走离晶体50的走离方向和由半波片和法拉第旋转器引起的旋转方向。
由Com端口10接收的光束在前进方向上传播并进入走离晶体50，走离晶体将光束分为在空间上关于彼此位移的两个正交偏振光束，在图1的该示例中，该空间位移是在x方向上。光束离开走离晶体50并进入复合半波片60，复合半波片60具有区域62、64、66和68，它们具有它们的光轴被布置为将入射光束的偏振旋转90°。复合半波片60的其他区域不会改变入射光束的偏振状态。
半波片区域62、64、66和68沿由光学端口40、30、20和10分别限定的光路定位。半波片区域68定位以接收通过Com端口10行进的光束的h-偏振分量。由于复合半波片60，来自Com端口10的光束都处于相同偏振状态(即v-偏振状态)。
光束离开复合半波片60并进入光偏振镜70，然而光偏振镜70仅通过垂直偏振光。因此，仅来自Com端口10的两个空间上位移的光束分量将穿过偏振镜70。
在离开光偏振镜70后，来自Com端口10的两个垂直偏振光束进入法拉第旋转器80。在光束以如所示的顺流方向行进时，法拉第旋转器80将光束的偏振状态以顺时针方向旋转45°。法拉第旋转器80后面的第二复合半波片90包括第一半波片区域92，其接收来自Com端口10的两个空间位移光束。第二半波片90还包括第二半波片区域94，其沿光学端口40、30和20限定的光路定位。对于在相同方向上行进的两个光束，第二半波片区域94布置以与第一半波片区域92相反的方向来旋转光束的偏振状态。
接收来自法拉第旋转器80光束的第一半波片区域92还以顺时针方向旋转光束另一45°以使得它们都以h偏振状态离开第一半波片区域92。如所示，法拉第旋转器80和第一半波片区域92的净效应是在输入光束是垂直偏振状态时输出以水平偏振状态的光束，以及在输入光束是水平偏振状态时输出以垂直偏振状态的光束。也就是说，法拉第旋转器80和第一半波片92一起将一个偏振状态的光束的偏振旋转至其正交偏振状态。此外，光束穿过法拉第旋转器80和第一半波片区域92的顺序可与图1中所示的相反。
在离开第一半波片区域92后，光束被直接引导进一步顺流穿过各个其他光学部件并经历空间光调制器(图1中未示出)的光处理。空间光调制器选择性地引导光束的各个波长分量至光学端口20、30和40中的所选择端口。结合空间光调制器和图1中所示的光学装置的波长选择开关的一个示例将在下文中结合图5A和5B来呈现。
图1中所示的光学装置100将允许空间光调制器在Com端口10和任意光学端口20、30和40之间引导光束。然而，光学装置100也将阻止来自任意光学端口20、30和40的光束被引导至任意光学端口20、30和40(例如，来自光学端口20的光束将被阻止到达光学端口30或光学端口40)。
继续图1的示例，在离开第二复合半波片90并由SLM重新引导后，来自Com端口10的、由SLM引导至光学端口40的光束在逆流方向上行进时将首先穿过第二复合半波片90的第二半波片区域94和法拉第旋转器80。第二半波片区域94和法拉第旋转器80的净效应是在逆流方向上行进的输入光束是垂直偏振状态时输出以水平偏振状态的光束，以及在输入光束在逆流方向上行进时是水平偏振状态时输出以垂直偏振状态的光束。也就是说，第二半波片区域94和法拉第旋转器80一起将以一个偏振状态的逆流行进光束的偏振旋转至其正交偏振状态。此外，光束穿过第二半波片区域94和法拉第旋转器80的顺序可与图1中所示的相反。
由于在从SLM至光学端口40的逆流方向上行进的光束在进入第二半波片区域94时是h-偏振状态，它们将以正交偏振状态离开第二半波片区域94和法拉第旋转器80。也就是说，光束将以v偏振状态离开第二法拉第旋转器80并因此将穿过偏振镜70。光束然后穿过复合半波片60，其中一个光束的偏振将由第二半波片区域62旋转至h偏振状态。两个光束，它们现在处于正交偏振状态，进入走离晶体50，走离晶体50在这两个光束被引导至光学端口40之前重新组合。
与来自Com端口10并引导至任意光学端口20、30和40的光束相反，来自任意光学端口20、30和40的光束将被偏振镜70阻止到达任意其他端口20、30和40。也就是说，光学装置100呈现高度指向性。这在图2中示意，其中光束来自光学装置100的光学端口20并被偏振镜70阻止到达光学端口40。类似地，图3示出了光学装置100，当光束成功地从光学端口40引导至COM端口10时，由此示意出光学装置100呈现高度隔离。
如先前所提及，在一些实施方式中，不提供偏振镜70。不使用偏振镜70，将不影响从COM端口10至例如端口40的光束的切换。类似地，不影响从端口40至COM端口10的光束的切换。然而，将影响阻止光束在输出端口20、30或40的任意两个端口之间切换的方式，诸如2中所示。
与图2中类似，图4示出了该光学装置中光束从端口20切换至端口40，除了图4中不存在偏振镜70。在图4中，光束穿过光学装置如图2所示直至它到达第一复合半波片60。如所示，在光束的每个偏振分量穿过走离晶体50后，光束将被引导至光学端口40。然而，不是沿端口40的光轴引导，两个偏振分量将从端口的光轴位移，并且设定相邻端口之间的间隔是充足的，这两个偏振将都错过端口40和任意相邻端口。这样，阻止了端口20和40之间的耦合。
图5A和图5B分别是可以和本发明各实施方式结合使用的简化光学装置例如自由空间WSS 100的一个示例的顶视图和侧视图。光通过用作输入端口与输出端口的光波导诸如光纤被输入与输出至WSS 100。如图5B最佳地所示，光纤准直器阵列101可包括多个单根光纤1201、1202和1203，该多个单根光纤分别耦合到准直器1021、1022和1023。来自一个或多个光纤120的光线通过准直器102转换为自由空间光束。从端口阵列101出射的光线平行于z轴。在图5B中，尽管端口阵列101仅示出了三个光纤/准直器对，更一般地说可以使用任何合适数量的光纤/准直器对。
光学装置120接收从端口阵列101出射的光线并将该光线引导至下文所述的一对望远镜。光学装置120可以是上文结合图1中所述类型的光隔离器。
一对望远镜或者光束扩展器将来自端口阵列101的自由空间光束放大。第一望远镜或者第一光束扩展器由光学元件106和107组成，以及第二望远镜或者第二光束扩展器由光学元件104和105组成。
在图5A和图5B中，在两个轴线上影响光线的光学元件在两个视图中都用实线表示为双凸光学装置。另一方面，仅在一个轴线上影响光线的光学元件用实线表示为在被影响的轴线上的平凸透镜。仅在一个轴线上影响光线的光学元件同样以虚线表示在它们不影响的轴线上。例如，在图5A和图5B中，光学元件102、108、109以及110在两个图中都用实线描绘。另一方面，在图5A中光学元件106和107用实线描绘(因为它们具有沿着y轴线聚焦的能力)并且在图5B中用虚线描绘(因为它们使光束沿着x轴线未受影响)。在图5B中光学元件104和105用实线描绘(因为它们具有沿着x轴线聚焦的能力)并且在图5A中用虚线描绘(因为它们使光束沿着y轴线未受影响)。
每个望远镜可以建立为具有对于x和y方向的不同的放大倍数。例如，由在x方向上放大光线的光学元件104和105形成的望远镜的放大率，可以小于由在y方向上放大光线的光学元件106和107形成的望远镜的放大率。
该对望远镜放大了来自端口阵列101的光束并且将它们光学地耦合至波长色散元件108(例如，衍射光栅或者棱镜)，其将自由空间光束分离至它们的构成波长或者通道中。波长色散元件108用于根据其波长在x-y平面上沿着不同方向分散光线。来自色散元件的光线被引导至光束聚焦光学器件109。
光束聚焦光学器件109将来自波长色散元件108的波长分量耦合至可编程光相位调制器，其可以是例如基于液晶的相位调制器，例如LCoS设备110。波长分量沿着x轴线分散，其被称为波长色散方向或者波长色散轴线。因此，给定波长的每个波长分量集中在沿着y方向延伸的像素阵列上。作为示例而不是作为限制，具有被表示为λ1、λ2和λ3的中心波长的三个这样的波长分量在图5A中示出为沿着波长色散轴线(x轴线)被聚焦在LCoS设备110上。
如图5B中最佳地所示，在从LCoS设备110反射之后，每个波长分量能够通过光束聚焦光学器件109、波长色散元件108和光学元件106和107被返回耦合到端口阵列101中选择的光纤。
上述示例和公开旨在为示意性而非穷尽性的。这些示例和说明将为本领域普通技术人员启发出许多变化和替代。

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1.一种光学设备，其包括：
光学端口阵列，其具有用于接收光束的至少一个光学输入端口和多个光学输出端口；
光学装置，其允许所述至少一个光学输入端口和每个光学输出端口之间的光耦合，并阻止任意一个光学输出端口和任意其他光学输出端口之间的光耦合；
色散元件，其在来自所述至少一个光学输入的光束穿过光学装置后接收该光束并在空间上将该光束分隔为多个波长分量；
聚焦元件，其将多个波长分量聚焦；以及
可编程光相位调制器，其用于接收聚焦的多个波长分量，调制器被构造为操纵波长分量至选择的一个光学输出，
其中，所述光学装置包括：至少一个走离晶体，用于将从光学端口阵列中任意端口接收的光束在空间上分离为分别以第一偏振状态和第二偏振状态布置的第一光学分量和第二光学分量；第一复合半波片，用于布置第一光学分量为第二偏振状态；偏振镜，用于传递第二偏振状态而非第一偏振状态的光能量；法拉第旋转器和第二复合半波片，所述法拉第旋转器和第二复合半波片将经由偏振镜从光学输入端口接收的空间上分离的光束旋转至第一偏振状态以及将从所述多个光学输出端口接收的空间上分离的光束旋转为第二偏振状态。
2.权利要求1所述的光学设备，其特征在于，所述光学装置被构造为通过区分穿过它的光能量的不同偏置状态来选择性地允许和阻止所选择的端口之间的光耦合。
3.权利要求1所述的光学设备，其特征在于，所述光学装置还被构造为接收以任意偏振状态的光束并以预定偏置状态将该光束提供至色散元件。
4.权利要求1所述的光学设备，其特征在于，所述可编程光相位调制器包括基于液晶的相位调制器。
5.权利要求4所述的光学设备，其特征在于，所述基于液晶的相位调制器是LCoS设备。
6.权利要求4所述的光学设备，其特征在于，所述色散元件选自由衍射光栅和棱镜组成的群组。
7.权利要求4所述的光学设备，其特征在于，还包括光学系统，用于放大从光学端口阵列接收的光束以及引导所放大的光束至色散元件。
8.权利要求7所述的光学设备，其特征在于，所述光学系统具有第一方向上的第一放大因子和与第一方向正交的第二方向上的第二放大因子，所述第一放大因子不同于第二放大因子。
9.权利要求8所述的光学设备，其特征在于，所述第一方向平行于波长色散轴线，光束沿着该波长色散轴线在空间上分离，所述第一放大因子小于第二放大因子。
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