CN107372477A - A kind of agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower - Google Patents
A kind of agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower Download PDFInfo
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- CN107372477A CN107372477A CN201710782609.2A CN201710782609A CN107372477A CN 107372477 A CN107372477 A CN 107372477A CN 201710782609 A CN201710782609 A CN 201710782609A CN 107372477 A CN107372477 A CN 107372477A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N3/00—Preservation of plants or parts thereof, e.g. inhibiting evaporation, improvement of the appearance of leaves or protection against physical influences such as UV radiation using chemical compositions; Grafting wax
- A01N3/02—Keeping cut flowers fresh chemically
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- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower, contain plant tissue extract A and 1 methyl cyclopropene in composition, wherein plant tissue extract A extracts from Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence mixture, and plant tissue extract A and mixed increase cutting flower fresh keeping time of 1 methyl cyclopropene have synergy；The Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence are fresh plant tissue；Described fresh plant tissue refers to plant tissue and leaves plant tissue of the percentage of water loss below 5% after its growing environment certainly；The present invention has the function that raising cutting flower is fresh-keeping.
Description
Art
Combined the invention belongs to botanical pesticide with chemical pesticide and its application field.It is more particularly to a kind of to be cut for rose
Spend fresh-keeping agricultural composite medicine.
Technical background
Chinese rose (scientific name：Rosa chinensis), it is referred to as spending middle queen, also known as Chinese rose, the rose family.Evergreen, half often
Green short shrub, it is generally Hong Se ﹐ or pink colour Si seasons Kai Hua ﹐, occasionally has white and Huang Se ﹐ to be used as ornamental plant, also can conduct
Medicinal plant, also known as China rose.For natural florescence August to April next year, flower from inside to outside, in divergence form, there is strong perfume (or spice) into large-scale
Gas, horticultural gardening and cut-flower are can be widely used for, for fallen leaves or evergreen shrubs, or climing shape and climb up by holding on to shape liana.Stem is brown
It is partially green, there is hook thorn or stingless, but also have almost without the Chinese rose of thorn.Sprig Zhang Jia, leaf are blackish green, leaf alternate, odd number plumage
Shape compound leaf, general 3~5 of leaflet, width egg shape (ellipse) or ovate Long Circle, long 2.5~6 centimetres, tip is tapering, has pointed tooth,
Leaf margin has sawtooth, and two sides is hairless, smooth；Stipule and petiole symphysis, full edge or tool gland tooth, top is separated into ear.Peanut is in branch
Top, the normal fasciation of flower, dilute Dan Sheng, pattern is a lot of, and color and luster is different, also there is single-lobe in 4~5 centimetres of footpath, mostly polyphyll person；Sepal shape of tail
There is pinniform sliver at long point, edge, and flower has micro-perfume, and in 4~October of florescence (north), in 3~November (south), spring blooms at most, greatly
Majority is complete flower, or hermaphrodite flower.Meat cynarrhodion, it is in reddish yellow after ripe, top is split.
Rape, is called pakchoi, bitter dish, and Latin literary fame is Brassica campestris L. Cruciferae, Brassica genus
Plant, the young stem and leaf of rape, China is originated in, its stem color is dark green, side such as Chinese cabbage, belongs to Cruciferae Chinese cabbage mutation, flower is Huang
Color；Multiple species of seed oil-containing in plant are referred to as rape on agronomy, rape Main Cultivation (kind) type is at present：In vain
Dish type rape, mustard type rape, cabbage type rape；Contain brassin lactones in brassica napus inflorescence.
Aloe, Mediterranean, Africa are originated in, be Eremurus chinensis section herbaceos perennial, according to the wild aloe kind of textual criticism
Kind more than 300, it is distributed mainly on the ground such as Africa.Aloe is to integrate edible, medicinal, beauty, view and admire plant nova.It secretes thing
(principle active component is the green onion such as aloin quinones substance) is had been widely used in medicine and daily use chemicals.Aloe folks of china just by
As beauty, hair care and the natural drug for treating disease of skin.Aloe Vera Gel stings certain itching-relieving action to mosquito.Aloe contains reed
Luxuriant growth rheum emodin (Aloeemodin), aloin (Aloin, Barbaloin).
Aloe contains tinctura aloes (Aloetin), is the very strong material of antibiotic property, can kill fungi, mould, bacterium, virus
Deng germ, suppress and the development of eliminating pathogen is bred, the germ class of aloe antibiotic sterilization has：Diphtheria bacterium, tetanolysin, pneumonia
Bacterium, lactic acid bacteria, dysentery bacillus, coliform, plague bacterium, cholera bacteria and initiation tympanitis, cystitis, pyesis, measles, mad dog
The germ of the diseases such as disease, polio, epidemic encephalitis.
The bradykinin enzyme of aloe and vasotonia can resist the polysaccharide of inflammation, especially aloe and can strengthen human body to combine
To the resistance of disease, dermatitis, chronic nephritis, cystitis, bronchitis chronic diseases disease are cured.
Aloe polysaccharide and vitamin have good nutrition to the skin of human body, moistened, whitening effect, especially youth maiden
Most worried acne, aloe are offseted except acne have good effect.Aloe-emodin etc. belongs to anthraquinone glycoside material, and this kind of material can make
Hair soft and it is glossy, easily pleasant, and there is anti-dandruff, therefore, aloe beauty frost, aloe vera skin cream, aloe
The aloe cosmetics such as cream rinse account for the 80% of European Cosmetic Market.
The active ingredients such as aloin (aloin), aloe-emodin (emodin) in aloe play improve a poor appetite,
Large intestine delays the effect of letting out, and takes appropriate aloe, can strengthen stomach function, build up health, and the trouble of being critically ill of appetite is lost because of real example cause void
Person, appetite can also be recovered by taking aloe, healthy people, long-term use of aloe and adhere to that aloe bathes, and can prevent and treat certain disease, but
Or to suit the medicine to the illness health care according to each one situation.Healthy People body fluid is in alkalescent, and the reason such as overworked or life anxiety can make body
Liquid becomes acid, and easily infected virus, conventional aloe barbadensis Miller can make body fluid keep alkalescence, maintains health, does not catch a cold.Aloe is
The relatively effective medicine of real heat type constipation is treated, for serious constipation caused by kidney qi deficiency or Spleen-Qi Deficiency it is necessary to optional
The food or medicine of the gentle QI invigorating of matter is recuperated under medical treatment.After the aloe for taking big bitter Great Cold clearing heat-fire again, the state of an illness will be aggravated
Therefore for different types of illness different methods, cold then heat, treating heat with cold drug.
Aloin A, wound hormone and glycan peptide sweet dew (Ke-2) etc. have viral infection resisting, promote what wound healing was restored
Effect, there are anti-inflammation and sterilization, clearing heat for detumescence, softening skin, the function of keeping cell viability, curdlan is combined with traumatic acid also to be had
There are healing wounds active, therefore, it is that one kind treats the preferable medicine that wound (hemorrhagic wound, non-hemorrhagic wound) does not stay scar
Product.
Thick substances polysaccharide (acetylation Glucomannan, mannosan, acemannan, aloe in aloe
Mannan, alocutin, alomicin etc.) have the function that to improve immunity and suppress, destroy the growth of abnormal cell, so as to
Reach anticancer purpose.Japanese aloe researcher adds doctor Tian Baizhi and existed《Anticancer Journal of Sex Research on aloe》(delivering within 1966)
Opinion the article pointed out：The composition such as aloe mannan, alocutin, alomicin can prevent cancer cell movable in aloe, kill life
Cancer cell of abnormal cell one and other effects in thing.
Aloe because its bitter-cold herbs expelling heat have the function that to suppress excessive immune response enhancing phagocyte phagocytic function thus energy
Remove internal metabolic waste.The compositions such as the aloetin alomicin in aloe, which have, promotes harmful substance in liver decomposer
Effect, moreover it is possible to eliminate the toxin of intrusion outside organism.Caused it can be burnt during radioactive ray or core radiant treating cancer
Property skin ulcer, play the role of Aloe only have removing toxic substances, anti-inflammatory, regeneration neoblast, moreover it is possible to increase subtract because of radiotherapy
Few white blood cell.
Mucus (mucin, being exactly protein) in aloe, be with arboran A B aloe mannan aloetin etc.
Polysaccharide is nucleus, and mucus class material is the important component for preventing cell senescence and treating chronic allergic.Mucoitin is present
In the muscle of human body and gastrointestinal mucosa etc., tissue high resilience is allowed, if liquid element deficiency, muscle and mucous membrane will lose bullet
Property and stiff aging.The cell of human body is formed, if mucoitin is insufficient, cell will be gradually weak, loses defence germ, virus
Ability.
Aloe juice has sterilization, antisepsis well.Asparagus juice is coated on summer skin, mosquito does not sting.Brother's rival
Sub- people on foot of children often to asparagus juice is spread, to prevent insect pest.Asparagus juice sprays door and window and interior, fly do not enter, and the Dais are just
It is to prevent fly from entering interior with asparagus juice.
Rose (Rosa rugosa), is rose family gul, be in daily life Rosa it is a series of spend it is big gorgeous
The general designation of beautiful cultivar.However, the fresh rose flower freshness date no Jing Guo any processing only only has the time of two or three days or so,
Using cross method, folding skill and technique, beveling method, coring method, the boiling hot method of temperature, barbecue method, cut that the methods of skill and technique handles otch can make rose
How fresh-keeping 3-5 days of rare fresh flower.
1- methyl cyclopropenes (1-Methylcyclopropene), are abbreviated as 1-MCP, are a kind of very effective ethene productions
Raw and ethylene action inhibitor.As promote ripening and senscence plant hormone --- ethene can be produced by Activities of Some Plants itself
It is raw, there can be a certain amount in storage environment even air again, associated receptor of the ethene inside thin fertilizer is combined, could swashed
A series of and ripe relevant biochemical reactions living, accelerate aging and death.L-MCP can also well with ethylene receptor knot
Close, but this combination will not cause the biochemical reaction of maturation, therefore, produced in plant endogenous ethene or exogenous ethylene acts on it
Before, using 1-MCP, it will try to be the first and be combined with ethylene receptor, so as to prevent the combination of ethene and its acceptor, extend well
The process of fruits and vegetables ripening and senscence, extends freshness date.Can delaying ripening, aging well, keep the hardness, crisp of product well
Degree, color, flavor, fragrance and nutritional ingredient are kept, can effectively keep the disease resistance of plant, mitigated and rotted caused by microorganism
With mitigate physiological disease, and moisture evaporation can be reduced, prevent from wilting.Under normal temperature state, 1- methyl cyclopropenes are gas, 1- methyl
Cyclopropylene can exist with the powder type of alpha-cyclodextrin molecule or beta-schardinger dextrin molecule Rubber Capsule, can also be with other cyclodextrin
The powder type of molecule Rubber Capsule is present.
At present, it is mixed with 1- methyl cyclopropenes with Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence plant tissue extract
Report there is no to the composition of cutting flower preservation.
The content of the invention
Technical problem to be solved：To solve the fresh-keeping problem of cutting flower, the invention provides one kind with Chinese rose cauline leaf
Tissue, aloe herb, the brassica napus inflorescence plant tissue extract group to cutting flower preservation mixed with 1- methyl cyclopropenes
Compound.
Technical scheme：It is a kind of to be used for the fresh-keeping agricultural composite medicine of cutting flower, carried in composition containing plant tissue
Thing A and 1- methyl cyclopropene is taken, wherein plant tissue extract A extracts from Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence and mixed
Compound, plant tissue extract A is mixed with 1- methyl cyclopropenes to have synergy to the increase of cutting flower fresh keeping time；It is described
Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence are fresh plant tissue；Described fresh plant tissue refers to plant group
Knit and leave plant tissue of the percentage of water loss below 5% after its growing environment certainly；The agricultural composite medicine is cut suitable for rose
Spend fresh-keeping.
Wherein described plant extracts A extracts from Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence mixture.
The 1- methyl cyclopropenes exist with the powder type of alpha-cyclodextrin molecule or beta-schardinger dextrin molecule Rubber Capsule.
Further, the mass fraction ratio of preferred plant tissue extract A and 1- methyl cyclopropene is 30：1~5.
Further, the mass fraction ratio of preferred plant tissue extract A and 1- methyl cyclopropene is 10：1.
Described plant tissue extract A, Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, the mass fraction ratio of brassica napus inflorescence are
4:4:2。
Described plant tissue extract A extracting method is as follows：Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue several pieces, aloe herb are some
Part, brassica napus inflorescence several pieces, mixed after being smashed to pieces respectively with tissue mashing machine, add the deionized water of several pieces, stirred
After machine stirs 10 minutes, mixing liquid was placed in 6000 turns per minute of centrifuge after 30 minutes, took its supernatant, that is, was made
The plant tissue extract A；The Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence are fresh plant tissue；It is described
Fresh plant tissue refer to plant tissue from leaving plant tissue of the percentage of water loss below 5% after its growing environment.
A kind of described agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower, its preparation method are as follows：Several pieces are taken to plant
Thing tissue extract A, 1- methyl cyclopropene several pieces, plant tissue extract A are placed in container after being mixed with 1- methyl cyclopropenes
The middle cutter with 6000 turns per minute is sheared 20 minutes, that is, described composition is made.
The present invention has the advantages that：
1st, described plant extracts A has the function that to improve cutting flower fresh keeping time.
2nd, the agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower has the function that raising cutting flower is fresh-keeping.
3rd, the plant extracts A and 1- methyl cyclopropenes have synergy to increase cutting flower fresh keeping time.
Embodiment
The plant tissue extract A extracting methods of embodiment one.
Plant tissue extract A extracting method is as follows：40 parts of Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, 40 parts of aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence
20 parts, mixed after being smashed to pieces respectively with tissue mashing machine, add 50 parts of deionized water, after mixer stirs 10 minutes,
Mixing liquid was placed in 6000 turns per minute of centrifuge after 30 minutes, took its supernatant, that is, the plant tissue is made and carries
Take thing A；The Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence are fresh plant tissue；Described fresh plant group
Knit finger plant tissue and leave plant tissue of the percentage of water loss below 5% after its growing environment certainly.
Embodiment two：A kind of described agricultural composite medicine preparation method fresh-keeping for cutting flower.
If take plant tissue extract A, 1- methyl cyclopropenes made from the technical scheme described in several pieces embodiment one
Dry part, A are placed in container after being mixed with 1- methyl cyclopropenes and sheared 20 minutes with 6000 turns per minute of cutter, that is, institute is made
The composition stated；The 1- methyl cyclopropenes exist with the powder type of alpha-cyclodextrin molecule or beta-schardinger dextrin molecule Rubber Capsule.
Described combination is made with different mixing proportion with 1- methyl cyclopropenes in A made from the methods described of 1 embodiment of table two
Thing；The 1- methyl cyclopropenes exist with the powder type of alpha-cyclodextrin molecule or beta-schardinger dextrin molecule Rubber Capsule.
| Composition no | The ratio of A and 1- methyl cyclopropenes | A number | The number of 1- methyl cyclopropenes |
| Composition 1 | 30:1 | 300 | 10 |
| Composition 2 | 20:1 | 200 | 10 |
| Composition 3 | 15:1 | 300 | 20 |
| Composition 4 | 10:1 | 200 | 20 |
| Composition 5 | 6:1 | 180 | 30 |
| Composition 6 | 3:1 | 180 | 60 |
Embodiment three：Plant tissue extract A is tested the fresh-keeping effect of cutting flower.
Fresh-keeping effect test result (fresh keeping time units of the plant tissue extract A of table 2 to cutting flower：Hour, it is fresh-keeping
Standard：Fresh-cut ikebana is dipped in the solution containing doses plant extracts A that (150 milliliters of solution pour into scale capacity
In 200 milliliters of triangular flask), humidity 60% is placed in, illumination in 12 hours preserves for 12 hours in dark room temperature greenhouse, with Fresh Cutting flower
Handle to the calculating time that the time between the wilting of petal 10% is fresh keeping time, unit is hour).
| Sequence number (processing) | Concentration for the treatment of (mg/kg) | Fresh keeping time (hour) | Fresh keeping time increase rate (%) |
| 1 | 10 | 178 | 25.4 |
| 2 | 20 | 185 | 30.3 |
| 3 | 40 | 199 | 40.1 |
| 4 | 80 | 205 | 44.4 |
| 5 | 160 | 218 | 53.5 |
| 6 | Clear water | 142 | -- |
Example IV plant extracts A and 1- methyl cyclopropene mixed with certain proportion after to the fresh-keeping effect of cutting flower
Fruit is tested.
Colby equatioies are used for the intended effect (Colby, S.R.Weeds15 (1967), 20-22.) for determining mixture：
Following equatioies are used for the desired value for calculating the mixture containing two kinds of compositions A and B：
In formula：
The effect of active components A for certain (dosage) concentration that A=is observed；
The effect of active component B for certain (dosage) concentration that B=is observed；
Observation (E) is actual observation to effect；
When concentration used in mixture (dosage) active actual observed value (E) is more than desired value (E0) when, mixture is shown as
There is unexpected synergy to target；
For the present invention, observation (E) is actual observation to the fresh keeping time increase rate to cutting flower, desired value
(E0) for A and B with the mixed fresh keeping time increase rate to cutting flower of finite concentration or dosage.
Plant extracts A and the 1- methyl cyclopropene of table 3 mixed with certain proportion after to the fresh-keeping of rose (red rose) cut-flower
Measure of merit result (fresh keeping time unit：Hour, fresh-keeping standard：Fresh-cut ikebana is dipped in containing doses plant extracts A
And/or (150 milliliters of solution pour into scale capacity in the solution of 1- methyl cyclopropenes
150 milliliters of clear water), be placed in humidity 60%, illumination in 12 hours preserves for 12 hours in dark room temperature greenhouse, with Fresh Cutting flower handle to
Time between petal 10% is wilted is the calculating time of fresh keeping time, and unit is hour).
The data result that table 3 is recorded shows that plant extracts A is with 1- methyl cyclopropenes 30:1~6:To red in the range of 1
Cutting flower fresh keeping time increase rate has significant synergy, and observation is more than desired value more than 15%, especially plant
Extract A and 1- methyl cyclopropene mass fractions ratio are 10:When 1 when (50+5), observation is more than desired value 71.4%.
Embodiment five：Composition 4 described in embodiment two is to red rose cutflower preservation time test.
(plant extracts A and 1- methyl cyclopropene mass fraction ratio is composition 4 described in the embodiment two of table 4
10:1) to red rose cutflower preservation time test result (fresh keeping time unit：Hour, fresh-keeping standard：Fresh-cut ikebana be dipped in containing
In the solution that doses composition 4 (150 milliliters of solution are poured into the triangular flask that scale capacity is 200 milliliters), it is placed in
Humidity 60%, illumination in 12 hours preserve for 12 hours in dark room temperature greenhouse, are handled with Fresh Cutting flower between the wilting of petal 10%
Time be fresh keeping time the calculating time, unit is hour).
| Sequence number (processing) | Concentration for the treatment of (mg/kg) | Fresh keeping time (hour) | Fresh keeping time increase rate (%) |
| 1 | 15 | 312 | 119.7 |
| 2 | 35 | 327 | 130.3 |
| 3 | 55 | 360 | 153.5 |
| 4 | 75 | 383 | 169.7 |
| 5 | 95 | 392 | 176.1 |
| 6 | 0 (clear water) | 142 | -- |
The data result that table 4 is recorded shows (plant extracts A and 1- the methyl cyclopropene mass fraction ratio of composition 4
For 10:1) concentration for the treatment of is between 15-95 mg/kgs, to the fresh keeping time increase rate of red rose cut-flower 100% with
On.
Embodiment six：Composition 4 described in embodiment two is used in mixed way to the red rose cutflower preservation time with sucrose
Test.
(plant extracts A and 1- methyl cyclopropene mass fraction ratio is composition 4 described in the embodiment two of table 5
10:1) mixed with sucrose to red rose cutflower preservation time test result (fresh keeping time unit：Hour, fresh-keeping standard：Fresh Cutting flower
Insert and be dipped in the solution containing doses composition 4 that (150 milliliters of solution pour into the triangle that scale capacity is 200 milliliters
In bottle, compare as 150 milliliters of clear water), humidity 60% is placed in, illumination in 12 hours preserves for 12 hours in dark room temperature greenhouse, with
Fresh Cutting flower was handled to the calculating time that the time between the wilting of petal 10% is fresh keeping time, and unit is hour).
Claims (7)
- A kind of 1. agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower, it is characterised in that：Contain plant tissue extract A and 1- Methyl cyclopropene, wherein plant tissue extract A extract from Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence mixture, 1- first Cyclopropene exists with the powder type of alpha-cyclodextrin molecule or beta-schardinger dextrin molecule Rubber Capsule.
- A kind of 2. agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Plant The mass fraction ratio of tissue extract A and 1- methyl cyclopropene is 30：1~5.
- A kind of 3. agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Plant The mass fraction ratio of tissue extract A and 1- methyl cyclopropene is 10：1.
- A kind of 4. agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：It is described In plant tissue extract A, Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, the mass fraction ratio of brassica napus inflorescence are 4:4:2.
- A kind of 5. plant tissue extract A preparation method, it is characterised in that parts by weight：40 parts of Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe is complete 40 parts of grass, 20 parts of brassica napus inflorescence, is mixed after being smashed to pieces respectively with tissue mashing machine, adds 50 parts of deionized water, stirring After machine stirs 10 minutes, mixing liquid was placed in 6000 turns per minute of centrifuge after 30 minutes, took its supernatant, that is, was made The plant tissue extract A；The Chinese rose cauline leaf tissue, aloe herb, brassica napus inflorescence are fresh plant tissue；It is described Fresh plant tissue refer to plant tissue from leaving plant tissue of the percentage of water loss below 5% after its growing environment.
- 6. a kind of agricultural composite medicine preparation method fresh-keeping for cutting flower according to claim 1, its feature It is, take 100 parts of 10 parts of plant tissue extract A, 1- methyl cyclopropenes, plant tissue extract A and 1- methyl cyclopropenes mix It is placed in after conjunction in container and is sheared 20 minutes with 6000 turns per minute of cutter, that is, described composition is made；The 1- methyl Cyclopropylene exists with the powder type of alpha-cyclodextrin molecule or beta-schardinger dextrin molecule Rubber Capsule.
- A kind of 7. agricultural composite medicine fresh-keeping for cutting flower answering on cutting flower is fresh-keeping described in claim 1 With.
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| CN116806942A (en) * | 2023-08-01 | 2023-09-29 | 云南潘祥记食品有限公司 | Edible rose fresh-keeping process |
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Address after: 610000 Northwest Biochemical Company, 388 Rongtai Avenue, Cross-Strait Science and Technology Industrial Development Park, Wenjiang District, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province Applicant after: Lai Jinjiu Address before: 516000 Guangdong province Huizhou City Zhongkai high tech Zone Chen Jiang Street 51 Village Tang Pai Village Group Building A Applicant before: Lai Jinjiu |
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