CN107365199B - Method for preparing special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for mosaic disease-preventing flue-cured tobacco by using Luzhou vinasse - Google Patents
Method for preparing special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for mosaic disease-preventing flue-cured tobacco by using Luzhou vinasse Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for preparing a special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for tobacco mosaic disease prevention by using Luzhou Maotai-flavor vinasse, which comprises the following steps: 1) preparing the Maotai-flavor vinasse, penthorum chinense Pursh, rosemary straws and lime powder into a vinasse material; 2) adding a decomposing microbial inoculum into the vinasse material, and performing composting fermentation to obtain a fermented vinasse material; 3) respectively carrying out composting fermentation on the oil cake and the cow dung to respectively obtain fermented oil cake and fermented cow dung; 4) and the fermented lees materials: oil withering after fermentation: uniformly mixing fermented cow dung in a weight ratio of 6: 2.8-3.2: 0.9-1.1 to prepare a vinasse organic fertilizer; 5) and adding the tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum into the vinasse organic fertilizer, uniformly mixing, and standing in a shade place to obtain the mosaic disease preventing vinasse biological organic fertilizer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of organic fertilizer production by utilizing agricultural wastes, and particularly relates to a method for preparing a special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for tobacco mosaic disease prevention by utilizing Luzhou Maotai-flavor vinasse.
Background
Luzhou is one of the main areas for producing wine in China, and a large amount of agricultural waste vinasse left after wine production contains high organic matter content and is rich in nutrition, but the remaining vinasse is high in acidity and easy to decay and deteriorate, and if the vinasse is not treated in time, the environment is inevitably seriously polluted. At present, China has achieved certain performance on the research of comprehensive utilization of vinasse, for example, the method comprises the steps of preparing glycerol from the vinasse, culturing edible fungi, extracting compound amino acid and trace elements, extracting phytic acid and calcium phytate, brewing vinegar, recovering methane by anaerobic fermentation of the vinasse, preparing Single Cell Protein (SCP) feed, and producing fertilizer by using the SCP feed for reproducing raw wine. Besides being used as feed and agricultural fertilizer, other methods cannot fundamentally solve the final destination problem of the vinasse, and more vinasse residues can be produced, and the vinasse has complex components, high water content, difficult storage and difficult utilization of fermentation fillers such as rice husks, so that the utilization of the vinasse still has certain difficulty. The vinasse contains various growth substances, has a stimulating effect on the growth of crops, and has high available nutrient content and long potential nutrient supply time. Therefore, the vinasse has wide application prospect in the field of manufacturing high-quality agricultural fertilizers, can bring better social benefit and environmental benefit, and is worthy of further research.
Tobacco mosaic disease has become a major obstacle to the high-quality and high-yield cultivation of tobacco leaves, and the research and prevention of the mosaic disease are always major problems in tobacco production. At present, chemical or biological agents are used for preventing and treating tobacco mosaic disease, which is an economic and effective measure. In recent years, the research on preventing and controlling the medicament mainly focuses on the utilization of immunological preparations such as plant hormones, salicylic acid, plant extracts, antagonistic bacteria metabolites and the like and therapeutic drugs such as anthraquinone, nitrogen heterocycle, nucleic acid derivatives and the like, and a certain effect is achieved, but the research on adding the mosaic disease preventing agent into the organic fertilizer is rarely reported.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem of providing a method for preparing a special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for tobacco mosaic disease prevention by using Luzhou Maotai-flavor vinasse.
In order to solve the technical problem, the invention provides a method for preparing a special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for tobacco mosaic disease prevention by using Luzhou Maotai-flavor vinasse, which comprises the following steps:
1) preparing a vinasse material:
the vinasse material comprises the following components in parts by weight:
the Maotai-flavor vinasse (Maotai-flavor liquor vinasse) with the water content of 55-60 percent (weight percent) is 90-92 percent
1.5 to 2.5 percent of penthorum chinense Pursh
3.5 to 4.5 percent of rosemary straw
2.5-3.5% of lime powder;
2) adding 0.1-0.3% (preferably 0.2%) of decomposed microbial inoculum accounting for the weight of the vinasse material into the vinasse material, and then carrying out compost fermentation until the water content of the fermented material is less than or equal to 40% to obtain the fermented vinasse material;
3) respectively carrying out composting fermentation on the oil cake and the cow dung to respectively obtain fermented oil cake and fermented cow dung;
4) and the fermented lees materials: oil withering after fermentation: uniformly mixing fermented cow dung in a weight ratio of 6: 2.8-3.2: 0.9-1.1 (preferably 6:3:1) to prepare a vinasse organic fertilizer;
5) adding a tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum into the vinasse organic fertilizer, uniformly mixing, and standing for 22-26 hours in a shade place to obtain a mosaic disease preventing vinasse biological organic fertilizer;
the weight ratio of the vinasse organic fertilizer to the tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum is 100: 1.8 to 2.2 (preferably 100: 2).
The improvement of the method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco leaves with the mosaic disease comprises the following steps:
the composting fermentation method of the vinasse material in the step 2) comprises the following steps:
adding HB decomposing inoculant accounting for 0.1-0.3% (preferably 0.2%) of the weight of the vinasse materials into the vinasse materials, and stacking into isosceles trapezoid stacks with the bottom side width of 1.8-3.0 m, the upper side width of 0.8-1.0 m and the height of 1.0-1.5 m; when a plurality of strip stacks are arranged in parallel, the interval between the strip stacks is more than or equal to 0.5 m;
then the following four stages of fermentation are carried out in sequence:
firstly, in the early stage of fermentation, when any one of the following conditions is met, turning is required to be carried out: the first composting time reaches 48 hours or the temperature of the materials in the isosceles trapezoid bar stacks is more than or equal to 70 ℃;
the purpose of the early fermentation is to ensure that mycelia of the decomposed microbial inoculum can grow over the materials as much as possible;
secondly, fermenting in a high-temperature period, turning the stack once every 24-48 hours, turning the stack immediately when the temperature of the materials in the isosceles trapezoid stack is more than or equal to 65 ℃, and ending the fermentation in the high-temperature period until the temperature of the materials in the stack does not rise any more; fermenting at the high temperature, and adjusting the water content of the material to 55-60% each time when turning the pile (adjusting the water content of the material by adding water);
after the fermentation at the high temperature, pathogenic bacteria, worm eggs, grass seeds and the like can be killed;
fermenting in a temperature reduction period:
turning the pile once every 3-5 days until the water content of the material is less than or equal to 45%;
remarks explanation: when the pile is turned over in the 3 periods, the materials at the bottom layer are turned into the middle upper part of the pile as much as possible so as to be thoroughly decomposed;
fourthly, the materials are flatly spread on the ground for post-ripening and large-heap fermentation (the thickness is less than or equal to 5cm), and when the water content of the materials is less than or equal to 40 percent, the fermentation is finished.
The obtained fermented vinasse material is brown, grey brown or black in appearance, loose in physical structure and free of malodor, and indicates that the compost is thoroughly decomposed in place. The whole fermentation period is about 20-25 days.
The improvement of the method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco leaves with the mosaic disease comprises the following steps:
the composting fermentation method of the oil cake in the step 3) comprises the following steps:
mixing oil cake and bagasse in a mass ratio of 9: 0.8-1.2 (preferably 9: 1) to obtain a mixture;
adding urea into water to obtain urea water;
thirdly, adding an HB decomposing agent and urea water into the mixture to adjust the water content to be 60-65%, and building piles after uniform mixing;
the HB decomposing inoculant accounts for 0.08-0.12% (preferably 0.1%) of the weight of the mixture, and 2-5 kg of urea is added in each ton of the mixture;
remarks explanation:
when the moisture content is the above moisture content, a user holds a material by hand, sees the watermark but does not drip water, and the ground can be scattered;
the function of the urea is to provide a nitrogen source for fermentation;
fourthly, fermentation:
controlling the fermentation initial temperature of the compost to be more than or equal to 15 ℃;
and (3) high-temperature fermentation: turning when the temperature in the compost rises to be more than or equal to 60 ℃, and adjusting the water content of the materials to be 60-65% during each turning of the fermentation in the high-temperature period;
and when the temperature in the compost does not exceed 60 ℃, stacking until the compost is naturally cooled to the ambient temperature, and obtaining the fermented oil cake.
Remarks explanation: after the fermentation treatment is started, the temperature can be raised to 60 ℃ or above for about 1-3 days, the pile needs to be turned once at the moment, and the high-temperature period fermentation can be completed after 2-3 times of accumulation. The fermented materials are completely black or black brown, soft in hand feeling, fragile, slightly fragrant or fermented, and can be used after being dried in the air.
The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco leaves with the mosaic disease is further improved as follows:
in the third step of the compost fermentation method of oil cake, the built pile is a strip pile with the height of 1.3-1.7 meters, the width of 1.8-2.2 meters and the total volume of not less than 3 cubes.
The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco leaves with the mosaic disease is further improved as follows: the oil cake is residue obtained by squeezing various seeds containing more oil components to remove oil, and comprises rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, soybean cake, sesame cake and peanut cake.
The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco leaves with the mosaic disease is further improved as follows: the composting fermentation method of the cow dung in the step 3) comprises the following steps:
firstly, an HB decomposing agent: the rice bran is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 5-10, and uniformly mixing to obtain rice bran containing the decomposition agent;
adding urea into water to obtain urea water;
thirdly, adding rice bran containing a decomposition agent and urea water into fresh cow dung to adjust the water content to be 40-65%, and piling after uniformly mixing;
the HB decomposing inoculant accounts for 0.15-0.25% (preferably 0.2%) of the weight of the fresh cow dung, and 4.5-5.5 kg (preferably 5kg) of urea is added to each ton of the fresh cow dung;
remarks explanation: when the water content is the above-mentioned water content, a handle of cow dung is tightly held by hand, and the water mark is seen through finger joint but no water drops, and the cow dung is scattered when falling to the ground; the function of the urea is to provide a nitrogen source for fermentation;
fourthly, fermentation:
controlling the fermentation initial temperature of the compost to be more than or equal to 15 ℃;
and (3) high-temperature fermentation: when the temperature in the compost rises to 65-75 ℃ for turning, adjusting the water content of the materials to 40-65% during each turning of the fermentation in the high-temperature period;
and when the temperature in the compost does not exceed 65 ℃, stacking until the compost is naturally cooled to the ambient temperature to obtain the fermented cow dung.
Remarks explanation: the method can be operated in four seasons, is not influenced by seasons, and can be used for fermenting indoors or in a greenhouse as much as possible in winter, and the fermentation temperature rise is controlled to be 65-75 ℃;
generally, after cow dung is piled up for 48 hours, the temperature is raised to 50-60 ℃, the temperature can reach more than 65 ℃ on the third day, pile turning is carried out once at the high temperature, generally, the high temperature of more than 65 ℃ appears for 2-3 times in the fermentation process, and the fermentation can be completed after 2-3 times of pile turning. The material was dark brown and the temperature started to drop to ambient temperature, indicating that fermentation was complete.
The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco leaves with the mosaic disease is further improved as follows:
in the third step of the cow dung compost fermentation method, the built pile is a long strip pile with the width of 1.8-2.2 meters, the pile height of 1.5-2 meters and unlimited length.
The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco leaves with the mosaic disease is further improved as follows: the vinasse material comprises the following components in parts by weight:
maotai-flavor distiller's grains (Maotai-flavor liquor distiller's grains) 91%
2 percent of finely crushed penthorum chinense pursh
Rosemary straw 4%
3 percent of lime powder.
In the compost of the invention, after the compost is piled up, a breathable cover is covered on the pile to shade light and keep out rain.
In the present invention: the anti-tobacco mosaic virus agent is purchased from anti-tobacco mosaic virus of Heyusheng Biotech limited, Hebei. The HB decomposing inoculant is available from Heyu Sheng Biotech Co., Ltd.
In the step 5), according to the requirement of flue-cured tobacco on nutrients and the national industrial standard of bio-organic fertilizer, a tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum is introduced, the tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum is uniformly mixed with fermented and decomposed vinasse organic fertilizer to prepare the tobacco mosaic disease preventing vinasse bio-organic fertilizer, and the tobacco mosaic disease preventing vinasse bio-organic fertilizer can be applied to a tobacco field after being uniformly mixed and placed for 22-26 hours (for example, 24 hours). Various industrial standards of the prepared anti-mosaic-disease vinasse type bio-organic fertilizer reach the national industrial standards.
The invention utilizes Luzhou local fresh Maotai-flavor vinasse to be fully decomposed and fermented, and then adds a tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum to prepare the Luzhou tobacco mosaic disease preventing special vinasse biological organic fertilizer. Aims to effectively prevent and treat the mosaic disease of the flue-cured tobacco, improve the production quality of the tobacco leaves and provide related technical support for producing high-quality tobacco leaves.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to specific examples, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
Embodiment 1, a method for preparing a special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for tobacco mosaic disease prevention by using Luzhou Maotai-flavor vinasse sequentially comprises the following steps:
1) preparing a vinasse material:
the vinasse material comprises the following components in parts by weight:
91 percent of Maotai-flavor vinasse (Maotai-flavor liquor vinasse) with the water content of 55 to 60 percent (weight percent)
Penthorum chinense Pursh 2%
Rosemary straw 4%
3% of lime powder;
2) adding a decomposing microbial inoculum accounting for 0.2 percent of the weight of the vinasse material into the vinasse material, and then performing composting fermentation until the water content of the material obtained after fermentation is less than or equal to 40 percent to obtain the fermented vinasse material;
the composting fermentation is as follows:
adding HB (Brilliant boron) decomposition agent accounting for 0.2 percent of the weight of the vinasse material into the vinasse material, and stacking into isosceles trapezoid stacks with the bottom side width of 1.8-3.0 m, the upper side width of 0.8-1.0 m and the height of 1.0-1.5 m; when a plurality of strip stacks are arranged in parallel, the interval between the strip stacks is more than or equal to 0.5 m; during actual operation, compost fermentation signboard marked with fermentation starting time and other technological parameters can be arranged on the strip pile, so that operators can conveniently recognize the compost fermentation signboard;
then the following four stages of fermentation are carried out in sequence:
firstly, in the early stage of fermentation, when any one of the following conditions is met, turning is required to be carried out: the first composting time reaches 48 hours or the temperature of the materials in the isosceles trapezoid bar stacks is more than or equal to 70 ℃;
during the fermentation in the early stage, the temperature of the materials in the strip stacks rises to be higher than 60 ℃, the stack turning is started after the temperature is kept for 48 hours (but the stack turning is required immediately after the temperature exceeds 70 ℃), the stack turning is carried out uniformly and thoroughly, and the materials in the lower layer are turned into the middle upper part of the stack as much as possible so as to be thoroughly decomposed. At this point, the material overgrows with mycelium.
Secondly, fermenting in a high-temperature period, turning over once in 36 hours, turning over the piles immediately when the temperature of the materials in the isosceles trapezoid strip piles is more than or equal to 65 ℃, and ending the fermentation in the high-temperature period until the temperature of the materials in the strip piles does not rise any more (the temperature does not rise within 10 hours, namely the temperature of the materials can not rise any more); adjusting the water content of the material to 55-60% during each turning of the fermentation at the high temperature (adjusting the water content of the material by adding water);
after the high-temperature period, pathogenic bacteria, worm eggs, grass seeds and the like can be killed;
the fermentation time is determined by factors such as the climate of the fermentation site, and is generally about 10 days.
Fermenting in a temperature reduction period:
turning the pile once every 4 days until the water content of the material is less than or equal to 45 percent;
when the pile is turned over in the 3 periods, the materials at the bottom layer are turned into the middle upper part of the pile as much as possible so as to be thoroughly decomposed;
fourthly, the materials are flatly spread on the ground for post-ripening and large-heap fermentation (the thickness is less than or equal to 5cm), and when the water content of the materials is less than or equal to 40 percent, the fermentation is finished.
The obtained fermented vinasse material is brown, grey brown or black in appearance, loose in physical structure and free of malodor, and indicates that the compost is thoroughly decomposed in place.
The fermentation time is about 20-25 days, and the difference can be seen according to the local temperature.
3) The fermentation method of oil cake and cow dung comprises the following steps:
a cow dung fermentation method comprises the following steps:
firstly, an HB decomposing agent: the rice bran is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 10, uniformly mixing for later use;
adding urea into water to obtain urea water;
thirdly, adding rice bran containing a decomposition agent and urea water into fresh cow dung to adjust the water content to be 50-60%, and piling after uniformly mixing; the built pile is a long strip pile with the width of 2 meters, the pile height of 1.5-2 meters and unlimited length.
The HB decomposing inoculant accounts for 0.2 percent of the weight of the fresh cow dung, and 5kg of urea is added in each ton of fresh cow dung;
remarks explanation: when the water content is the above-mentioned water content, a handle of cow dung is tightly held by hand, and the water mark is seen through finger joint but no water drops, and the cow dung is scattered when falling to the ground; the function of the urea is to provide a nitrogen source for fermentation;
fourthly, fermentation:
controlling the fermentation initial temperature of the compost to be more than or equal to 15 ℃;
and (3) high-temperature fermentation: when the temperature in the compost rises to 65-75 ℃ for turning, adjusting the water content of the materials to 50-60% during each turning of the fermentation in the high-temperature period;
and when the temperature in the compost does not exceed 65 ℃, stacking until the compost is naturally cooled to the ambient temperature to obtain the fermented cow dung.
Remarks explanation: the method can be operated in four seasons, is not influenced by seasons, and can be used for fermenting indoors or in a greenhouse as much as possible in winter, and the fermentation temperature rise is controlled to be 65-75 ℃;
generally, after cow dung is piled up for 48 hours, the temperature is raised to 50-60 ℃, the temperature can reach more than 65 ℃ on the third day, pile turning is carried out once at the high temperature, generally, the high temperature of more than 65 ℃ appears for 2-3 times in the fermentation process, and the fermentation can be completed after 2-3 times of pile turning. The material was dark brown and the temperature started to drop to ambient temperature, indicating that fermentation was complete.
Secondly, the oil cake fermentation method comprises the following steps:
mixing oil cake and bagasse in a ratio of 9: 1 to obtain a mixture;
adding urea into water to obtain urea water;
thirdly, adding an HB decomposing agent and urea water into the mixture to adjust the water content to be 60-65%, and building piles after uniform mixing; the built pile is a strip pile with the height of 1.5 meters, the width of 2 meters and the total volume of not less than 3 cubes.
The HB decomposing inoculant accounts for 0.1 percent of the weight of the mixture, and 5kg of urea is used for each ton of the mixture;
remarks explanation: when the moisture content is the above moisture content, a user holds a material by hand, sees the watermark but does not drip water, and the ground can be scattered; the function of the urea is to provide a nitrogen source for fermentation;
fourthly, fermentation:
controlling the fermentation initial temperature of the compost to be more than or equal to 15 ℃;
and (3) high-temperature fermentation: turning when the temperature in the compost rises to be more than or equal to 60 ℃, and adjusting the water content of the materials to be 60-65% during each turning of the fermentation in the high-temperature period;
and when the temperature in the compost does not exceed 60 ℃, stacking until the compost is naturally cooled to the ambient temperature, and obtaining the fermented oil cake.
Remarks explanation: after the fermentation treatment is started, the temperature can be raised to 60 ℃ or above for about 1-3 days, the pile needs to be turned once at the moment, and the high-temperature period fermentation can be completed after 2-3 times of accumulation. The fermented materials are completely black or black brown, soft in hand feeling, fragile, slightly fragrant or fermented, and can be used after being dried in the air.
4) And the fermented lees materials: oil withering after fermentation: uniformly mixing the fermented cow dung in a mass ratio of 6:3:1 to prepare the vinasse organic fertilizer;
5) adding a tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum into the vinasse organic fertilizer, uniformly mixing, and standing for 22-26 hours in a shade place to obtain a mosaic disease preventing vinasse biological organic fertilizer;
the weight ratio of the vinasse organic fertilizer to the tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum is 100: 2.
Experiment I, flue-cured tobacco field planting experiment is carried out by using the lees biological organic fertilizer for preventing the mosaic disease obtained in the example 1:
1. design of experiments
1) Experiment setup 3 treatments:
treatment 1: a biological organic fertilizer for preventing the mosaic disease of vinasse;
and (3) treatment 2: the method is completely the same as the embodiment 1 except that the disease-preventing bacterium agent vinasse organic fertilizer is not added (the step 5 of the embodiment 1) and the 'tobacco mosaic disease-preventing bacterium agent' is cancelled);
CK: applying local conventional fertilizer (applying tobacco special fertilizer (N-P)2O5-K2O＝10-15-25)675kg/hm2600kg/hm of special organic fertilizer for tobacco2300kg/hm of special top dressing for tobacco2Calcium superphosphate 225kg/hm2)。
The test flue-cured tobacco variety is Yunyan 85. Each treatment was repeated 3 times for a total of 9 cells, in a random block arrangement. Each cell has 5 plants in moisture, 8 plants in moisture, and 40 cigarettes in total, and the plant-row spacing is 55cm multiplied by 120 cm.
Specifically, the following are:
CK is firstly applied with special tobacco fertilizer 675kg/hm2600kg/hm of special organic fertilizer for tobacco2300kg/hm of special top dressing for tobacco2Calcium superphosphate 225kg/hm2(ii) a Topdressing is carried out 25 days after transplanting, and 300kg/hm of topdressing is specially used for tobacco2；
The treatment 1 is to apply a mosaic disease preventing vinasse bio-organic fertilizer, 150kg per mu, as a base fertilizer, for one-time application;
treating 2, namely applying 150kg of vinasse organic fertilizer which is not added with the disease-preventing bactericide and is used as a base fertilizer for one-time application;
after the fertilizer is applied to the tobacco nest, the fertilizer and soil are uniformly stirred, and the later-stage additional fertilization is carried out according to the conventional local additional fertilization condition. Other farming operations are carried out according to the conventional GAP high-quality tobacco leaf management standard.
2) Influence of different treatments on the agronomic traits related to flue-cured tobacco
TABLE 1 influence of different treatments on the agronomic traits related to flue-cured tobacco
Note: the agronomic trait data is the average of the two year data of 2015 and 2016.
Table 1 shows that, compared with the control of local conventional fertilization, the treatment with the vinasse organic fertilizer has different degrees of promotion effects on the maximum leaf length, maximum leaf width, maximum leaf area, leaf number, plant height and stem circumference of the flue-cured tobacco in the seedling stage, the vigorous stage and the mature stage, wherein the growth promotion effect of the flue-cured tobacco treated with the anti-mosaic disease agent vinasse bio-organic fertilizer is larger than that of the flue-cured tobacco treated with the anti-germ vinasse organic fertilizer, and the addition of the anti-disease agent is better beneficial to the growth of the flue-cured tobacco to a certain extent.
3) Influence of different treatments on the disease condition of the mosaic disease of the flue-cured tobacco
TABLE 2 Effect of different treatments on the disease status of tobacco mosaic
Note: the incidence rate is (number of infected plants/total number of investigated plants) × 100%
Disease index [ Σ (number of diseased plants at each stage × corresponding stage)/(total number of investigated plants × highest-level value) ] × 100
Relative control effect is [ (control disease index-treatment disease index)/control disease index ] × 100%.
As can be seen from Table 2, compared with the local conventional fertilization, the morbidity and disease index of 2015 and 2016 years after applying the mosaic disease preventing vinasse bio-organic fertilizer and the vinasse organic fertilizer without adding the disease preventing microbial inoculum are lower, which indicates that the morbidity of the two treatments is obviously lower. The relative control effect of the treatment of applying the anti-mosaic-disease vinasse bio-organic fertilizer is higher than that of the treatment of the vinasse organic fertilizer without adding the anti-disease microbial agent, and the highest relative control effect can reach 44.90 percent in a group growth period of 2016 years. The anti-mosaic bacteria agent has good control effect, can reduce the incidence of the tobacco mosaic disease and has good effect of controlling the disease.
4) Influence of different treatments on conventional chemical components of flue-cured tobacco leaves
TABLE 3 Effect of different treatments on the general chemical composition of flue-cured tobacco leaves (C3F)
Note: this data is 2016. ang. assay indicator data.
As can be seen from Table 3, different treatments have certain influence on the chemical components of the C3F flue-cured tobacco leaves, compared with the control, the treatment 1 and the treatment 2 can properly improve the chemical components of the tobacco leaves, and the improvement range of the vinasse bio-organic fertilizer applying the tobacco leaf mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum is slightly higher than that of the vinasse organic fertilizer without the microbial inoculum, so that the resistance of the tobacco leaves can be enhanced by applying the tobacco leaf disease preventing microbial inoculum, the quality of the tobacco leaves is improved while the diseases are reduced, and the production of high-quality tobacco leaves is ensured.
5) Influence of different treatments on economic indexes of flue-cured tobacco
TABLE 4 influence of different treatments on economic index of flue-cured tobacco
Note: this data is 2016.
Table 4 shows that the two treatments improve the per mu yield, the per mu yield value, the average price, the first-class tobacco proportion and the upper-middle-class tobacco proportion of the flue-cured tobacco compared with the control, wherein the improvement range of the treatment 1 is slightly larger than that of the treatment 2, and the addition of the anti-mosaic-disease agent has a good promotion effect on improving the yield of the tobacco leaves.
In conclusion, compared with the local conventional fertilization treatment, the application of the vinasse biological organic fertilizer for preventing the tobacco mosaic disease and the vinasse organic fertilizer without any microbial inoculum has better promotion effect on all aspects of flue-cured tobacco. Not only can promote the growth of the flue-cured tobacco in each period, improve the quality of the tobacco leaves, but also can improve the economic character of the flue-cured tobacco, and most importantly, the flue-cured tobacco has better control effect on the mosaic disease of the flue-cured tobacco.
Comparative example 1, the vinasse material in step 1) of example 1 is changed into the composition with the weight content as shown in the following table 5;
TABLE 5
| Maotai-flavor fresh vinasse | Fine crushed penthorum chinense Pursh | Rosemary straw | Lime powder | |
| Lees Material I | 91％ | 3％ | 6％ | / |
| Lees material II | 91％ | 6％ | / | 3％ |
| Material III of distillers' grains | 91％ | / | 6％ | 3％ |
| Materials of lees IV | 100％ | / | / | / |
The vinasse materials I to IV are used for replacing the vinasse materials in the embodiment 1, and the rest of the formula and the preparation method are the same as those in the embodiment 1; and correspondingly obtaining the vinasse bio-organic fertilizer I to the vinasse bio-organic fertilizer IV.
Comparative example 2-1, in example 1, step 4), the use of fermented cow dung was eliminated, i.e., the fermented lees material: after fermentation, oil withering is 6: 4;
the remaining formulation and preparation method are identical to example 1; finally obtaining the vinasse bio-organic fertilizer V.
Comparative examples 2-2, in example 1, step 4), the use of post-fermentation oil cake was eliminated, i.e., the post-fermentation stillage material: after fermentation, 6:4 of cow dung;
the remaining formulation and preparation method are identical to example 1; finally obtaining the vinasse bio-organic fertilizer VI.
Comparative experiments, namely the vinasse bio-organic fertilizers I to VI prepared in all the comparative examples are subjected to experiments according to the method in the experiment I, and the obtained results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6 influence of different treatments on economic index of flue-cured tobacco
Finally, it is also noted that the above-mentioned lists merely illustrate a few specific embodiments of the invention. It is obvious that the invention is not limited to the above embodiments, but that many variations are possible. All modifications which can be derived or suggested by a person skilled in the art from the disclosure of the present invention are to be considered within the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the tobacco for preventing the mosaic disease by using the Luzhou Maotai-flavor vinasse is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
1) preparing a vinasse material:
the vinasse material comprises the following components in parts by weight:
2) adding a decomposing microbial inoculum accounting for 0.1-0.3% of the weight of the vinasse material into the vinasse material, and then performing compost fermentation until the water content of the fermented material is less than or equal to 40% to obtain a fermented vinasse material;
the composting fermentation method of the vinasse material comprises the following steps:
adding HB decomposing agent accounting for 0.1-0.3% of the weight of the vinasse material into the vinasse material, and stacking into isosceles trapezoid stacks with the bottom side width of 1.8-3.0 m, the upper side width of 0.8-1.0 m and the height of 1.0-1.5 m; when a plurality of strip stacks are arranged in parallel, the interval between the strip stacks is more than or equal to 0.5 m;
then the following four stages of fermentation are carried out in sequence:
firstly, in the early stage of fermentation, when any one of the following conditions is met, turning is required to be carried out: the first composting time reaches 48 hours or the temperature of the materials in the isosceles trapezoid bar stacks is more than or equal to 70 ℃;
secondly, fermenting in a high-temperature period, turning the stack once every 24-48 hours, turning the stack immediately when the temperature of the materials in the isosceles trapezoid stack is more than or equal to 65 ℃, and ending the fermentation in the high-temperature period until the temperature of the materials in the stack does not rise any more; fermenting at the high temperature, and adjusting the water content of the material to 55-60% each time the stack is turned;
fermenting in a temperature reduction period:
turning the pile once every 3-5 days until the water content of the material is less than or equal to 45%;
fourthly, the materials are changed to be spread on the ground for post-ripening and large-pile fermentation, and when the water content of the materials is less than or equal to 40 percent, the fermentation is finished;
3) respectively carrying out composting fermentation on the oil cake and the cow dung to respectively obtain fermented oil cake and fermented cow dung;
the compost fermentation method of oil cake comprises the following steps:
firstly, mixing oil cakes and bagasse in a mass ratio of 9: 0.8-1.2 to obtain a mixture;
adding urea into water to obtain urea water;
thirdly, adding an HB decomposing agent and urea water into the mixture to adjust the water content to be 60-65%, and building piles after uniform mixing;
the HB decomposing inoculant accounts for 0.08-0.12% of the weight of the mixture, and 2-5 kg of urea is used for each ton of the mixture;
fourthly, fermentation:
controlling the fermentation initial temperature of the compost to be more than or equal to 15 ℃;
and (3) high-temperature fermentation: turning when the temperature in the compost rises to be more than or equal to 60 ℃, and adjusting the water content of the materials to be 60-65% during each turning of the fermentation in the high-temperature period;
when the temperature in the compost does not exceed 60 ℃, stacking until the compost is naturally cooled to the ambient temperature, and obtaining fermented oil cake;
the composting fermentation method of cow dung comprises the following steps:
firstly, an HB decomposing agent: the rice bran is prepared according to the following steps of 1: 5-10, and uniformly mixing to obtain rice bran containing the decomposition agent;
adding urea into water to obtain urea water;
thirdly, adding rice bran containing a decomposition agent and urea water into fresh cow dung to adjust the water content to be 40-65%, and piling after uniformly mixing;
the HB decomposing inoculant accounts for 0.15-0.25% of the weight of the fresh cow dung, and 4.5-5.5 kg of urea is added to each ton of the fresh cow dung;
fourthly, fermentation:
controlling the fermentation initial temperature of the compost to be more than or equal to 15 ℃;
and (3) high-temperature fermentation: when the temperature in the compost rises to 65-75 ℃ for turning, adjusting the water content of the materials to 40-65% during each turning of the fermentation in the high-temperature period;
when the temperature in the compost does not exceed 65 ℃, stacking until the compost is naturally cooled to the ambient temperature to obtain fermented cow dung;
4) and the fermented lees materials: oil withering after fermentation: uniformly mixing fermented cow dung in a weight ratio of 6: 2.8-3.2: 0.9-1.1 to prepare a vinasse organic fertilizer;
5) adding a tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum into the vinasse organic fertilizer, uniformly mixing, and standing for 22-26 hours in a shade place to obtain a mosaic disease preventing vinasse biological organic fertilizer;
the weight ratio of the vinasse organic fertilizer to the tobacco mosaic disease preventing microbial inoculum is 100: 1.8 to 2.2.
2. The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the mosaic-disease-resistant flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
in the third step of the compost fermentation method of oil cake, the built pile is a strip pile with the height of 1.3-1.7 meters, the width of 1.8-2.2 meters and the total volume of not less than 3 cubes.
3. The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the mosaic-disease-resistant flue-cured tobacco according to claim 2, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
the oil cake is residue obtained by squeezing various seeds containing more oil components to remove oil, and comprises rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, soybean cake, sesame cake and peanut cake.
4. The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the mosaic-disease-resistant flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
in the third step of the cow dung compost fermentation method, the built pile is a long strip pile with the width of 1.8-2.2 meters, the pile height of 1.5-2 meters and unlimited length.
5. The method for preparing the special vinasse bio-organic fertilizer for the mosaic-disease-resistant flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, which is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
the vinasse material comprises the following components in parts by weight:
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