CN107297929B - 致动材料和双向弯曲型致动器及其制备方法 - Google Patents

致动材料和双向弯曲型致动器及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107297929B
CN107297929B CN201710456908.7A CN201710456908A CN107297929B CN 107297929 B CN107297929 B CN 107297929B CN 201710456908 A CN201710456908 A CN 201710456908A CN 107297929 B CN107297929 B CN 107297929B
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陈鲁倬
张薇
翁明岑
周培迪
黄志高
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Fujian Normal University
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Abstract

本发明公开了致动材料和双向弯曲型致动器及其制备方法,所述致动材料包括层叠设置的第一材料层和第二材料层,所述第一材料层和第二材料层之间设有粘结剂层,所述第一材料层的湿度膨胀系数大于第二材料层的湿度膨胀系数,并且第一材料层的热膨胀系数小于第二材料层的热膨胀系数,所述第一材料层为碳基纤维素复合材料层,所述第二材料层为聚合物材料层。所述致动器包括所述致动材料以及至少两个电极,两个电极间隔设置并与所述致动材料电连接,两个电极间隔固定于致动材料第一材料层的表面上,该致动器能对多种刺激做出响应,可通过光、电、湿度驱动,并且可实现双向弯曲形变。

Description

致动材料和双向弯曲型致动器及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及致动材料领域,具体涉及一种致动材料、能对多种刺激产生响应的双向弯曲型致动器及其制备方法。
背景技术
致动器的工作原理为将其它能量转换为机械能,实现这一转换经常采用的途径有三种:通过静电场转化为静电力,即静电驱动;通过电磁场转化为磁力,即磁驱动;利用材料的热膨胀或其它热特性实现能量的转换,即热驱动。
利用热驱动的致动器克服了静电驱动和磁驱动致动器形变量小的缺点,该致动器结构只要能够保证获得一定的热能就可以产生相应的形变。另外,相对于静电力和磁场力,热驱动力较大。电热式致动器采用两片热膨胀系数不同的金属结合成双层结构作为电致伸缩元件,当通入电流受热时,由于一片金属的热膨胀量大于另一片,双金属片将向热膨胀量小的一方弯曲。然而,由于上述致动材料采用金属结构,其柔性较差,形变量较小,致动器热响应速度较慢;此外形变只能向一个方向弯曲,形变模式单一,不利于实际生产生活中的应用。
湿度致动器,是一种能感受气体中水蒸气含量,并利用材料的干缩湿胀效应的致动器,主要应用于机械工程、传感器、气体及湿度致动器等方面。湿度致动器的特点是在基片上覆盖一层用感湿材料制成的膜,当空气中的水蒸气吸附在感湿膜上时,膜的体积发生变化,利用这一特性即可制成弯曲型致动器。
传统的热致动器与湿度致动器有结构复杂,制备繁琐,价格昂贵,且运动形式单一等缺点,急需改进。
碳基材料包括富勒烯、碳纳米管、石墨烯及其衍生物,是近几年来倍受关注的材料。以碳纳米管为例,其具有许多优异的性能,可应用于许多领域。碳纳米管是由石墨片卷成的无缝中空管体,由于在碳纳米管内电子的量子限域作用,电子只能在石墨片中沿着碳纳米管的轴向运动,因此碳纳米管表现出独特的电学性能和热学性能。研究测试结果表明,碳纳米管的平均电导率可达到1000~2000S/m(西门子/米)。此外,碳纳米管还具有优良的力学性能,如较高的强度和模量。
现有基于碳基材料的致动器在性能上有了较大的提升,整体柔性较好,形变量增大。然而,还是存在一些局限性,例如致动器的结构比较单一,大多是采用双层材料叠层设置的结构,因而致动器仅能向热膨胀量小的一侧弯曲,弯曲方向单一,难以满足目前对致动器多样化的需求。
发明内容
有鉴于此,本发明的目的在于结合热致动器及湿度致动器的优势,提供一种能对多种刺激做出响应的双向弯曲型致动器及其制备方法以及该致动器采用的致动材料。本发明的致动器成本低,结构简单,可快速制备且灵敏度高。
一种致动材料,其包括第一材料层、第二材料层以及位于第一材料层和第二材料层之间的粘结剂层,所述第一材料层、粘结剂层、第二材料层层叠设置,所述第一材料层的湿度膨胀系数大于第二材料层的湿度膨胀系数,并且第一材料层的热膨胀系数小于第二材料层的热膨胀系数,所述第一材料层为碳基纤维素复合材料层,所述第二材料层为聚合物材料层。
所述碳基纤维素复合材料层中的纤维素材料与碳基材料的重量比为500:1~1:1,纤维素材料为纤维素、半纤维素或木质素,碳基材料为碳纳米管、石墨、碳黑及其衍生物。
所述聚合物材料层中的聚合物为聚丙烯,聚乙烯,硅橡胶、氟硅橡胶、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚氨脂、环氧树脂、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丁酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯腈中的一种或几种的组合。
所述粘结剂层的粘结剂为聚乙烯醇,α-氰基丙烯酸乙酯,亚克力胶,光固化胶,热固化胶或其它非导电性固化胶中的一种或几种的组合。
进一步,所述第一材料层的厚度为1 ~500μm,第二材料层的厚度为10 ~500μm,粘结剂层的厚度为1 ~300 μm。
进一步,所述第一材料层为厚度100μm的碳纳米管纤维素复合材料层,第二材料层为厚度35μm的双向拉伸聚丙烯层,粘结剂层为厚度5 μm的亚克力胶层。
所述第一材料层与第二材料层的厚度比为1:0.1 ~ 1: 200,优选地,该厚度比为1:0.5~1:10。
采用本发明所述的致动材料的双向弯曲型致动器,其包括所述致动材料以及至少两个电极,两个电极间隔设置并与所述致动材料电连接,两个电极间隔固定于致动材料第一材料层的表面上。
进一步,所述致动器的两个电极间隔固定于致动材料第一材料层的表面上,在湿度增加的状态下,致动器向第二材料层的表面方向弯曲;在加热、通电、光照状态下,致动器向第一材料层的表面方向弯曲。
所述的双向弯曲型致动器的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤一:制备均匀的纤维素材料悬浊液;
步骤二:通过真空抽滤或拉膜法制备干燥的纤维素薄膜;
步骤三:将碳纳米管进行酸化处理,形成带有羧基官能团的碳纳米管;
步骤四:洗去上述碳纳米管上的酸,将碳纳米管重新分散于水中,形成稳定的碳纳米管水溶液;
步骤五:将纤维素薄膜浸入碳纳米管水溶液中,然后取出并干燥形成碳基纤维素复合材料层,并组装上第一电极与第二电极;
步骤六:利用聚合反应形成聚丙烯薄膜,再对聚丙烯薄膜进行双向拉伸,形成双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜层;
步骤七:采用提拉法将亚克力胶均匀覆盖在双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜层上,形成粘结剂层;
步骤八:通过粘结、压合方式将组装有第一电极和第二电极的碳基纤维素复合材料层与聚丙烯薄膜层通过粘结剂层组装在一起,得到所述致动器。
上述方法制备的致动器,当第一电极及第二电极通电时,致动器会共同向第一材料层一侧弯曲;致动器在光照下,会共同向第一材料层一侧弯曲;致动器在高湿度环境下会向第二材料层弯曲。
与现有技术相比较,本发明的致动器具有以下优点:其一,致动器能对多种刺激做出响应,因此能适用于各种不同的环境;其二,采用柔性聚合物与碳基纤维素复合材料作为主要材料,使得所述致动器具有柔性,且兼具良好的力学性能;其三,致动器可实现双向弯曲形变,在此基础上进一步设计可实现各种复杂形变。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1致动器剖面图。
图2为本发明实施例1致动器效果图。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例来对本申请做进一步详细说明。以下实施例仅对本申请做进一步说明,不应理解为对本申请的限制。
请参阅图1,本发明实施例提供一种致动器10,其包括第一材料层11,第一电极12,第二电极13,粘结剂层14,第二材料层15。第一材料层11,粘结剂层14,第二材料层15具有相同的长度和宽度,且它们层叠设置,第一材料层11的湿度膨胀系数大于第二材料层15,第一材料层11的热膨胀系数小于第二材料层15。
所述第一材料层11为碳基纤维素复合材料层。所述碳基纤维素复合材料层中的纤维素材料为:纤维素;所述碳基纤维素复合材料层中的碳基材料为:碳纳米管。
所述碳基纤维素复合材料层中的纤维素材料与碳纳米管的重量比为500:1~1:1,优选为4:1。
在实施例中,所述第一材料层11的厚度可以为1μm~500μm,优选为45μm。
在实施例中,所述第二材料层的厚度可以为0.01~0.5mm。
在实施例中,所述粘结剂层14的厚度可以为1 ~300 μm。
第一材料层11碳基纤维素复合材料与第二材料层15聚合物材料的厚度比可为1:0.1 ~ 1: 200,优选地,该厚度比为1:0.5~1:10。
所述第一电极12与第二电极13间隔设置并固定于第一材料层11的表面。本实施例中第一电极12与第二电极13与第一材料层11电连接,用于将外部电流输入至第一材料层11中。
所述第一电极12,第二电极13可以为棒状、条状、块状或其他二维及三维形状,其截面的形状可以为圆形、方形、梯形、三角形、多边形或其它不规则形状。该第一电极12,第二电极13的材料可选择为金、银、铜、铜合金、铂、铂合金、碲、钢、铁、锌、钨、钼、氧化铝、氧化铟锡、氧化锌、导电性聚合物、石墨或其他导电碳材料、其他可用于固体的导电材料等。
在本实施例中,第一材料层11为碳纳米管纤维素复合材料,长度为30mm,宽度为10mm,厚度为100μm;第一电极12,第二电极13材料为铜,形状为长条状,宽度为1mm,长度为10mm,间距为30mm;粘结剂层14为亚克力胶,长度为30mm,宽度为10mm,厚度为5μm;第二材料层15的聚合物为双向拉伸聚丙烯,长度为30mm,宽度为10mm,厚度为35μm。
实施例所述致动器,在相对湿度40%的环境下制备,具体包括以下步骤:
步骤一:通过搅拌、超声搅拌、超声分散等方法制备均匀的纤维素材料悬浊液。
步骤二:通过真空抽滤,拉膜等方法制备干燥的纤维素薄膜材料。
步骤三:将碳纳米管与酸(硝酸或硫酸)以3:1的体积比例混合,并在50℃的加热平台上加热4小时,从而对碳纳米管进行酸化处理,形成带有羧基官能团的碳纳米管。
步骤四:洗去碳纳米管上的酸,将碳纳米管重新分散在水中,并超声分散15分钟形成稳定的碳纳米管水溶液。
步骤五:将纤维素薄膜浸入碳纳米管水溶液中,而后取出并在80℃的加热平台上干燥形成碳基纤维素复合材料,并组装上第一电极与第二电极。
步骤六:制备聚合物薄膜;
形成所述聚合物薄膜的方法根据第二材料层聚合物单体种类的不同分为包括缩聚反应、聚加反应、自由基聚合反应、阴离子聚合反应或阳离子聚合反应。在实施例中,利用聚合反应形成聚丙烯薄膜,再对聚丙烯薄膜进行双向拉伸,形成双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜。
步骤七:将粘结剂均匀覆盖在聚合物薄膜上;
将粘结剂层均匀分布在第二材料层上的方法包括旋涂法,提拉法,涂抹法等,但不仅局限于上述方法。在本实施例中,采用提拉法将亚克力胶均匀覆盖在双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜上,形成粘结剂层。
步骤八: 通过粘结、压合方式将组装有第一电极和第二电极的碳基纤维素复合材料层与聚合物薄膜通过粘结剂层组装在一起,得到所述致动器。
所述致动器10的工作原理:在高湿度环境下,由于第一材料层11的湿度膨胀系数大于第二材料层15的湿度膨胀系数,第一材料层11吸水膨胀,第二材料层15不吸水,从而使得两层材料伸长的长度不一致,且第一材料层11与第二材料层15通过粘结剂层14紧密结合在一起,所以不会产生相对滑动,进而导致该致动器10向第二材料层15一侧发生弯曲,形变效果请参阅图2(b)。若将电压通过第一电极12与第二电极13施加于该致动器10的第一材料层11的两端,电流可通过上述第一材料层11进行传输。由于第一材料层11中含有具有电导率高的碳纳米管,焦耳热效应使第一材料层11,第二材料层15的温度快速升高,由于第一材料层11的热膨胀系数小于第二材料层15的热膨胀系数,从而使得加热后它们材料伸长的长度不一致,且第二材料层15与第一材料层11通过粘结剂层14紧密结合在一起,所以受热伸长时不会产生相对滑动,进而导致该致动器10向第一材料层11一侧弯曲,形变效果请参阅图2(d)。该致动器在光照下,因第一材料层11中含有碳纳米管,可将光能转化为热能,实现与通电加热类似的形变效果,在此不再赘述。
所述致动器可通过湿度、光、电等多种方式驱动,并且可以实现双向弯曲形变。

Claims (10)

1.一种致动材料,其包括层叠设置的第一材料层和第二材料层,所述第一材料层和第二材料层之间设有粘结剂层,其特征在于:所述第一材料层的湿度膨胀系数大于第二材料层的湿度膨胀系数,并且第一材料层的热膨胀系数小于第二材料层的热膨胀系数,所述第一材料层为碳基纤维素复合材料层,所述第二材料层为聚合物材料层。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种致动材料,其特征在于:所述碳基纤维素复合材料层中的纤维素材料与碳基材料的重量比为500:1~1:1,纤维素材料为纤维素、半纤维素或木质素,碳基材料为碳纳米管、石墨、碳黑及其衍生物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种致动材料,其特征在于:所述聚合物材料层中的聚合物为聚丙烯,聚乙烯,硅橡胶、氟硅橡胶、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚氨脂、环氧树脂、聚丙烯酸乙酯、聚丙烯酸丁酯、聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚丙烯腈中的一种或几种的组合。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种致动材料,其特征在于:所述粘结剂层的粘结剂为聚乙烯醇,α-氰基丙烯酸乙酯,亚克力胶,光固化胶,热固化胶中的一种或几种的组合。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种致动材料,其特征在于:所述第一材料层的厚度为1 ~500μm,第二材料层的厚度为10 ~500μm,粘结剂层的厚度为1 ~300 μm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种致动材料,其特征在于:第一材料层与第二材料层的厚度比为1:0.1 ~ 1: 200。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种致动材料,其特征在于:所述第一材料层为厚度100μm的碳纳米管纤维素复合材料层,第二材料层为厚度35μm的双向拉伸聚丙烯层,粘结剂层为厚度5 μm的亚克力胶层。
8.一种采用权利要求1-7之一所述的致动材料的双向弯曲型致动器,其特征在于:其包括所述致动材料以及至少两个电极,两个电极间隔设置并与所述致动材料电连接,两个电极间隔固定于致动材料第一材料层的表面上。
9.根据权利要求8所述的双向弯曲型致动器,其特征在于:两个电极间隔固定于致动材料第一材料层的表面上,在湿度增加的状态下,致动器向第二材料层的表面方向弯曲;在加热,或者通电,或者光照状态下,致动器向第一材料层的表面方向弯曲。
10.如权利要求9所述的双向弯曲型致动器的制备方法,其特征在于:其包括以下步骤:
步骤一:制备均匀的纤维素材料悬浊液;
步骤二:通过真空抽滤或拉膜法制备干燥的纤维素薄膜;
步骤三:将碳纳米管进行酸化处理,形成带有羧基官能团的碳纳米管;
步骤四:洗去上述碳纳米管上的酸,将碳纳米管重新分散于水中,形成稳定的碳纳米管水溶液;
步骤五:将纤维素薄膜浸入碳纳米管水溶液中,然后取出并干燥形成碳基纤维素复合材料层,并组装上第一电极与第二电极;
步骤六:利用聚合反应形成聚丙烯薄膜,再对聚丙烯薄膜进行双向拉伸,形成双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜层;
步骤七:采用提拉法将亚克力胶均匀覆盖在双向拉伸聚丙烯薄膜层上,形成粘结剂层;
步骤八:通过粘结、压合方式将组装有第一电极和第二电极的碳基纤维素复合材料层与聚丙烯薄膜层通过粘结剂层组装在一起,得到所述致动器。
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