CN107282050B - 一种乙酸自热重整制氢的类水滑石型铁促进镍基催化剂及制备方法 - Google Patents
一种乙酸自热重整制氢的类水滑石型铁促进镍基催化剂及制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/80—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with zinc, cadmium or mercury
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种乙酸自热重整制氢的类水滑石型铁促进镍基催化剂及制备方法。本发明针对现有催化剂在乙酸自热重整过程中催化剂结构的变化和活性组分的氧化、烧结，并导致催化剂失活的问题，提供一种耐氧化、耐烧结、抗积炭、活性高的新的催化剂。本发明的催化剂的化学成分是(ZnO)a(NiO)b(AlO1.5)c(FeO1.5)d，其中a为0.75‑3.25，b为0.25‑0.75，c为0‑1.0，d为0‑1.0。本发明采用共沉淀法制备了Zn‑Al型碳酸盐型类水滑石结构为前驱体，并引入活性组分镍和助剂铁，通过镍对锌及铁对铝的同晶取代，进入了类水滑石结构位置；经焙烧获得的复合氧化物，有效抑制了活性组分镍在高温反应条件下可能的迁移聚集、氧化和烧结，从而提高了催化剂的活性和稳定性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种乙酸自热重整制氢的碳酸根型类水滑石结构衍生的铁促进镍基催化剂及其制备方法，属于乙酸自热重整制取氢气的领域。
背景技术
随着社会经济快速发展，对能源的需求也在不断的增加，而化石能源正日趋减少，寻求化石能源的替代品迫在眉睫。氢气作为一种清洁高效的新能源，其单位质量能量密度高，燃烧热值高，适用范围广，吸引了广泛的关注。氢气的传统制取方式是从天然气、煤炭等化石资源转化获得，往往带来环境污染。生物质是一种清洁的可再生资源，且相对廉价，因此，生物质制氢已成为当今世界备受关注的生物质利用技术之一。生物质能量密度低，可采用快速裂解方式将生物质转化为生物质油，其中生物质油的油相组分主要是木质素热解衍生物，经分离加工等过程可获得酚类、芳烃以及醚类产品；而余下的水相产物，其主要成分为乙酸等，可经催化重整转化乙酸过程而规模化获得廉价氢气。
乙酸制氢常用的方法是通过水蒸气重整制氢，但水蒸气重整反应是一个吸热反应，需要持续供热，才能维持反应的进行。自热重整过程，将空气或者氧气引入反应体系，可通过调节进料中氧气的比例以调整重整过程中的热量，从而将水蒸气重整与部分氧化反应(放热反应)相结合实现反应热平衡。
用于乙酸催化转化制氢的催化剂主要有贵金属催化剂和非贵金属催化剂。贵金属催化剂主要包括Pd、Rh、Pt等，有较高的催化活性和抗积炭的能力，但价格昂贵，限制了其应用。过渡金属如Ni、Co、Cu等非贵金属催化剂的价格较低廉；其中，活性氧化铝负载的Ni基催化剂在乙酸转化过程中，能有效促进乙酸分子中碳碳键、碳氢键的断裂，从而获得较高的乙酸转化率和H2产率。不过，由于乙酸易在氧化铝载体表面的酸性位发生酮化反应而形成丙酮，并进一步发生脱水反应生成乙烯酮等中间体，这些中间体在催化剂表面上聚合形成积炭从而堵塞活性位；同时，由于自热重整过程中引入了氧气，并主要消耗在催化剂床层的前端，床层前端高温氧化性气氛往往导致活性组分Ni的氧化、烧结而失活；催化床层前端催化剂失活后，反应区不断后移，最终导致整个催化剂床层失活。因此，提高Ni基催化剂的热稳定性、抗氧化性、抗积炭性，并降低对丙酮等副产物的选择性，是获得高活性、高稳定性催化剂的关键所在。
为了解决上述问题，需要对Ni基催化体系中催化剂结构和载体、助剂的选择和组合进行创新。对于催化剂结构，类水滑石结构是一种较好选择。类水滑石属于阴离子黏土(水滑石类化合物)，又称层状双氢氧化物(Layered double hydroxides，缩写为LDHs)，其组成通式为[M2+ 1－xM3+ x(OH)2]x+[An-x/n·yH2O]，式中M2+和M3+分别代表水滑石类化合物层板上的金属阳离子，An－表示水滑石类化合物的层间阴离子。当M2+为Zn2+，M3+为Al3+，An-为CO3 2-时，即可形成Zn-Al碳酸根型类水滑石结构[Zn1－xAlx(OH)2]x+[CO3 2-x/2·yH2O]化合物；在Zn-Al类水滑石结构中，无论是二价还是三价金属阳离子均可被其它离子部分取代，这种结构特性有利于添加剂进入骨架或层间，从而可将催化剂活性组分等成分引入。
因此，本发明采用共沉淀法制备了类水滑石[(Zn/Ni)1－x(Al/Fe)x(OH)2]x+[(CO3)x/2·yH2O]结构前驱体，通过活性组分Ni对Zn的部分取代，引入助剂Fe对Al的部分取代，活性组分Ni和助剂Fe进入类水滑石结构骨架及层板位置，经焙烧后获得了复合氧化物Zn-Ni-Al-Fe-O；该催化剂以氧化锌为骨架，同时形成了镍铝铁尖晶石物相；氧化锌骨架的稳定性，可抑制活性组分镍和助剂铝、铁等的聚集生长，提高结构稳定性，提高催化剂抗烧结能力；同时，氧化锌的给电子作用，有利于活性组分镍的还原。此外，在所发明催化剂中，活性组分镍和助剂铝、铁等成分形成镍铝铁尖晶石结构，该尖晶石热稳定性好，并配合氧化锌骨架对尖晶石的分散阻隔作用，进一步提高了抗烧结能力。此外，催化剂引入了助剂铁，形成氧化物如尖晶石相的四氧化三铁具有碱性，能中和氧化铝的酸性，抑制乙酸的酮基化反应，提高抗积碳能力；同时，含铁氧化物经还原后，可生成镍铁合金，铁与镍在结构和电子特性上产生协同效应，有效抑制活性组分镍被氧化，提高催化剂的抗氧化能力。在该催化剂成分和结构上的创新，提高了该催化剂在乙酸自热重整过程中的热稳定性、耐氧化性、抗积碳性。反应测试结果也表明本发明催化剂应用于乙酸自热重整反应中，体现出优异的活性、选择性和稳定性。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是，针对现有催化剂在乙酸自热重整反应中催化剂结构的变化和活性组分的氧化及烧结，导致催化剂的失活的问题，提供一种结构稳定、耐烧结、抗积炭、耐氧化、活性稳定的新的催化剂。
本发明以Ni为活性组分，Fe为助剂，以Zn-Al碳酸根型水滑石结构为前驱体，采用共沉淀法制备，经焙烧后获得了含镍尖晶石的Zn-Ni-Al-Fe-O复合氧化物催化剂，用于乙酸自热重整制氢反应，在反应温度为650℃的情况下，催化剂性能稳定，乙酸转化率接近100％，氢气产率也稳定在2.40mol-H2/mol-AC。
本发明技术方案：
本发明针对乙酸自热重整的特点，以共沉淀法制备了Zn-Al碳酸根型类水滑石结构前驱体衍生的含镍尖晶石的Zn-Ni-Al-Fe-O复合氧化物催化剂。本发明以氧化物的化学组成是(ZnO)a(NiO)b(AlO1.5)c(FeO1.5)d，其中a为0.75-3.25，b为0.25-0.75，c为0-1.0，d为0-1.0。本发明优选的催化剂以氧化物的化学组成为(ZnO)2.4(NiO)0.6(AlO1.5)0.5(FeO1.5)0.5，其重量百分比为：氧化镍14.7％，氧化锌63.9％，氧化铝8.3％，氧化铁为13.1％。
具体的制备方法步骤如下：
1)配制硝酸盐的混合溶液：根据化学组成为(ZnO)a(NiO)b(AlO1.5)c(FeO1.5)d，其中a为0.75-3.25、b为0.25-0.75、c为0-1.0、d为0-1.0，配制镍、锌、铝及铁的硝酸盐的混合溶液；
2)配制沉淀剂：根据碳酸根和氢氧根的摩尔比1:16和金属阳离子Ni、Zn、Al和Fe的总电荷与氢氧根的摩尔比为1:8，配制出碳酸钠和氢氧化钠的混合溶液；
3)在65-80℃、pH＝10.0±0.5条件下，将硝酸盐的混合溶液和沉淀剂进行共沉淀反应，并老化12-24小时；老化结束后，对混合物抽滤洗涤3次，所得沉淀转入真空干燥箱，在105℃烘干12小时，得到以Zn-Al碳酸根型类水滑石结构为主体、少量的氢氧化锌物相的前驱体，其典型物相结构如X射线衍射图(附图1)所示；所得前驱体于650-800℃焙烧4小时，经压片、筛分得到20-40目的Zn-Ni-Al-Fe-O复合氧化物颗粒，其主体成分为ZnO和尖晶石结构(NiAl2O4/NiFe2O4/Fe3O4/ZnAl2O4)，如X射线衍射图(附图2)所示；
4)本发明的催化剂在乙酸自热重整反应前于600-800℃、20-40ml/min的H2中还原1小时，进行活化处理；随后通入摩尔比为乙酸/水/氧气/氮气＝1.0/(2.5-5.0)/(0.2-0.5)/(2.5-4.5)的混合气体，在催化剂床层进行反应，反应温度为550-750℃。
本发明的有益效果：
1)本发明的催化剂采用共沉淀法制备出了Zn-Al碳酸根型类水滑石结构为主体的前驱体，通过Ni对Zn的部分取代，Fe对Al的部分取代，活性组分Ni和助剂Fe进入类水滑石结构骨架及层板位置，经焙烧后获得的Zn-Ni-Al-Fe-O复合氧化物催化剂，増强了活性组分与助剂间的相互作用，Ni活性组分高度分散在载体中，并抑制了Ni的氧化、烧结。
2)本发明催化剂引入的ZnO具有较强的给电子能力，调变了邻近活性组分Ni的能级，起到助催化作用；另一方面，表征结果表明乙酸自热重整反应前后，ZnO均稳定存在，稳定的ZnO骨架结构一定程度上保证了活性组分Ni的稳定分散。
3)本发明催化剂引入助剂Fe和活性组分Ni在结构和电子特性上产生协同效应，从而有效抑制了活性组分Ni的氧化；另外，经热处理后的Fe3O4物相具有碱性，能中和氧化铝的酸性，抑制酮化反应并抑制积炭。
4)乙酸自热重整反应结果表明，本发明的催化剂具有耐烧结、抗积炭、耐氧化、活性稳定、氢气产率高等特点。
附图说明
图1本发明催化剂前驱体的X射线衍射谱图
图2本发明催化剂氧化物的X射线衍射谱图
具体实施方式
参照例一
称取29.969g Ni(NO3)2·6H2O、122.632g Zn(NO3)2·6H2O和64.432gAl(NO3)3·9H2O，加入687.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#1；称取87.941g NaOH和14.564g Na2CO3，加入2336.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#2；在78℃、pH＝10.0±0.5条件下，将溶液#1和#2进行共沉淀反应，并继续搅拌老化18小时；老化结束后，对混合溶液抽滤洗涤3次，所得沉淀转入真空干燥箱中，在105℃下烘干12小时，然后700℃下焙烧4小时，得到CUT-ZNA催化剂。该催化剂摩尔组成为(ZnO)2.4(NiO)0.6(AlO1.5)1，重量百分比组成为：氧化镍15.4％，氧化锌67.1％,氧化铝17.5％。
自热重整反应活性评价在连续流动固定床反应器中进行。将催化剂研磨、压片、破碎、筛分为20-40目的颗粒，装入反应管中，在600-800℃、20-40ml/min的H2氛中还原1h；将摩尔比为1:(2.5-5.0)的乙酸和水的混合溶液用高压恒流泵引入汽化器经汽化后，混合氧气，并以氮气为内标气体，形成摩尔组成为CH3COOH/H2O/O2/N2＝1.0/(2.5-5.0)/(0.2-0.5)/(2.5-4.5)的反应原料气，并将此原料气通入反应床层进行自热重整反应，反应产物采用气相色谱仪进行在线分析。
该CUT-ZNA催化剂进行乙酸自热重整反应活性考察，还原温度700℃，反应条件为温度650℃、CH3COOH/H2O/O2/N2＝1/4/0.28/3.9、常压、空速11250ml·g-1·h-1，反应时间为10h；该催化剂的乙酸转化率平均为69.5％左右，氢气初产率为2.31mol-H2/mol-AC，随着反应的进行，氢气产率大幅下降到0.63mol-H2/mol-AC；同时二氧化碳和一氧化碳选择性分别从58.1％和24.9％下降到25.2％和7.7％，甲烷选择性稳定在3.7％左右，而丙酮等产物的选择性从13.4％上升到63.2％。该CUT-ZNA催化剂前驱体的表征结果显示，催化剂前驱体形成了典型的类水滑石结构，不过，经焙烧后获得的复合氧化物比表面积为39.9m2/g，孔体积为0.146cm3/g，平均孔径为12.3nm，不利于活性组分镍的分散，且活性组分易迁移聚集；催化剂较高的氧化铝含量，具有较强的酸性，热稳定性较差，不耐烧结和氧化，从而导致催化剂活性下降。
参照例二
称取29.386gNi(NO3)2·6H2O、120.247gZn(NO3)2·6H2O、50.543g Al(NO3)3·9H2O和13.608gFe(NO3)3·9H2O，加入674.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#1；称取86.231gNaOH和14.281gNa2CO3，加入2290.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#2；后续步骤同参照例1，获得了CUT-ZNA0.8F0.2催化剂。该催化剂摩尔组成为(ZnO)2.4(NiO)0.6(AlO1.5)0.8(FeO1.5)0.2，重量百分比组成为：氧化镍15.1％，氧化锌65.8％，氧化铝13.7％,氧化铁为5.4％。
该CUT-ZNA0.8F0.2催化剂经乙酸自热重整活性考察，还原温度700℃，反应条件为温度650℃，CH3COOH/H2O/O2/N2＝1/4/0.28/3.9，常压、空速11250ml·g-1·h-1，反应时间为10h。该催化剂乙酸转化率由92.2％降到51.7％，氢气初产率为2.24mol-H2/mol-AC，随着反应的进行，氢气产率下降到0.34mol-H2/mol-AC；同时二氧化碳和一氧化碳选择性分别从59.0％和25.1％下降到34.4％和9.4％，甲烷选择性稳定在6.6％左右；丙酮等选择性从10.1％上升到49.7％左右，从而导致活性较低。对CUT-ZNA0.8F0.2催化剂的表征结果显示：该CUT-ZNA0.8F0.2催化剂前驱体具有类水滑石结构；获得的复合氧化物比表面积为40.8m2/g，孔体积为0.143cm3/g，平均孔径为11.4nm；与参照例一相比，氧化铝含量降低，而助剂铁含量增加，其活性和稳定性均小幅提升，不过活性和稳定性处于较低水平。
实施例一
称取28.553g Ni(NO3)2·6H2O、116.839gZn(NO3)2·6H2O、30.694g Al(NO3)3·9H2O和33.055gFe(NO3)3·9H2O，加入655.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#1；称取83.786gNaOH和13.876g Na2CO3，加入2226.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#2；后续步骤同参照例1，获得以类水滑石型结构为主体、少量氢氧化锌物相的前驱体，如附图1所示，经焙烧后获得了以氧化锌为骨架的、含尖晶石相(NiAl2O4/NiFe2O4/Fe3O4/ZnAl2O4)的Zn-Ni-Al-Fe-O复合氧化物，如附图2所示，即获得CUT-ZNA0.5F0.5催化剂。该催化剂摩尔组成为(ZnO)2.4(NiO)0.6(AlO1.5)0.5(FeO1.5)0.5，重量百分比组成为：氧化镍14.7％，氧化锌63.9％，氧化铝8.3％,氧化铁13.1％。
该CUT-ZNA0.5F0.5催化剂经乙酸自热重整活性考察，还原温度700℃，反应条件为温度650℃，CH3COOH/H2O/O2/N2＝1/4/0.28/3.9，常压、空速11250ml·g-1·h-1，反应时间为10h。该催化剂乙酸转化率接近100％，氢气产率稳定在约2.40mol-H2/mol-AC，同时二氧化碳和一氧化碳的选择性分别稳定在60.9％和27.3％，甲烷选择性稳定在3.9％。XRD、BET、XPS等表征结果表明：该催化剂复合氧化物比表面积增加到48.3m2/g，孔体积为0.145cm3/g，平均孔径为9.8nm，活性组分镍有效分散并未发现聚集烧结，活性组分镍价态稳定，表明催化剂热稳定性好、耐氧化、抗烧结，无明显积炭。
实施例二
称取27.265g Ni(NO3)2·6H2O、111.568gZn(NO3)2·6H2O、63.128gFe(NO3)3·9H2O，加入625.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#1；称取80.006gNaOH和13.250g Na2CO3，加入2125.0ml的去离子水，配制成溶液#2；后续步骤同参照例1，获得以类水滑石型结构为主体、少量氢氧化锌物相的前驱体，如附图1所示，经焙烧后获得了以氧化锌为骨架的、含尖晶石相的Zn-Ni-Fe-O复合氧化物，如附图2所示，即获得CUT-ZNF催化剂。该催化剂摩尔组成为(ZnO)2.4(NiO)0.6(FeO1.5)1,重量百分比为：氧化镍14.0％，氧化锌61.0％，氧化铁25.0％。
该CUT-ZNF催化剂经乙酸自热重整活性考察，还原温度700℃，反应条件为温度650℃，CH3COOH/H2O/O2/N2＝1/4/0.28/3.9，常压、空速11250ml·g-1·h-1，反应时间为10h。乙酸转化率稳定在99％左右，氢气产率在1.79mol-H2/mol-AC左右，二氧化碳和一氧化碳选择性分别稳定在43.1％和42.7％左右，甲烷选择性在6.5％；对CUT-ZNF催化剂进行了XRD、BET、XPS等表征，结果表明：该催化剂比表面积为31.2m2/g，孔体积为0.088cm3/g，平均孔径为10.2nm，其比表面积较小是因为热处理后生成大量含铁尖晶石所致，但铁有效提高了活性组分镍的抗氧化性，同时，热处理后的复合氧化物不含铝，酸性位大量减少，酮基化反应被抑制，抗积碳能力提高。
由活性测试结果可见，本发明的催化剂在乙酸自热重整反应中，催化剂乙酸转化率接近100％，优化催化剂氢气产率稳定在2.4mol-H2/mol-AC左右。通过XRD、BET、XPS等表征表明，本发明催化剂具有活性稳定、耐氧化、耐烧结、抗积炭等特点。
Claims (2)
1.类水滑石型铁促进镍基催化剂在乙酸自热重整制氢过程中的应用，其特征在于：取50-200mg催化剂，通入流量20mL/min的H2，于600-800摄氏度还原1小时，经氮气吹扫，通入乙酸/水/氧气/氮气的摩尔比=1.00/(2.5-5.0)/(0.2-0.5)/(2.5-4.5)的混合气体，通过催化剂床层进行乙酸自热重整反应，反应温度为600-800摄氏度；所述催化剂由以下方法制备而成：配置硝酸镍、硝酸锌、硝酸铝及硝酸铁的混合溶液#1；按照金属阳离子镍、锌、铝和铁的总电荷与氢氧根的摩尔比为1:8及碳酸根和氢氧根的摩尔比1:16，配制碳酸钠和氢氧化钠的混合溶液#2；将溶液#1和溶液#2在65-80摄氏度进行共沉淀反应，控制反应溶液pH值在10.5±0.5的范围内，并维持水浴搅拌老化12~24小时；抽滤、洗涤三次后，置于105摄氏度的烘箱内，干燥12小时，即得Zn-Al类水滑石前驱体样品；经500-800摄氏度焙烧4小时，即得以氧化锌为骨架、形成含NiAl2O4、NiFe2O4、Fe3O4、ZnAl2O4的尖晶石结构的Zn-Ni-Fe-Al-O镍基复合氧化物催化剂，其化学成分是(ZnO)a(NiO)b(AlO1.5)c(FeO1.5)d，其中a为0.75-3.25，b为0.25-0.75，c为0-1.0且c不为0，d为0-1.0且d不为0；以氧化物的重量百分比组成为：氧化镍为14.0-15.4%，氧化锌为61.0-67.1%，氧化铝为0-17.5%且氧化铝不为0，氧化铁为0-25.0%且氧化铁不为0，且各组分重量百分比组成之和为100%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的类水滑石型铁促进镍基催化剂在乙酸自热重整制氢过程中的应用，其特征在于：所述催化剂以氧化物的重量百分比组成为：氧化镍为14.7%，氧化锌为63.9%，氧化铝为8.3%, 氧化铁为13.1%。
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