CN107278575B - Organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement - Google Patents
Organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement, which comprises the following steps: 1) selecting a land parcel; 2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties; 3) soil improvement; 4) and (5) planting the flue-cured tobacco. The invention realizes the purpose of effectively improving the deteriorated soil by a comprehensive soil improvement mode of fallow, shallow ploughing and deep ploughing, better improves the soil structure, beneficial microbial community, nutrition imbalance and the like of the soil, solves the problems of unbalanced growth, unbalanced nutrition, reduced tobacco leaf quality and the like of the original planted flue-cured tobacco, ensures that the tobacco plants grow well and obviously improves the tobacco leaf yield and quality. The invention does not need chemical fertilizer and chemical pesticide in the whole process, adopts a field production management mode, and the produced flue-cured tobacco has good growth and development in the whole growth period and has elegant and few diseases.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco planting, and particularly relates to an organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement.
Background
Due to the unique geographical climate and good natural environment of Yunnan, Yunnan is always the traditional planting area for flue-cured tobacco. However, in recent years, the soil is used for continuously planting the flue-cured tobacco, so that the land originally suitable for the growth of the flue-cured tobacco is no longer suitable for planting the flue-cured tobacco; in addition, driven by benefits, the soil fertility of some tobacco regions is seriously consumed and the soil nutrition is seriously unbalanced when watermelon, pseudo-ginseng and the like are planted for 2 to 4 years, and when the flue-cured tobacco is recovered, the soil can cause that the flue-cured tobacco is difficult to grow normally and even overgrows, so that the quality of the produced tobacco is seriously reduced.
The existing methods for improving the flue-cured tobacco planting soil mainly comprise measures such as crop rotation with gramineous crops, deep ploughing and sunning, farmyard manure increasing, soil testing and balanced fertilization and the like, but the measures have various problems, such as the problem that the soil structure is damaged, the beneficial microbial community of the soil is recovered, the N element in the soil is excessive, even the pesticide residue and the heavy metal residue are not solved. The quality of the tobacco leaves of the flue-cured tobacco planted in the land is difficult to guarantee, and the production requirement of green organic tobacco leaves can not be met. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, it is necessary to develop an organic flue-cured tobacco planting method to make up for the existing deficiencies, and especially to develop an important reference value for the future development of high-end tobacco leaves.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement.
The object of the invention is achieved by the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety which needs 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu and needs a large amount of fertilizer;
3) soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step (1) unused for 3-5 years, and preventing water and soil loss;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 10-15cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, wherein the mixing method comprises the steps of spreading, adding 500kg of manure per mu, planting green manure and covering green manure for returning to the field, the planting green manure is the green manure of leguminous plants which is spread in 9-10 months about to end every rainy season, the leguminous plants are one or more of astragalus sinicus, vetch, broad bean and arrow house peas, and the covering green manure for returning to the field is realized by pressing at the initial flowering period or full flowering period when the yield of straws is high and the stems and leaves are lush and juicy, and burying all the straws into the soil for 2-3 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil with the depth of 25-35cm, continuously and uniformly mixing the decomposed sheep manure with natural stack for more than half a year into the soil, wherein the mixing method is spreading, and the adding amount is 200-300kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.1-1.2m, the planting spacing is 0.5-0.6 m, pond digging is carried out, and polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, wherein the adding amount is 1-2kg per mu;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 8-15 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic liquid fertilizer and/or a fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step (3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 4-6 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, the cythrips occidentalis and thrips tabaci are prevented and controlled by predatory mites, and the myzus persicae is prevented and controlled by the aphidius gifuensis.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the invention realizes the purpose of effectively improving the deteriorated soil by a comprehensive soil improvement mode of fallow, shallow ploughing and deep ploughing, better improves the soil structure, beneficial microbial community, nutrition imbalance and the like of the soil, solves the problems of unbalanced growth, unbalanced nutrition, reduced tobacco leaf quality and the like of the original planted flue-cured tobacco, ensures that the tobacco plants grow well and obviously improves the tobacco leaf yield and quality. The invention does not need chemical fertilizer and chemical pesticide in the whole process, adopts a field production management mode, and the produced flue-cured tobacco has good growth and development in the whole growth period and has elegant and few diseases.
2. According to the invention, in the flue-cured tobacco planting process, the diseases and insect pests are controlled in a targeted manner, and a land without flowers and plants of nearby fruit trees, especially varieties such as peach trees and the like, is selected, so that hidden dangers are eliminated, and the harm of thrips is effectively controlled; then, carrying out microbial prevention and control on soil pests; and then multiple pest control is adopted for the plants in the planting process, and finally, the natural enemy control is supplemented, so that the occurrence of pests is further reduced, and meanwhile, biological control is adopted, chemical pesticides are not used at all, the quality of the tobacco leaves is improved, and pesticide residues are eliminated fundamentally.
3. According to the method, the continuous planting of the flue-cured tobacco or the land with seriously consumed soil fertility and seriously unbalanced soil nutrition is selected for improvement, so that the continuous planting of the flue-cured tobacco is recovered, the planting of high-quality green organic pollution-free tobacco leaves can be realized, the problem of soil shortage in the existing tobacco planting area is solved, and the possibility is provided for the development of high-end tobacco leaves.
4. The soil fertility of the improved tobacco plant is obviously improved, the soil structure is obviously improved, the tobacco plant grows well, the growth speed is accelerated, the uniformity is improved, the disease is light, and the economic character is obviously improved.
5. The soil improved by the invention can be maintained for a long time by only carrying out reasonable crop rotation mainly based on flue-cured tobacco planting and then scientifically matching the organic fertilizer and the inorganic fertilizer.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way, and any modifications or alterations based on the teachings of the present invention are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
The organic planting method of the flue-cured tobacco subjected to soil improvement comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety which needs 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu and needs a large amount of fertilizer;
3) soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step (1) unused for 3-5 years, and preventing water and soil loss;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 10-15cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, wherein the mixing method comprises the steps of spreading, adding 500kg of manure per mu, planting green manure and covering green manure for returning to the field, the planting green manure is the green manure of leguminous plants which is spread in 9-10 months about to end every rainy season, the leguminous plants are one or more of astragalus sinicus, vetch, broad bean and arrow house peas, and the covering green manure for returning to the field is realized by pressing at the initial flowering period or full flowering period when the yield of straws is high and the stems and leaves are lush and juicy, and burying all the straws into the soil for 2-3 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil with the depth of 25-35cm, continuously and uniformly mixing the decomposed sheep manure with natural stack for more than half a year into the soil, wherein the mixing method is spreading, and the adding amount is 200-300kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.1-1.2m, the planting spacing is 0.5-0.6 m, pond digging is carried out, and polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, wherein the adding amount is 1-2kg per mu;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 8-15 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic liquid fertilizer and/or a fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step (3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 4-6 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, predatory mites are used for preventing and controlling western flower thrips and tobacco thrips, the occurrence of the tomato class committee virus TSWV and the feeding harm to tobacco leaves are reduced, and the aphidius gifuensis is used for preventing and controlling the tobacco aphids, so that the spread of virus diseases and the feeding harm of aphids to the tobacco leaves are reduced.
The land plots in the step (1) are land plots without fruit trees and flowers within 500m around; the fruit trees are walnut trees, peach trees and apple trees.
The flue-cured tobacco variety in the step (2) is one or more of K326, Yunyan 87 and KRK 26.
The method for preventing water and soil loss in the step (3) comprises the steps of covering a layer of crop straws with the thickness of 3-10cm on the land parcel for moisturizing or broadcasting annual fibrous roots, tender and succulent stems, short stems, nitrogen-rich flowers or small grass capable of adsorbing heavy metals on the surface soil, and regularly cleaning the land parcel 1 time per year.
The microbial insecticide in the step (3) is one or more of metarhizium anisopliae, beauveria bassiana and bacillus thuringiensis.
The content of organic matters in the biological organic liquid fertilizer in the step (4) is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of total nutrients is more than or equal to 3.7 percent, the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the number of microorganisms is more than or equal to 40 multiplied by 108The pH value is 6.5-7.5%; n: P2O 5: the content and proportion of K2O are 1.8-2: 0.8-1: 2-2.2; the content of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 70 percent, and the content of organic medium trace elements is more than or equal to 80 percent.
The organic matter of the fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer in the step (4) is more than or equal to 32 percent, the pH value is 3.0-5.0, and the water-insoluble substance is less than or equal to 2 percent; the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 4.50 percent, the total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 0.3 percent, the total potassium content is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the total free amino acid content is more than or equal to 4.0 percent, the total copper content is less than or equal to 4.0mg/kg, the total zinc content is more than or equal to 10.0mg/kg, the total iron content is less than or equal to 500mg/kg, the total manganese content is more than or equal to 5.0mg/kg, the total molybdenum content is more than or equal to 0.005mg/kg, and the total boron content is more than or equal to 2.
The botanical pesticide in the step (4) is azadirachtin and/or matrine; if the azadirachtin is 0.5 percent, the application method is to spray 1000-1500 times of liquid in 1-2 instars of oriental tobacco budworms or prodenia litura.
The microbial biocontrol bacteria in the step (4) are one or more of trichoderma harzianum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
The botanical fungicide in the step (4) is tea seed oil extract terpene alcohol.
Example 1
A method for organically planting flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng; the land parcel is a land parcel with no fruit trees and flowers planted within 500m around;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety which needs 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu and needs a large amount of fertilizer; the flue-cured tobacco variety is K326;
3) soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step (1) unused for 3 years, and preventing water and soil loss; the method for preventing water and soil loss comprises the steps of broadcasting annual fibrous roots, tender and juicy stems, short stems, nitrogen-delicacy florets or small grasses capable of adsorbing heavy metals on surface soil, and regularly cleaning out land parcels 1 time per year;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 10cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, and performing mixing in a way of spreading, wherein the adding amount is 400kg per mu, planting green manure and covering green manure for returning to the field, the planting green manure is that leguminous green manure is spread in autumn (9-10 months) which is about to end every year in rainy season, the leguminous green manure is astragalus sinicus, vetch, broad bean and arrow house pea, and the covering green manure returning is that the field is turned over and pressed in the initial flowering period or full flowering period of large straw yield and luxuriant stem and leaf juice, and the straws are all buried into the soil for 2-3 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil 35cm, continuously and uniformly mixing the decomposed sheep manure with natural piles for more than half a year into the soil, wherein the mixing method is spreading, and the adding amount is 200kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.1m, the planting spacing is 0.5m m, pond digging is carried out, polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, and the adding amount is 1kg per mu; the microbial insecticide is metarhizium anisopliae;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 8 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic liquid fertilizer and a fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer;
the content of organic matters in the biological organic liquid fertilizer is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of total nutrients is more than or equal to 3.7 percent, the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the number of microorganisms is more than or equal to 40 multiplied by 108One/gram, the pH value is 7.5 percent; n: P2O 5: the content and the proportion of K2O are 1.8: 0.8: 2; the content of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 70 percent, and the content of organic medium trace elements is more than or equal to 80 percent;
the organic matter of the fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 32 percent, the pH value is 3.0, and the water-insoluble substance is less than or equal to 2 percent; the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 4.50 percent, the total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 0.3 percent, the total potassium content is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the total free amino acid content is more than or equal to 4.0 percent, the total copper content is less than or equal to 4.0mg/kg, the total zinc content is more than or equal to 10.0mg/kg, the total iron content is less than or equal to 500mg/kg, the total manganese content is more than or equal to 5.0mg/kg, the total molybdenum content is more than or equal to 0.005mg/kg, and the total boron content is more than or equal to 2;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step (3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 4 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed;
the botanical pesticide is nimbin; the azadirachtin is 0.5 percent, and the using method is that 1000 times of liquid is adopted for spraying in 1-2 instars of oriental tobacco budworms or prodenia litura;
the microbial biocontrol bacterium is trichoderma harzianum; the botanical fungicide is tea seed oil extract terpene alcohol;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, predatory mites are used for preventing and controlling western flower thrips and tobacco thrips, the occurrence of the tomato class committee virus TSWV and the feeding harm to tobacco leaves are reduced, and the aphidius gifuensis is used for preventing and controlling the tobacco aphids, so that the spread of virus diseases and the feeding harm of aphids to the tobacco leaves are reduced.
The experimental results are as follows:
TABLE 1 variation of soil nutrient composition
TABLE 2 soil texture Change
TABLE 3 tobacco plant uniformity in field
TABLE 4 conditions for the agronomic traits of tobacco plants in the current bud stage of the field
TABLE 5 Performance of the main diseases of tobacco plants in the field
TABLE 6 Performance of tobacco plants in the field
As can be seen from example 1, the soil fertility improved by the method is obviously improved, the soil structure is obviously improved, the tobacco plants grow well, the growth speed is accelerated, the uniformity is improved, the diseases are light, and the economic character is obviously improved.
Example 2
A method for organically planting flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng; the land parcel is a land parcel with no fruit trees and flowers planted within 500m around; the fruit trees are walnut trees;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety which needs 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu and needs a large amount of fertilizer; the flue-cured tobacco variety is Yunyan 87;
3) soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step (1) unused for 4 years, and preventing water and soil loss; the method for preventing water and soil loss comprises the steps of covering a 5 cm-thick crop straw on a land parcel for moisturizing or broadcasting annual fibrous roots, tender and succulent stems, short stems, nitrogen-rich florets or small grasses capable of adsorbing heavy metals on surface soil, and regularly cleaning the land parcel 1 time per year;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 12cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, wherein the mixing method comprises the steps of spreading, adding 420kg of the decomposed sheep manure per mu, planting green manure and returning the green manure to the field, wherein the planting green manure is the leguminous green manure which is spread in the last 9 th of the rainy season and is about to end every year, the leguminous green manure is the rumex margaritifera, and returning the green manure to the field, namely, the green manure is turned and pressed in the initial flowering period or the full flowering period of high straw yield and luxuriant and rich juice of stems and leaves, and all the straws are buried into the soil for 2 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil 25cm, continuously and uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is piled naturally for more than half a year into the soil, wherein the mixing method is spreading, and the adding amount is 220kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.2m, the planting spacing is 0.6m, pond digging is carried out, polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, and the adding amount is 1.2kg per mu; the microbial pesticide is Metarrhizium anisopliae and Bacillus thuringiensis;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 10 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic liquid fertilizer and a fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer;
the content of organic matters in the biological organic liquid fertilizer is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of total nutrients is more than or equal to 3.7 percent, the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the number of microorganisms is more than or equal to 40 multiplied by 108One/gram, the pH value is 6.5 percent; n: P2O 5: the content and the proportion of K2O are 1.9: 0.8: 2; the content of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 70 percent, and the content of organic medium trace elements is more than or equal to 80 percent;
the organic matter of the fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 32 percent, the pH value is 3.0-5.0, and the water-insoluble substance is less than or equal to 2 percent; the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 4.50 percent, the total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 0.3 percent, the total potassium content is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the total free amino acid content is more than or equal to 4.0 percent, the total copper content is less than or equal to 4.0mg/kg, the total zinc content is more than or equal to 10.0mg/kg, the total iron content is less than or equal to 500mg/kg, the total manganese content is more than or equal to 5.0mg/kg, the total molybdenum content is more than or equal to 0.005mg/kg, and the total boron content is more than or equal to 2;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step (3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 5 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed; the botanical pesticide is nimbin; the azadirachtin is 0.5 percent, and the using method is that 1200 times of liquid is adopted for spraying in 1-2 instars of oriental tobacco budworms or prodenia litura; the microbial biocontrol bacteria are bacillus subtilis; the botanical fungicide is tea seed oil extract terpene alcohol;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, predatory mites are used for preventing and controlling western flower thrips and tobacco thrips, the occurrence of the tomato class committee virus TSWV and the feeding harm to tobacco leaves are reduced, and the aphidius gifuensis is used for preventing and controlling the tobacco aphids, so that the spread of virus diseases and the feeding harm of aphids to the tobacco leaves are reduced.
Example 3
A method for organically planting flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng; the land parcel is a land parcel with no fruit trees and flowers planted within 500m around; the fruit trees are apple trees;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety which needs 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu and needs a large amount of fertilizer; the flue-cured tobacco variety is one or more of KRK 26.
3) Soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step (1) unused for 5 years, and preventing water and soil loss; covering a layer of crop straw with the thickness of 10cm on a land parcel for moisturizing or broadcasting annual fibrous roots, tender and succulent stems, short stems, nitrogen-rich florets or small grasses which can adsorb heavy metals on surface soil, and regularly cleaning the land parcel 1 time per year;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 15cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, wherein the mixing method comprises the steps of spreading, adding 500kg of the green manure per mu, planting green manure and covering green manure for returning to the field, wherein the planting green manure is the green manure of leguminous class spread in the 10 th lower ten days which are about to end in rainy season every year, the green manure of leguminous class is astragalus sinicus, vetch and broad bean, and the covering green manure returning is to turn over and press the green manure in the initial flowering period or full flowering period which is high in straw yield and rich in flourish stems and leaves, and the straws are all buried into the soil for 3 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil 35cm, continuously and uniformly mixing the decomposed sheep manure with natural piles for more than half a year into the soil, wherein the mixing method is spreading, and the adding amount is 300kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.2m, the planting spacing is 0.6m, pond digging is carried out, polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, and the adding amount is 2kg per mu; the microbial insecticide is beauveria bassiana;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 15 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic liquid fertilizer;
the biological organic liquid fertilizer comprisesThe organic matter content is more than or equal to 20 percent, the total nutrient content is more than or equal to 3.7 percent, the humic acid content is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the microbial count is more than or equal to 40 multiplied by 108The pH value is 6.5-7.5%; n: P2O 5: the content and the proportion of K2O are 2: 1: 2.2; the content of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 70 percent, and the content of organic medium trace elements is more than or equal to 80 percent;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step (3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 6 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed; the botanical pesticide is matrine; the microbial biocontrol bacteria are bacillus amyloliquefaciens; the botanical fungicide is tea seed oil extract terpene alcohol;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, predatory mites are used for preventing and controlling western flower thrips and tobacco thrips, the occurrence of the tomato class committee virus TSWV and the feeding harm to tobacco leaves are reduced, and the aphidius gifuensis is used for preventing and controlling the tobacco aphids, so that the spread of virus diseases and the feeding harm of aphids to the tobacco leaves are reduced.
Example 4
A method for organically planting flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng; the land parcel is a land parcel with no fruit trees and flowers planted within 500m around; the fruit tree is a peach tree;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety which needs 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu and needs a large amount of fertilizer; the flue-cured tobacco varieties are Yunyan 87 and KRK 26;
3) soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step (1) unused for 4 years, and preventing water and soil loss; the method for preventing water and soil loss comprises the steps of broadcasting annual fibrous roots, tender and juicy stems, short stems, nitrogen-delicacy florets or small grasses capable of adsorbing heavy metals on surface soil, and regularly cleaning out land parcels 1 time per year;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 14cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, wherein the mixing method comprises the steps of spreading, the adding amount is 480kg per mu, planting green manure and covering green manure for returning to the field, the planting green manure is spread in 9-10 months about to finish every rainy season, the planting green manure is bean family green manure, the bean family green manure is arrow house peas, the covering green manure returning is to the field, the pressing is carried out in the initial flowering period or the full flowering period when the yield of straws is high and the stems and leaves are lush, and the straws are all buried into the soil for 2 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil with the depth of 32cm, continuously and uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is piled naturally for more than half a year into the soil by a spreading method, wherein the adding amount is 280kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.1m, the planting spacing is 0.5m, pond digging is carried out, polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, and the adding amount is 1.6kg per mu; the microbial pesticide is Metarrhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 12 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer;
the organic matter of the fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 32 percent, the pH value is 3.5, and the water-insoluble substance is less than or equal to 2 percent; the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 4.50 percent, the total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 0.3 percent, the total potassium content is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the total free amino acid content is more than or equal to 4.0 percent, the total copper content is less than or equal to 4.0mg/kg, the total zinc content is more than or equal to 10.0mg/kg, the total iron content is less than or equal to 500mg/kg, the total manganese content is more than or equal to 5.0mg/kg, the total molybdenum content is more than or equal to 0.005mg/kg, and the total boron content is more than or equal to 2;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step (3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 5 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed; the botanical pesticide is matrine; the microbial biocontrol bacteria are trichoderma harzianum and bacillus subtilis; the botanical fungicide is tea seed oil extract terpene alcohol;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, predatory mites are used for preventing and controlling western flower thrips and tobacco thrips, the occurrence of the tomato class committee virus TSWV and the feeding harm to tobacco leaves are reduced, and the aphidius gifuensis is used for preventing and controlling the tobacco aphids, so that the spread of virus diseases and the feeding harm of aphids to the tobacco leaves are reduced.
Example 5
A method for organically planting flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement comprises the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng; the land parcel is a land parcel with no fruit trees and flowers planted within 500m around;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety which needs 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu and needs a large amount of fertilizer; the flue-cured tobacco varieties are K326 and Yunyan 87;
3) soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step (1) unused for 3.5 years, and preventing water and soil loss; the method for preventing water and soil loss comprises the steps of covering a layer of crop straw with the thickness of 7cm on a land parcel for moisturizing;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 13cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, wherein the mixing method comprises the steps of spreading, adding 450kg of the decomposed sheep manure per mu, planting green manure and covering green manure for returning to the field, wherein the planting green manure is the green manure of leguminous plants spread in 9-10 months about to end every rainy season, the green manure of leguminous plants is astragalus sinicus, and the covering green manure for returning to the field is realized by carrying out pressure turning on the green manure at the initial flowering period or full flowering period of high straw yield and luxuriant and rich stem and leaf juice, and completely burying the straws into the soil for 3 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil 30cm, continuously and uniformly mixing the decomposed sheep manure with natural piles for more than half a year into the soil, wherein the mixing method is spreading, and the adding amount is 250kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.1m, the planting spacing is 0.5m, pond digging is carried out, polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, and the adding amount is 1.8kg per mu; the microbial insecticide is bacillus thuringiensis;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 12 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic liquid fertilizer and a fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer;
the content of organic matters in the biological organic liquid fertilizer is more than or equal to 20 percent, the content of total nutrients is more than or equal to 3.7 percent, the content of humic acid is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the number of microorganisms is more than or equal to 40 multiplied by 108Per gram, the pH value is 6 percent; n: P2O 5: the content and the proportion of K2O are 1.9: 0.9: 2.1; the content of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is more than or equal to 70 percent, and the content of organic medium trace elements is more than or equal to 80 percent;
the organic matter of the fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 32 percent, the pH value is 3.0-5.0, and the water-insoluble substance is less than or equal to 2 percent; the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 4.50 percent, the total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 0.3 percent, the total potassium content is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the total free amino acid content is more than or equal to 4.0 percent, the total copper content is less than or equal to 4.0mg/kg, the total zinc content is more than or equal to 10.0mg/kg, the total iron content is less than or equal to 500mg/kg, the total manganese content is more than or equal to 5.0mg/kg, the total molybdenum content is more than or equal to 0.005mg/kg, and the total boron content is more than or equal to 2;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step (3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 5 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed; the botanical pesticide is nimbin and matrine; the microbial biocontrol bacteria are trichoderma harzianum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens; the botanical fungicide is tea seed oil extract terpene alcohol;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, predatory mites are used for preventing and controlling western flower thrips and tobacco thrips, the occurrence of the tomato class committee virus TSWV and the feeding harm to tobacco leaves are reduced, and the aphidius gifuensis is used for preventing and controlling the tobacco aphids, so that the spread of virus diseases and the feeding harm of aphids to the tobacco leaves are reduced.
Claims (9)
1. A method for organically planting flue-cured tobacco through soil improvement is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) selecting land parcels: selecting plots with serious land consumption and unbalanced soil nutrition caused by continuously planting flue-cured tobacco for more than 5 years or planting watermelons and pseudo-ginseng;
2) selecting flue-cured tobacco varieties: selecting a flue-cured tobacco variety with large fertilizer requirement and needing 5-8kg of pure nitrogen per mu, wherein the flue-cured tobacco variety is one or more of K326, Yunyan 87 and KRK 26;
3) soil improvement:
A. fallow: leaving the plots selected in the step 1) unused for 3-5 years, and preventing water and soil loss;
B. shallow ploughing: digging 10-15cm, uniformly mixing decomposed sheep manure which is naturally piled for more than half a year into soil, wherein the mixing method comprises the steps of spreading, adding 500kg of manure per mu, planting green manure and covering green manure for returning to the field, the planting green manure is the green manure of leguminous plants which is spread in 9-10 months about to end every rainy season, the leguminous plants are one or more of astragalus sinicus, vetch, broad bean and arrow house peas, and the covering green manure for returning to the field is realized by pressing at the initial flowering period or full flowering period when the yield of straws is high and the stems and leaves are lush and juicy, and burying all the straws into the soil for 2-3 years continuously;
C. deep ploughing: digging soil with the depth of 25-35cm, continuously and uniformly mixing the decomposed sheep manure with natural stack for more than half a year into the soil, wherein the mixing method is spreading, and the adding amount is 200-300kg per mu; meanwhile, microbial insecticide is added to prevent and control underground pests; soil moisture is managed according to the row spacing of 1.1-1.2m, the planting spacing is 0.5-0.6 m, pond digging is carried out, and polypeptide is applied to the bottom of the pond, wherein the adding amount is 1-2kg per mu;
4) planting the flue-cured tobacco:
A. and (3) seedling raising period: adopting an organic disease-resistant mode to carry out seedling culture, and firstly, adjusting the water depth of a seedling culture pond to 8-15 cm; secondly, putting the calculated amount of organic fertilizer into a water body and uniformly stirring; thirdly, floating the seedling raising plate with the sowed seeds in a pool; the organic fertilizer is a biological organic liquid fertilizer and/or a fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer;
B. and (3) transplanting period: planting tobacco seedlings into the soil improved in the step 3);
C. in the field period: the botanical pesticide is used for preventing and treating the oriental tobacco budworms, the natural enemy insect is used for preventing and treating the myzus persicae, the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are sprayed for 4-6 times, and the microbial biocontrol bacteria and the botanical fungicide are alternately sprayed;
D. supplementing natural enemies for prevention and control: in the seedling raising period and the field period, the cythrips occidentalis and thrips tabaci are prevented and controlled by predatory mites, and the myzus persicae is prevented and controlled by the aphidius gifuensis.
2. The method for organically planting soil-improved flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the land areas in step 1) are land areas where no fruit trees or flowers are planted within 500m around.
3. The organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco improved by soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the method for preventing water and soil loss in step 3) is to cover a layer of crop straws with the thickness of 3-10cm on the land parcel for moisture preservation or to broadcast annual fibrous roots, tender and succulent stems, short stems, nitrogen-rich flowers or small grasses on the surface soil, and the land parcel is cleaned regularly 1 time per year.
4. The organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco improved by soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the microbial pesticide in step 3) is one or more of green muscardine fungus, white muscardine fungus and bacillus thuringiensis.
5. The organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco improved by soil as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the organic matter content of the biological organic liquid fertilizer in the step 4) is more than or equal to 20 percent, the total nutrient content is more than or equal to 3.7 percent, the humic acid content is more than or equal to 5 percent, and the microorganism number is more than or equal to 40 x 108The pH value is 6.5-7.5%; n is P2O5:K2The content and the proportion of O are 1.8-2: 0.8-1: 2-2.2; the content of organic nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is not less than70 percent and the content of organic medium trace elements is more than or equal to 80 percent.
6. The organic planting method for the soil-improved flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that in the step 4), the organic matter of the fish protein organic water-soluble fertilizer is more than or equal to 32%, the pH value is 3.0-5.0, and the water-insoluble substance is less than or equal to 2%; the total nitrogen content is more than or equal to 4.50 percent, the total phosphorus content is more than or equal to 0.3 percent, the total potassium content is more than or equal to 1.5 percent, the total free amino acid content is more than or equal to 4.0 percent, the total copper content is less than or equal to 4.0mg/kg, the total zinc content is more than or equal to 10.0mg/kg, the total iron content is less than or equal to 500mg/kg, the total manganese content is more than or equal to 5.0mg/kg, the total molybdenum content is more than or equal to 0.005mg/kg, and the total boron content is more than or equal to 2.
7. The organic planting method for flue-cured tobacco improved by soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the botanical pesticide in step 4) is azadirachtin and/or matrine.
8. The organic planting method for the soil-improved flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that the microbial biocontrol bacteria in the step 4) are one or more of trichoderma harzianum, bacillus subtilis and bacillus amyloliquefaciens.
9. The organic planting method for the soil-improved flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, characterized in that the botanical fungicide in the step 4) is tea seed oil extract terpene alcohol.
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