CN107249728A - 用于实施化学合成的方法和合成反应器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于实施化学合成的方法,包括以下步骤:‑将至少一种合成反应物(2)引入反应室(4),该反应室内具有压力P1,‑在反应室(4)中形成至少一种合成产物(6),‑将所述合成产物(6)和未反应的合成反应物(8)从反应室(4)排出,‑将合成产物(6)与未反应的合成反应物(8)分离,‑将未反应的合成反应物(8)引入第二反应室(10),第二反应室中的压力P2低于压力P1。
Description
化学反应中的转化受反应的平衡位置的限制。如果合成反应中的化学平衡仅部分地位于产物一侧,则一级的反应体系只会导致部分转化。因此,仅一部分反应物在通过反应器时被转化。因此,本发明解决的技术问题是在单次通过合成反应器中提高平衡限制的反应的转化率。
很多反应是平衡限制的。在化学合成中,这例如是从氢气和一氧化碳和/或二氧化碳生产甲醇,或由氢气和氮气产生氨。如今,这些反应发生在非均相催化的固定床反应器或料浆反应器中。反应物仅在一次通过反应器时仅部分地被转化。此后,通常反应产物被分离,并且未转化的反应物被再循环到反应入口。在一些情况下大的气体的再循环导致装置复杂性很高。反应器中的压力损失必须由再循环装置补偿。这通常在高温下运行并导致高成本。此外,通过再循环,惰性和外来气体在循环回路中积聚,这导致对反应实施产生不利影响。因此,在再循环的过程中,少量的再循环气体被连续地排出,这导致反应物的损失并因此降低反应转化率。此外,回收气体量导致通过反应器的高的气体体积流量,这增加了反应器的结构尺寸并因此增加了其成本。
因此,本发明的技术任务在于提供一种用于实施化学合成的方法,其中与现有技术相比,在能量消耗相等或降低的情况下可以实现反应物更高的转化率。
所述技术任务通过根据权利要求1的化学合成方法和根据权利要求8的合成反应器来实现。
按照本发明的用于实施化学合成的方法包括以下步骤:
首先,包含一种或多种组分的合成反应物被引入反应室。该反应室内有压力P1。
此后,在反应室中由合成反应物形成至少一种合成产物。此后,所述合成产物和在反应中未反应的合成反应物从反应室排出。此后,在反应室外,将合成产物与未反应的合成反应物分离,然后将分离的未反应的合成反应物引入第二反应室,其中第二反应室中的压力为P2,所述压力P2低于第一反应腔室中的压力P1。
通过本发明的方法能够实现的是,在达到合成反应物与合成产物之间的化学平衡的情况下,可以分离出合成产物,并且在另外的反应室中可以通过合适的反应条件(如压力和温度)使现在未处于化学平衡中的合成反应物再次达到所述的化学平衡,并再次分离出合成产物。以这种方式,可以这样逐步进行未完全完成的化学反应,使得在多个反应级或反应室的应用之后将开始引入的合成反应物几乎完全转化。
从第一反应室到第二反应室降低反应器压力的效果在于,未反应的合成反应物和合成产物从一个反应室向第二反应室的流动无需附加的增压装置,如风扇或压缩机。这是节能的并且利于整个转化过程的经济性。
在本发明的另一有利的技术方案中,设置将两个反应室彼此连接的至少一个热管(也称为Heatpipe)。通过热管能够在反应室之间交换放热反应中产生的反应热。在吸热反应的情况下,也可以通过热管交换热量。在本发明的一个结构形式中,热管这样离开一个反应室,使得热管的一端在至少一个反应室的外部,并且在所述从反应室伸出的端部上进行热能排放,例如通过适当的冷却装置(在放热反应方案的情况下)或必要时加热装置(在吸热反应方案的情况下)。仅通过存在的外部温度(其低于反应室中的温度)也可以进行冷却。以这种方式,在至少两个和通常两个以上的反应室之间确保了等温反应方案,这意味着由于使用(能够在反应室之间并且向外实现高热量流的)热管、在各个反应室中总是具有几乎相同的反应温度。
在本发明的另一适用的技术形式中,在反应室中充入载体液,合成反应物被导入所述载体液中。合成反应物产生合成产物的反应然后在载体液中进行,其中可能气态的合成反应物至少部分地溶解在载体液中。为了支持反应的实施,向载体液中输入优选微粒状的催化剂,其优选在其中细密分散。催化剂通过表面反应促进合成反应物向合成产物的反应,并且在此尤其影响反应速度。
已经发现合适的载体液是非极性液体,例如油,特别是热载体油。
作为液相中的反应方式的替代方案,也可以使用催化剂在固定床反应器中进行反应。在此合成反应物产生合成产物的反应在气相中进行。该反应方案相对于在载体液中的反应方案的优点在于,反应器构造更简单。然而,在气相中反应的情况下,特别是通过使用热管的温度调节在技术上更复杂并且难于控制。
在载体相中的反应方案的另一替代方案中,反应可以在流化床反应器中进行,同样使用催化剂,其中包含催化剂材料的料床(Schüttung)从下方被气流流过并且流化。合成反应物产生合成产物的反应同样发生在气相中,其中出现相对使用载体液的相同的优点和缺点。
本发明的另一个组成部分是根据权利要求8所述的合成反应器。该合成反应器具有至少两个反应室,至少一个第一反应室具有至少一个用于一种合成反应物或按照反应多种合成反应物的输入装置。在此第一反应室通过馈送管连接到第二反应室,在馈送管上设置有产物分离装置,其中由第一反应室中的合成反应物形成的至少一种合成产物从未反应的合成反应物和合成产物构成的混合物中分离出来。在合成反应器的运行状态中,第一反应室中的压力高于第二反应室。这里也适用与已经在权利要求1中描述的现有技术相同的优点,所述优点尤其是平衡限制的化学反应的几乎完全的转化。
此外也相宜的是,合成反应器还配备有至少一个将两个反应室彼此连接并且在反应室之间交换反应热的热管。如果热管离开其中一个反应室,则在从反应室伸出的端部上进行热能的输入和排出,由此再次实现已述的状态,即反应室几乎等温地相互连接,也即在反应室中尽管发生放热或吸热反应也可以存在几乎相同的反应温度。这再次有利于反应室中的各个反应实际上均匀地进行,并因此使各个反应室中能够实现有利的反应控制。
参照附图详细说明本发明的其它技术形式和其它特征。下面的附图仅仅示出示意的实施例,而不会对保护范围进行限制。
在附图中:
图1示出用于实现化学合成的多级反应器的示意图,和图2示出来自图1的反应器的带有一个反应室的部分和两个反应器室之间的产物分离装置的更详细的视图。
作为示例,现结合图1详细说明进行化学合成的方法和为此所用的合成反应器20。
合成反应器20,特别是当如图1所示构成堆叠形式时,在其下部区域中具有用于合成反应物2的输入装置3。因此,合成反应物2被导入到第一反应室4中,其中已经存在作为非极性液体的油形式的载体液16。举例来说,在这里作为反应物引入氢气和二氧化碳和/或一氧化碳,在这种情况下会发生产生甲醇的反应。在载体液16中还加入了在此未详细示出的、颗粒状的、细分散存在的催化剂。合成反应物2尤其可以在催化剂表面反应得到甲醇。气态反应物2在它们被引入反应器室4之后可以部分地溶解在载体液16中。然后反应在催化剂颗粒上进行,特别是在其表面进行。通过反渗出为气相,产物在那里积聚并且可以从液相上方排出。在反应室中存在约90bar的压力。温度优选在150℃至350℃之间的范围中,在该实施例中为250℃。合成产物6和未反应的合成反应物8经由馈送管7排出,该馈送管将第一反应室4与第二反应室10相连。
剩余的合成反应物2流入下一个反应阶段,即进入下一个反应室10。反应室10中的反应阶段在比反应室4中的反应级更低的反应压力下进行,以使剩余的合成反应物流过,而无需加入增压装置,例如风扇或压缩机。反应级之间的压力差必须被这样选择,使得在从反应室4中的级1流向反应室10中的级2时的压力损失被补偿。一个反应室与另一个反应室的压力差约为5bar已经被证明是有利的。为了设置和调节流过的合成反应物2的气体量,在此应该使用阀24。在反应室10中的级2中,合成反应物2可以再次反应达到化学平衡。反应器20的结构一级一级地重复,在此使用反应室10形式的这样多个级,即,这样多个级对于合成反应物2的尽可能完全的转化既是必需也是经济的。因为合成反应物2的量沿着各个级由于合成产物6的排出而减少,所以反应室10的尺寸必要时可以从一级到一级变小地构成。在最后一个反应级中保留的反应物气体含有无害和惰性气体,并且可以作为吹扫气体26被排出。备选地,必要时在一次完成的制备之后也可以将该气体回收到进料设备3中的反应入口。
不同的反应室4和10通过热管12(所谓的Heatpipes)彼此连接。最简单的情况下,热管12是封闭管,在两相区域中的热传递介质处于热管中。如果在热管的任意位置上输入热量,则导致热传递介质蒸发。蒸汽然后流到较冷的端部并再次冷凝。通过该过程,可以在紧凑的设计中几乎等温地传递非常高的热流。如果蒸发发生在管道12的下端并且在上部发生冷凝,则液相可以仅由于重力而回流。此外也可以通过毛细管效应来确保液相的再循环,例如通过引入丝网或芯。在所提供的反应器20中的热管有利地配备嵌入件(这里未示出),其能够使液相均匀地润湿内壁。由此在沿着热管12的各个位置上都能发生蒸发,却也能发生冷凝。蒸发总是发生在热管12的最热区域中,并且在最冷区域中发生冷凝。因此,该技术方案使得能够在单独的反应室4、10之间进行非常有效和灵活的热交换。因此能够沿整个合成反应器20实施几乎等温的反应。
反应室4和10形式的各级在不同的压力(p1,p2...pn)下运行,但在几乎恒定的温度下运行。热管12可以上端或下端从合成反应器20导出。这使得能够在已经从合成反应器20中导出的热管12的端部14处输入热量或者排出热量。在放热反应的情况下,通常需要以冷却的形式排出热量。因此,在热管末端的冷却实现了沿反应器的恒定的温度。对于150℃至350℃之间的化学合成的典型反应温度,热管12优选以水作为载热介质进行运行。在该温度范围内,水能够实现良好的传热能力和可接受的蒸汽压力,并且因此实现热管12的可接受的壁厚。备选地,也可以使用其它热载体介质或多物质混合物。
单独的反应室可以按照不同的设计方案构成。例如,可以将催化剂装入固定床(Festbettschüttung)中,或者热管可以在表面上配备催化剂结构,并且然后反应在气相中在催化剂上进行。此外,反应室可以设计为流化床。在此,至少部分地由催化剂材料构成的料床从下方被气流流过和成为流态。然后反应在气相中在催化剂表面进行。
在这里示出的技术方案中,单独的反应室4、10设计为液态反应室,即所谓的浆料反应器。催化剂颗粒在此细密分布在载体液16中。气态合成反应物2、例如用于制备甲醇的反应物H2和CO 2/CO被引入反应室4中,并且合成反应物2至少部分溶解在载体液16中。然后反应在催化剂颗粒的表面进行。通过反扩散成气相,合成产物6以气相积聚在反应室4中,并且可以在载体液液位19上方排出到通向反应室10的馈送管7中。
为了尽可能均匀和细密分布地获得载体液16、催化剂颗粒和气态合成反应物2的混合物,合适的是装入搅拌器(图中未示出)形式的合适的混合装置。备选地,也可以以这样的方式引入气态合成反应物2,即通过明确的压力施加、基于在输入气相时的涡旋而保证充分混合。除了充分混合之外,该措施还导致在优选为热载体油形式的载液16与热管12之间的热传递的增加。
作为用于液相反应器(如在图2中示范示出的反应器20中的反应室4、10)的载体液16的热载体油和可选的、优选非极性的液体在反应温度下具有一定的蒸气压。由此,在排出气态合成产物6时出现从反应室4、10轻微的卸料。图2中更详细地示出具有反应室4的第一反应级,以及围绕馈送管7的周边设备和产品分离装置18。为了减少载体液16和催化剂材料的卸料或损失,这里的热载体油在排出合成产物6期间被分离并回收。这在产品分离装置18中实现。载体液16通过导管17回收进入反应室4。所述回收可以通过利用重力效应实现而不使用泵。
通过馈送管7排出合成产物6和未反应的合成反应物8。在分离合成产物之前,降低温度是合适的。所述温度的降低在冷却装置22中进行。在所提出的实施例中,将温度降低至甲醇冷凝的程度,然后其作为合成产物6在产品分离装置18中被分离。
在图2还示出,被热管12穿过的反应室4不一定必须直接连接下一个反应室10。各个反应室4和10也可以相继地、相互间隔地布置,例如当这样布置由于技术施工的设定是合理时。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于实施化学合成的方法,包括以下步骤:
-将至少一种合成反应物(2)引入反应室(4),该反应室内具有压力P1,
-在反应室(4)中形成至少一种合成产物(6),
-将所述合成产物(6)和未反应的合成反应物(8)从反应室(4)排出,
-将合成产物(6)与未反应的合成反应物(8)分离,
-将未反应的合成反应物(8)引入第二反应室(10),第二反应室中的压力P2低于压力P1。
2.按照权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,两反应室(4、10)通过热管(12)相连,并且通过所述热管在反应室(4、10)之间交换反应热。
3.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,热管(12)从两个或多个(?)反应室(4、10)中的至少一个反应室伸出,其中,在热管(12)的伸出的端部上排出所述热能。
4.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在反应室(4、10)中充入载体液(16),合成反应物(2)被导入所述载体液中,其中,合成反应物(2)在载体液(16)中转化成合成产物(6)。
5.按照权利要求1至3之一所述的方法,其特征在于,向载体液(16)中输入微粒状的催化剂。
6.按照前述权利要求之一所述的方法,其特征在于,载体液(16)是油,特别是热载体油。
7.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,反应室设计为具有催化剂的固定床反应器,并且在气相中实施从合成反应物向合成产物的反应。
8.按照权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,反应室设计为具有催化剂的流化床反应器,其中至少部分地由催化剂材料构成的料床从下方被气流流过并且流化,并且在气相中实施从合成反应物向合成产物的反应。
9.一种合成反应器,具有至少两个反应室(4、10),其中,至少一个第一反应室(4)具有用于合成反应物(2)的输入装置(3)并且第一反应室(4)通过馈送管(7)与第二反应室(10)相连,其中在馈送管(7)上设置有产物分离装置(18),并且其中在合成反应器(20)的运行状态中,第一反应室(4)中的压力高于第二反应室(10)中的压力。
10.按照权利要求9所述的合成反应器,其特征在于,设置至少一个热管(12),所述热管将至少两个反应室相连、并且通过所述热管在反应室(4、10)之间交换反应热。
11.按照权利要求9和10所述的合成反应器,其特征在于,所述热管(12)从至少两个反应室(4、10)中的至少一个反应室伸出,其中,在热管(12)的伸出的端部(14)处排出热能。
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