CN107150966B - 用于起重机回转机构的液压控制回路 - Google Patents
用于起重机回转机构的液压控制回路 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于起重机回转机构的液压控制回路,所述液压控制回路具有布置在工作线中并且可单独地控制用于进行所述回转机构的旋转运动的液压马达的入流和出流的方向阀,其中入流阀用于控制从液压泵经由所述工作线到所述液压马达的油入流,且设置有出流阀,经由所述出流阀,液压马达能够被释放到储罐,其中所述工作线各自经由至少一个止回阀连接至所述出流阀的共用入口,从而独立于所述回转机构的旋转方向地经由所述出流阀将所述液压马达释放到所述储罐中。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于起重机回转机构的液压控制回路,其具有设置在工作线中并且可单独地控制液压马达的入流和出流的方向阀。
背景技术
在工程机械中需要回转机构以相对于起落架旋转上部结构。在移动式起重机的回转机构的控制中会作出多个、偶尔矛盾的要求。在简单的起重机操作中,也在传送操作中,优选“空转(freewheeling)”模式。通过液压马达首先控制和驱动回转机构。一旦解除控制,回转机构就会自由滑行。由此极大地避免了负载的摆动,并且可以以简单的方式实现无抖动的操作。能够根据需要通过直接逆向转向对回转机构进行液压制动。
随着对定位精度的需求增加或在限制旋转范围的情况下,优选“夹紧”模式。在此,回转角度的变化遵循控制的变化。上部结构相对于回转角度的精确定位据此变得可能,并且避免了由外部影响造成的不希望的转离。然而,在较不明显的控制下,回转机构易于不稳定,并且负载易于摆动,从而在操作中需要更加小心。
为了组合两种模式的优点,期望根据情况从一种模式连续转变到另一种模式。此外,期望进行上部结构的无磨损制动,例如通过脚制动踏板或通过借助于回转机构的控制杆的反向转向。当承载负载时,吊杆还应当能够通过上部结构的自由旋转在提升机构的初始倾斜牵引时通过负载被牵引,从而然后能够无倾斜牵引地提升所述负载。
在一般的回转机构或液压控制回路中,必须对回转机构的待操作的模式进行预先选择。当前的组合式回转机构允许在停止操作时切换模式。在“空转”模式下,从液压马达流下的油通过阀的储罐边缘连接到储罐。在“夹紧”模式下,通过相应的降负载阀防止回转机构转离。这种当前使用的组合式回转机构的主要缺点是模式选择必须在停止操作下进行。在限制工作范围时,必须针对整个转动范围选择“夹紧”模式,即使在“空转”可行的范围内。所安装的降负载阀使得可以精确停止并防止脱离,但增加了液压装置的制造和服务成本。
也已知对于流入和流出液压马达的油使用独立的阀的解决方案,其中对于回转机构的每个旋转方向,在出口流中使用一个阀,即总共至少两个阀。由此在入流中使得能够允许与负载无关的流量调节,但流出的油量不利地导致取决于阀开口和当前负载压力的出流。因此,只有在限制条件和质量降低下才能进行具有高精度的制动。另一个问题点是入流阀和出流阀之间的特性的协调。实际上,它们只能以有限的精度以高的代价彼此协调。因此,在通过关闭出流阀中的一个而制动时,在入流阀处和在初级压力范围下的压力将快速增加至最大系统压力,这进而导致不精确的处理、压力峰值、柴油发动机速度降低和噪音。此外,针对回转机构的不同旋转方向的出流阀由于容差而总是在特性方面不同,这可能意味着进一步的协调工作。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供用于回转机构的液压控制,其能够克服上述缺点。
该目的通过具有根据权利要求1的特征的用于起重机回转机构的液压控制回路来实现。根据本发明的液压控制回路的有利实施方式是从属于主权利要求的从属权利要求的主题。
根据本发明,提出了一种液压控制回路,其具有用于控制从液压泵经由工作线到液压马达的压力入流的方向阀,并且包括用于控制从液压马达到储罐的压力释放的出流阀。独立于旋转方向使用一个出流阀;因此,能够省去在每个回转机构的旋转方向上具有两个出流阀的实施方式。取而代之,使用共用出流阀。由此省去了两个出流阀之间的协调工作,此外减少了整个系统所需的部件,这大大降低了制造、生产和维护成本。
为了能够使用一个出流阀用于回转机构的两个旋转方向,来自液压马达的工作线通过至少一个相应的止回阀连接至出流阀的入口。止回阀对于回转机构的每个旋转方向防止从出流阀至液压马达的回流。
优选地将入流阀连接使得其承接从液压马达流出的油的指向功能。以这种方式确保至液压马达的返回始终与方向无关地连接至出流阀。根据优选的实施方式,为此目的,入流阀的每个出流出口经由止回阀连接至出流阀的共用入口。以这种构造,从液压马达到储罐的出流通过入流阀释放,其中至储罐的一条或其它工作线能够选择性地被释放。各个出口通过止回阀连接至出流阀,以阻止液压介质从出流阀在入流阀的方向上回流。
优选地,在入流阀之前在压力入流方向上设置至少一个入流压力维持阀,特别是三通压力维持阀,由此在至液压马达的入流中确保了与负载压力无关的油量。通过压力维持阀补偿了至液压马达的入流中的压力波动,并且总是确保通过入流阀的恒定体积流量,其仅取决于入流阀的开口横截面。
可替选地或附加地,也可以在出流方向上在出流阀的前面设置至少一个出流压力维持阀。其优选地设置在入流阀和出流阀之间,理想地设置在止回阀和出流阀之间。通过压力维持阀能够在出流阀上保持压差恒定,由此在出流中确保了与负载压力相关的油量,这决定性地提高了回转机构的定位精度。
能够理想地成比例地打开和/或关闭出流阀。可以想到的是,可以通过出流阀的成比例的致动可能性,即通过成比例地打开或关闭出流阀,来在液压控制回路的操作模式“空转”和“夹紧”之间转换。在“空转”模式下不期望在出流中的量调节。通过直接设置出流阀处的开口横截面使得出流阀上的压差小于出流压力维持阀的调节压差,并且不再会达到出流阀处的压力维持阀的调节压差。由于此,出流压力维持阀完全打开,从而停止运行。作为最终结果,由此实现模式“空转”;因此可以通过出流阀的成比例打开和关闭而在模式“空转”和“夹紧”之间连续地转换。
可以想到,根据有利的实施方式,至少一个压力调节阀连接至入流压力维持阀。该压力调节阀将防止入流压力维持阀处的不期望的压力增加。例如,“夹紧”模式下的出流阀的关闭在入流压力维持阀处实现压力增加,由此泵压力能够在该操作模式下取决于出流阀的打开程度而快速地达到最大系统压力。为了同时避免复杂的程序化,通过比较和调节入流阀和出流阀的打开特性,根据该有利的实施方式集成了至少一个压力调节阀,从而以纯液压方式防止在入流压力维持阀处的泵压力的增加。
根据有利的实施方式,为此目的的压力调节阀影响在入流阀处承载的负载压力,使得在出流压力维持阀的前面不产生比在压力调节阀处设定的压力值更高的压力。通过该措施有效地防止了由高系统压力或最大系统压力引发的发动机速度的降低。在最终效果中,节省了燃料并且可以减少所产生的操作成本和干扰噪声。
特别优选的是如果出流压力维持阀能够经由附加阀被直接停用。这对于“空转”模式是特别期望的。停用能够通过至少一个附加阀来实现,该附加阀特别地切换、特别是中断压力维持阀的出口压力的压力反馈线,以将出流压力维持阀的基本功能停用。
因此,通过出流压力维持阀的停用和出流阀的同时控制,特别是出流阀的限制,能够在“空转”操作模式下建立制动转矩。通过出流阀的限制致动来控制、特别是减小来自液压马达的出流中的体积流量,这产生了对回转机构的旋转运动的有效且无磨损制动。
出流阀的相应的限制致动优选能够通过回转机构的操纵杆反向于旋转方向的运动而产生。可替选地或附加地,至少一个脚制动踏板的致动是可能的。
可以想到的是,先前提到的阀、特别是减压阀能够经由具有附加总线接口的集成车载电子装置经由中央控制直接地控制。在这方面,传统的CAN接口被证明是合适的总线接口。
除了根据本发明的液压控制回路之外,本发明同样包括特征在于至少一个根据本发明的液压控制回路的回转机构。与之前参考根据本发明的液压控制回路详细讨论的相同的优点和特性因此适用于该回转机构。由于这个原因,省去了重复描述。
本发明还包括起重机,特别是移动式起重机或履带式起重机,其包括至少一个根据本发明的液压控制回路和/或根据本发明的回转机构。基于根据本发明的液压控制回路的相同的优点和特性也适用于这方面。
附图说明
下面将参考在唯一附图中所示的实施方式详细说明本发明的其它优点和性能。
图1图示出了根据本发明的用于控制起重机回转机构的液压控制回路的液压回路图。
具体实施方式
液压控制回路的主要部件是用于驱动回转机构的主泵2。该主泵2通过发动机、特别是起重机的柴油发动机被驱动。从主泵2经由工作线路A、B被供以所需操作压力的液压马达1用于执行回转机构的旋转运动。根据回转机构的旋转方向,当液压马达通过无压力工作线路A、B朝向储罐释放时,工作线路A或工作线路B由所需的压力水平作用。
根据本发明的液压控制回路提供了在两个方向上的工作的回转机构控制,其通过流量和压力二者来驱动或被驱动、调节。因此,所有可想到的控制要求能够仅通过一个单独的液压回转机构控制来满足。这是通过以下方式实现的:液压马达的压力入流可通过单个入流阀5控制,并且压力出流可通过出流阀9控制。此外,能够通过入流压力维持阀10和出流压力维持阀8的集成而在入流15和出流16两者中确保与负载无关的油量。
下面将更详细地描述液压控制回路的确切操作模式。回转机构方向经由入流阀5连接。在中间位置,如在唯一图中所示,两个工作线路A、B经由方向性止回阀6,7并通过出流阀9被阻挡流向储罐。除了停止制动器之外,回转机构还通过它固定。如果出流阀9被控制打开,则回转机构能够自由运动。中间位置通常也可设想为打开的出流阀9;然后反向控制。可以认识到,两个工作线路A、B通过止回阀6,7被组合以形成共用出流线路16。因此使得完全能够在两个旋转方向上使用共用出流阀8。
使入流阀5进入第一或第三切换位置以执行旋转运动,由此工作线路A或工作线路B由主泵2的所需系统压力作用。三通压力维持阀10的集成通过入流阀5在入流15中提供与负载无关的油量。通过阀17实现系统压力限制。两个止回阀18用作再吸入阀。
同时,入流阀5通过方向性止回阀6,7和出流阀9将液压马达1的出流线路自由地切换到储罐。出流压力维持阀8的集成使得出流阀9上的压差总是恒定,从而使得出流量仅取决于出流阀9本身的打开。为此,出流阀9是具有可变调节流量的可成比例切换的出流阀9。
出流压力维持阀8的功能能够通过附加阀12而从操作中被停用,因为出口压力的返回被中断。这对于“空转”模式是特别理想的,从而能够通过出流阀9的直接限制而将可能的制动转矩引入到回转机构上。此外,还能够附加地使用机械制动器3来将制动扭矩施加到回转机构上。
为了避免在“夹紧”模式下在关闭出流阀9时主泵2的泵压力快速达到最大系统压力,压力调节阀11纯液压地防止在三通压力维持阀10处的泵压力的增加。压力调节阀11为此影响在入流阀5处承载的负载压力,使得在出流压力维持阀8处不会产生比在压力调节阀11处设定的压力值更高的压力。因此避免了驱动单元的柴油发动机速度通过主泵2而降低并且不会产生不必要的高泵压力,这有助于节省燃料和成本并且降低噪声。
在“夹紧”模式下,通过用有效的出流压力维持阀8关闭出流阀,回转机构以流量调节的方式并且以高精度被延迟。不同操作模式的切换如下实现:在“空转”模式下在出流中流量调节被停用。在该模式下,出流阀9被进一步打开直到在出流阀9处不再能够达到压力维持阀8的调节压差。压力维持阀8因此被完全打开并且因此不工作。因此,可以通过出流阀9的成比例的打开和关闭而在模式“空转”和“夹紧”之间连续地转换。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于起重机回转机构的液压控制回路,所述液压控制回路具有方向阀,所述方向阀布置在工作线中并且可单独地控制用于进行所述回转机构的旋转运动的液压马达的入流和出流,其中入流阀用于控制从液压泵经所述工作线至所述液压马达的油入流,且设置有出流阀,经由所述出流阀,液压马达能够被释放到储罐,其中所述工作线各自经由至少一个止回阀连接至所述出流阀的共用入口,从而独立于所述回转机构的旋转方向而经由一个出流阀将液压马达释放到所述储罐中,在流动方向上在所述出流阀之前设置有至少一个出流压力维持阀,以使所述出流阀上的压差保持恒定并且确保出流中的与负载压力无关的油量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,在流动方向上在所述入流阀之前设置有至少一个入流压力维持阀,以确保到液压马达的入流中的与负载压力无关的油量。
3.根据权利要求1所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,所述出流阀能够被成比例地打开和/或关闭,并且可以通过成比例地打开和关闭所述出流阀而在所述液压控制回路的操作模式“空转”和“夹紧”之间转换。
4.根据权利要求3中任一项所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,能够通过比所述入流阀大的体积流量来控制所述出流阀,由此所述出流压力维持阀被完全打开,并且所述控制回路可以被切换到操作模式“空转”。
5.根据权利要求2所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,压力调节阀连接至所述入流压力维持阀,以限制或完全防止通过关闭所述出流阀引起的所述入流压力维持阀处的压力增加。
6.根据权利要求5所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,在所述入流阀处承载的负载压力能够借助于所述压力调节阀来影响,使得在所述出流压力维持阀之前不存在比所述压力调节阀的设定压力值更高的压力。
7.根据权利要求3或4所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,所述出流压力调节阀能够通过附加阀来停用,所述压力维持阀的出口压力的反馈被所述附加阀中断。
8.根据权利要求7所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,通过限制所述出流阀,能够在所述“空转”操作模式下建立制动转矩,其中,所述出流阀的限制致动通过与旋转方向相反的操纵杆运动和/或通过致动脚制动踏板来进行。
9.根据权利要求1所述的液压控制回路,其特征在于,所有或至少一些阀能够通过具有集成BUS接口的车载电子装置来控制。
10.一种回转机构,所述回转机构具有至少一个根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的液压控制回路。
11.一种起重机,其具有根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的液压控制回路和/或具有根据权利要求10所述的回转机构。
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