CN107109287A - 具有增强磨损和机械加工性的复合轴承 - Google Patents

具有增强磨损和机械加工性的复合轴承 Download PDF

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CN107109287A
CN107109287A CN201580059322.6A CN201580059322A CN107109287A CN 107109287 A CN107109287 A CN 107109287A CN 201580059322 A CN201580059322 A CN 201580059322A CN 107109287 A CN107109287 A CN 107109287A
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fiber
semicontinuous
thermosetting resin
matrix
composite
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CN107109287B (zh
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迈克尔·金
乔恩·雷克斯凯
卡什塔·伦尼
埃托尔·萨罗
安德里亚斯·特伦克勒
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Gigaby Usa Holdings Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种自润滑复合材料。所述自润滑复合材料可包括分散在半连续热塑性纤维的编织基质内的不连续聚合物纤维段。该编织基质可被嵌入在热固性树脂中。本发明还公开了一种制造自润滑复合材料的方法。

Description

具有增强磨损和机械加工性的复合轴承
背景技术
通常的纤维缠绕复合轴承含有相对高含量的连续聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纤维作为自润滑剂。这些复合轴承可用于各种高负载和侵蚀性工业应用中以提供低磨损率以及低摩擦度。
先前已公开了聚酯/环氧树脂基质中包括连续PTFE纤维的轴承组分。美国专利号4,867,889公开了在环氧树脂基质中加入碳颗粒,其中嵌入了连续PTFE纤维和聚酯纤维以在高负载、大角度摆动(oscillation)中增强磨损和摩擦性能。与美国专利号4,867,889相比,欧洲专利号1616107B1公开了在环氧树脂基质中加入PTFE颗粒,其中嵌入了连续PTFE纤维和聚酯纤维,以提高在高频、较小角度摆动的摆动模式下的性能。美国公开申请公开号2008/0160853公开了一种使用聚酯纤维而非连续PTFE纤维的轴承组分,但包括加工成聚酯纤维的PTFE颗粒。从‘853申请中最易了解到,PTFE颗粒的长径比约为1。
一些应用中,复合轴承需要比其在缠绕状态下可能或实际达到的更严格的尺寸公差。通常,需要二次操作(例如机械加工)来生产满足严格尺寸要求的复合轴承。遗憾的是,具有高含量连续PTFE纤维的复合轴承(例如上述美国专利号4,867,889和欧洲专利号1616107)的机械加工性通常较差。具有高含量连续PTFE纤维的机械加工复合轴承易导致机械加工表面的PTFE纤维断裂,进而会在加工表面上留下不期望的“起毛”以及在先前由PTFE纤维占据的表面上留下有害的空隙。表面“起毛”和产生空隙是不期望的,因为所得到的表面粗糙度可能大于整体的期望的尺寸公差范围。
因此,用于复合轴承的可机械加工的自润滑复合材料,其在广泛的应用条件下须具有低磨损率和低摩擦力。
发明内容
本发明内容将以简化形式介绍一些概念,这些概念在下文具体实施方式中将进一步说明。本发明内容和上述背景技术并不旨在确定所要求保护主题的关键或必要方面。此外,本发明内容不旨在辅助确定所要求保护主题的范围。
本文公开了自润滑复合材料,其在许多实施例中可用于可机械加工的自润滑复合轴承,该轴承适用于大角度摆动和低角度摆动的组合对耐磨性有多种要求的应用中。该自润滑复合材料通常包括不连续聚合物纤维段、半连续热塑性纤维和热固性树脂。
在一些实施例中,不连续聚合物纤维段分散遍及半连续热塑性纤维的编织基质中,并且半连续热塑性纤维和不连续聚合物纤维段被嵌入在热固性树脂中。不连续聚合物纤维段可包括PTFE纤维段。半连续热塑性纤维可包括聚酯。热固性树脂可以是环氧树脂。
本文所述的复合材料中使用的热固性树脂也可包括一种或多种其它自润滑剂。其它自润滑剂可包括重量百分比为1%-10%的氮化硼(BN)颗粒,重量百分比为5%-15%的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)颗粒和重量百分比为5%-20%的石墨颗粒(重量百分比基于热固性树脂和自润滑剂的总重量)。
复合轴承和轴衬可使用已知的长丝缠绕(filament winding)技术由本文公开的复合材料制成。
参考了本文的具体实施方式之后,可清楚了解本发明的所述和其它方面内容。然而,应当了解的是,本发明的范围应由所公开的权利要求来确定,而并非由所述主题是否解决了背景技术中提到的任何或所有问题,或者是否包括了本申请中引用的任何特征或方面来确定。
附图说明
图1为根据本文所述的各种实施例的用于制造自润滑复合材料的方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
下面将参照示例性实施例更全面地对本申请案的技术进行说明。这些公开的实施例具有充分的细节,从而使本领域技术人员能对本技术进行实践。然而,本技术可以多种不同形式来实施,并且不应视为受到本文所述示例性实施例的限制。因此,下文的详细说明不应视为具有限制性。
本文(和/或相关现有技术)中使用的术语“连续”表示被制成为具有接近无限长径比的单一结构的纤维。
本文所用的术语“半连续”适用于具有特定长径比的离散纤维,其呈编织状或以其它方式组合以呈现连续纤维的外观和功能。
本文使用的“不连续”纤维段视为细长形式的物质,但仍具有离散和可测量的长径比(例如,在10至35的范围内)。
本文(和/或相关现有技术)中使用的术语“颗粒”是指整个基质内离散的、隔离的物质,通常具有等轴的尺寸,或者可能具有低长径比(例如,在1的范围内)。
在一些实施例中,自润滑复合材料通常包括不连续聚合物纤维段、半连续热塑性纤维和热固性树脂。半连续热塑性纤维被编织成基质形式,并且不连续聚合物纤维段被分散在半连续热塑性纤维的编织基质中。将半连续热塑性纤维和不连续聚合物纤维段的编织基质嵌入热固性树脂中。
在一些实施例中,整体复合纤维结构可包括重量百分比为30%至70%的不连续润滑聚合物纤维段、重量百分比为20%至40%的半连续热塑性纤维和重量百分比为30%至70%的热固性树脂。一般来说,不连续聚合物纤维段被均匀地分散在整个编织的半连续热塑性纤维中,并且润滑颗粒填料被均匀地分布在热固性树脂中。
包含在复合材料中的不连续聚合物纤维段可由适于为轴承中所使用的复合材料提供润滑的任何聚合物纤维制成。在一些实施例中,聚合物纤维是PTFE纤维。另一种合适的聚合物纤维包括聚酯。不连续聚合物纤维段可用作复合材料中的润滑剂。
如上所述,聚合物纤维以不连续纤维段的形式存在于复合材料中。每个聚合物纤维段具有长度范围可以是0.5mm至3.0mm(例如,0.5mm至2.0mm),宽度范围50μm至120μm(例如,60μm至100μm),厚度范围10μm至30μm(16μm至25μm)。
在一些实施例中,复合材料中所使用的聚合物纤维段的长径比(长度与宽度的比率)范围为10至40。具有该长径比范围内的纤维段是符合需要的,因为其允许不连续纤维段在复合材料内机械地结合以保留作为耐磨层,同时在加工期间也不易于发生断裂(例如连续纤维的断裂)。不连续纤维段的机械保持性十分重要,因为一般来说,在复合轴承中用于润滑的聚合物纤维的材料不能与热固性树脂形成强化学键。
复合材料中包括的热塑性纤维可以是用于复合轴承的任何合适的热塑性纤维。在一些实施例中,热塑性纤维是聚酯。其它合适的热塑性材料包括但不限于芳香族聚酰胺、聚酰胺或其它耐磨聚合物纤维。
如上所述,复合材料的热塑性纤维是半连续热塑性纤维。本文所用的术语半连续纤维是指编织在一起以呈现连续结构外观和性能的多个离散纤维片。
复合材料中使用的热固性树脂可以是适用于复合轴承的任何热固性树脂。可用的热固性树脂可包括那些在固化期间具有高强度和低收缩率的树脂。在一些实施例中,热固性树脂是环氧树脂、聚酯树脂、乙烯基酯树脂或酚醛树脂,其中优选的热固性树脂是环氧树脂。适用于复合材料的市售环氧树脂的示例包括由迈图材料公司(Momentive Materials)制造的EPON系列树脂和由陶氏化学公司(Dow Chemical)制造的332液态环氧树脂。一些实施例中,环氧树脂可包括最初通过双酚A和表氯醇的聚合形成的聚醚树脂。
在一些实施例中,用于复合轴承材料的热固性树脂可在高于165℃(325°F)时,通常在190℃至200℃(370°F至390°F)的温度范围内固化。
在一些实施例中,选择了热固性树脂和半连续热塑性纤维,以确保半连续热塑性纤维和热固性树脂彼此形成粘合力。热固性树脂和半连续热塑性纤维之间的粘合力为在复合轴承内保留不连续聚合物纤维段提供了必要的机械支撑。
半连续热塑性纤维的编织基质具有分散于其中的不连续聚合物纤维段,允许不连续聚合物纤维段保持在原位,尽管不连续聚合物纤维段不能与任何支撑或结合结构(例如热固性树脂)化学键合。
该热固性树脂可包括一种或多种其它的自润滑材料。进一步添加润滑颗粒(例如石墨、附加PTFE的氮化硼)的复合材料的组成改变有助于在大范围条件下提供润滑(例如高负载、大角度摆动与较高频率、低角度或小振幅摆动的组合)。广泛的润滑添加剂在大范围的滑动或摆动条件下可使润滑膜(也称为转移膜)的形成过程稳定。
任何适用于复合轴承并且可对由复合材料制造的产品提供低摩擦特性的自润滑材料均可被使用。在一些实施例中,热固性树脂中使用的自润滑材料包括氮化硼(BN)颗粒、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)颗粒和石墨颗粒。本文所用的颗粒是指长径比约为1的材料。
在一些实施例中,热固性树脂包括重量百分比为1%至10%的氮化硼颗粒(重量百分比是基于热固性树脂和自润滑剂的总重量)。热固性树脂中使用的BN颗粒的尺寸范围可为1至37μm,平均尺寸为9μm。可用于本文所述的实施例中的市售BN颗粒的示例是迈图NX9,由迈图高新材料公司(Momentive Performance Materials,Inc)制造。
在一些实施例中,热固性树脂包括重量百分比为5%至15%的PTFE微粒(重量百分比基于热固性树脂和自润滑剂的总重量)。PTFE颗粒通常以多个单独颗粒簇的形式存在于热固性树脂中。用于热固性树脂中的PTFE颗粒簇的尺寸范围可以是400μm至650μm(例如490μm)。在一些实施例中,可对这些PTFE颗粒簇进行处理,进而将附聚颗粒分离成更小的簇(例如,直径范围为10μm至150μm的簇)。可用于本文所述实施例的市售PTFE颗粒的示例是杜邦(Dupont)制造的铁氟龙(Teflon)PTFE 62。
在一些实施例中,热固性树脂包括重量百分比为5%至20%的石墨颗粒。适用于热固性树脂的示例性石墨颗粒包括美国艾斯博瑞碳素公司(Asbury Carbons)制造的F-288。
可使用任何合适的热固性树脂(具有自润滑剂被分散于其中)的制备方式。在一些实施例中,将自润滑颗粒与热固性树脂在工业混合器中混合一段合适的时间,从而使自润滑颗粒大体均匀地分散在整个热固性树脂中。自润滑剂可被一次性全部加入到热固性树脂中,或者在进行混合时逐渐加入。另一个优选实施例将PTFE和石墨与液体硬化剂和润湿剂预混合,以辅助PTFE微粒的解聚。最后加入氮化硼和热固性树脂并被混合至适当的稠度。
如图1所示,制造复合材料的工艺100通常包括步骤110:在热固性树脂中涂覆连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维,再者是步骤120:使用长丝缠绕技术将涂覆的连续聚合物纤维和涂覆的半连续热塑性纤维缠绕支撑心轴。在一些实施例中,将连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维置于单独的卷轴上并且同时缠绕在心轴上。
形成复合材料的初始步骤中所使用的聚合物纤维是连续的聚合物纤维,这说明纤维是沿纤维长度无断裂的单股材料。如本文所述,连续聚合物纤维在制造步骤中最终分裂成单独的不连续纤维段。形成复合材料的初始步骤中所使用的热塑性纤维是不连续的热塑性纤维,这说明纤维表现为连续的,除非在某点处可以看到,例如在显微镜下观察,纤维实际上由许多离散长度的热塑性纤维缠绕在一起以形成长度较长的纤维。
长丝缠绕技术的纺丝(spin)作用会导致连续聚合物纤维“拉伸断裂”。其结果是使多个离散的短聚合物纤维段分散在编织的连续热塑性纤维基质中,并且整个编织结构被涂覆于热固性树脂基质中。离散纤维段足以提供与连续聚合物纤维相当的耐磨性和摩擦性能,同时与具有嵌入热固性基质中的连续聚合物纤维的复合材料相比,还可提供有利的机械加工响应。
在步骤110中,连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维被涂覆有热固性树脂。在一些实施例中,在进行长丝缠绕步骤之前,通过将连续和半连续纤维浸渍在热固性树脂中,可用热固性树脂涂覆连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维。在一些实施例中,通过热固性树脂浴将连续和半连续纤维不断拉伸,以涂覆连续和半连续纤维。可使用涂覆连续和半连续纤维的其它批处理技术,例如将单根连续或半连续纤维线浸入热固性树脂的浴中。
在涂覆步骤之后,进行将长丝缠绕在涂覆的纤维上的步骤120。将热固性树脂涂覆的连续聚合物纤维和热固性树脂涂覆的半连续热塑性纤维被长丝缠绕在支承心轴上,进而在心轴上形成编织结构。一般来说,本领域技术人员已知的任何长丝缠绕技术均可用于利用本文所述的复合材料来制备复合轴承。长丝缠绕技术可对复合轴承的纤维结构中的交叉缝隙(cross-hatch)起到重要影响,可提高复合轴承的机械加工性和自润滑磨损性能。同时也在纤维基质内形成了空间,以持有润滑颗粒。
如上所述,该长丝缠绕步骤可使连续聚合物纤维拉伸断裂成不连续的聚合物纤维段,而半连续热塑性纤维则保持完整。长丝缠绕步骤和连续聚合物纤维的拉伸断裂的结果是,形成了具有分散在整个编织结构中不连续聚合物纤维段的半连续热塑性纤维的编织结构。
通常支撑心轴上的编织基质的厚度是无限制的。在一些实施例中,将编织基质缠绕在心轴上直到厚度达到0.3mm至5mm。
支撑心轴可具有任何期望的形状,并且可由任何合适的支撑材料制成。在一些实施例中,支撑心轴的材料是钢或铝。心轴的典型形状包括中空圆柱体。
在将热固性树脂涂覆的纤维缠绕在支撑心轴上之后,在编织基质上形成支撑层的步骤130可以被实施。由此可形成支撑背衬,用作高强度基质以便在高轴承负载(例如,高达或超过420MPa)下支撑复合材料。
支撑层可由任何适于为编织复合材料提供强度的材料来形成。在一些实施例中,支撑层由玻璃纤维形成。可使用的其它合适材料包括但不限于连续的长丝缠绕聚酯或芳香族聚酰胺纤维。在一些实施例中,支撑层可包括合适的金属背衬或壳体,并且编织基质可通过粘合剂被固定到支撑层。用于构造支撑层的潜在合适材料的其它示例有玻璃/环氧树脂、玻璃/聚酯、玻璃/酚醛树脂、亚麻/酚醛树脂和棉/酚醛树脂。
在一些实施例中,可使用与上述将纤维缠绕在支撑心轴上大致相同的方法在编织复合材料上形成支撑层。首先给所选择的支撑层材料,例如,玻璃纤维,涂覆与用于涂覆纤维相同的热固性树脂。再使用长丝缠绕技术将涂覆的支撑层材料缠绕在复合材料的顶部。在一些实施例中,支撑层的厚度范围可为1mm至50mm。
该方法100还可包括固化步骤140。在施加支撑层完成之后,将具有复合材料以及其上形成有支撑层的心轴从缠绕机移除并放置到用于固化热固性树脂的炉中。固化可以任何合适的方式进行,包括在固化炉中将复合材料和支撑层加热至温度范围约为190℃至200℃(370°F至390°F)。固化过程可以进行使热固性树脂硬化所需的任何合适的一段时间,例如30分钟至6小时的一段时间。
一旦固化和硬化完成后,可将复合材料从支撑心轴上移除,进而提供复合材料,该复合材料具有大体呈支撑心轴的形状的支撑层。从支撑心轴移除的复合材料可包括热固性树脂/半连续热聚合物纤维/不连续聚合物纤维段内衬和由例如玻璃纤维制成的支撑背衬层。
可对由复合材料制成的复合轴承实施各种附加的加工步骤150,例如支撑外表面的研磨或机械加工以及通过对内表面进行常规的单点机械加工法的机械加工。由于不存在连续聚合物纤维,复合轴承在机械加工表面几乎不会产生“起毛”和随之引起的不利空隙。这是因为当经历与连续聚合物纤维相同的方式进行机械加工时,本文所述的实施例中所使用的聚合物纤维段不会断裂或产生起毛现象。因为不连续热塑性纤维和热固性树脂之间的粘合力为不连续聚合物纤维段提供了机械封装性,所以聚合物纤维段在机械加工期间不会断裂。
试验结果:
由本文所述的复合材料形成的复合轴承的益处在以下摩擦学试验中得到证明,并且通过机械加工研究证明了不连续纤维的价值。
1.高负载、大角度摆动:
●负载:70MPa
●摆动角度:+/-30°
●摆动速度:15转/分钟
●尺寸:25.4mm轴
2.低角度、高频摆动:
●负载:30MPa
●摆动角度:+/-5°
●摆动速度:200转/分钟
●尺寸:25.4mm轴
复合轴承1:长丝缠绕复合轴承是由本文所述的复合材料制成的。
复合轴承2:长丝缠绕复合轴承是由含有高百分比的连续PTFE纤维和PTFE颗粒以及玻璃纤维背衬的材料制成(未通过“标准”加工方法加工/钻孔)。
复合轴承3:长丝缠绕复合轴承是由含有连续聚酯纤维、PTFE颗粒和玻璃纤维背衬的材料制成。
复合轴承4:同质复合轴承由纤维网制造的酚醛基材料所制成的。
上述数据示出了所有试验中表现出最强耐磨性的复合轴承1(即由本文所述的复合材料制成的复合轴承)。与使用连续PTFE纤维制造的轴承2相比,除了优越的磨损性能,轴承1表现出良好的机械加工响应。
通过测量机械加工后的表面粗糙度来评估加工响应。该研究对比了不连续PTFE纤维结构和连续PTFE纤维结构(轴承2)。机械加工条件如下:
直径:125mm
工具类型:碳化物
速度:360转/分钟
行程:0.125mm/转
切削深度:渐进切口:直径:0.425、0.300、0.100mm
加工后的粗糙度(Ra)
轴承1∶2.6um
轴承2∶5.3um

Claims (15)

1.一种自润滑复合材料,包括:
半连续热塑性纤维的编织基质;
分散遍及所述编织基质的不连续聚合物纤维段;以及
其中嵌入有所述编织基质的热固性树脂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的材料,其中所述材料包括重量百分比为20%至40%的半连续热塑性纤维,重量百分比为30%至70%的不连续聚合物纤维段,以及重量百分比为30%至70%的热固性树脂。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的材料,其中所述半连续热塑性纤维包括聚酯。
4.根据权利要求1-3中任一项所述的材料,其中所述不连续聚合物纤维段包括聚四氟乙烯。
5.根据权利要求1-4中任一项所述的材料,其中所述热固性树脂包括环氧树脂。
6.根据权利要求5所述的材料,其中所述环氧树脂还包括一种或多种选自氮化硼颗粒、聚四氟乙烯颗粒和石墨颗粒的自润滑剂。
7.根据权利要求1-6中任一项所述的材料,其中每个不连续聚合物纤维段具有长度范围为0.5mm至3.0mm。
8.根据权利要求1-7中任一项所述的材料,其中每个不连续聚合物纤维段的长径比范围为10至40。
9.一种制造自润滑复合材料的方法,包括:
用热固性树脂涂覆连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维;以及
长丝缠绕所述连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维以形成编织基质,其中所述长丝缠绕使所述连续聚合物纤维拉伸断裂成多个不连续聚合物纤维段。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,进一步包括:
在所述编织基质上形成支撑层。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的方法,进一步包括:
固化所述编织基质以硬化所述热固性树脂。
12.根据权利要求9-11中任一项所述的方法,进一步包括:
机械加工所述编织基质的外表面。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中长丝缠绕所述连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维包括长丝缠绕所述连续聚合物纤维和半连续热塑性纤维以形成厚度范围为0.3mm至5.0mm的编织基质。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述连续聚合物纤维包括连续聚四氟乙烯纤维,半连续热塑性纤维包括聚酯,以及热固性树脂包括环氧树脂。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中在所述编织基质上形成支撑层包括在所述编织基质上长丝缠绕玻璃纤维。
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