CN107042089A - 一种功能碳材料的合成方法及其在重金属污水处理中的应用 - Google Patents

一种功能碳材料的合成方法及其在重金属污水处理中的应用 Download PDF

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CN107042089A
CN107042089A CN201710189094.5A CN201710189094A CN107042089A CN 107042089 A CN107042089 A CN 107042089A CN 201710189094 A CN201710189094 A CN 201710189094A CN 107042089 A CN107042089 A CN 107042089A
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郭峰
陈雨浓
郭晓倩
金盈
管红伟
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Abstract

一种功能碳材料的合成方法及其在重金属污水处理中的应用。本发明属于环保工程技术领域。在温和条件下,将有机强酸滴加到溶有生物质的有机溶液中,进行溶剂热碳化反应,洗涤、干燥后获得功能碳材料。所用生物质原料价格便宜、来源广泛,通过该工艺可变废为宝。溶剂热反应操作简单、高效,功能碳材料收率可达80%。所制备功能碳材料不仅能够强吸附重金属离子,还起到还原催化剂的作用,协同促进重金属离子的脱除,重金属离子去除率可达98.5%,重复使用10次后重金属离子去除率仍可达80%。本发明通过溶剂热反应,获得具有还原性基团的亚微功能碳吸附材料,用于重金属污水的处理,获得优良的去除效果。

Description

一种功能碳材料的合成方法及其在重金属污水处理中的应用
技术领域
本发明属于环保工程技术领域,特别涉及到一种功能碳材料的合成方法及其在重金属污水处理中的应用。
背景技术
重金属污染已成为威胁人类健康和发展的重大环境问题。重金属主要包括生物毒性显著的汞、镉、铅、铬以及类金属砷,还包括具有毒性的重金属铜、钴、镍、锡、钒等污染物。重金属既可以直接进入大气、水体和土壤,并能在大气、水体和土壤中迁移,造成各类环境要素的污染。据报道,全球每年排放到环境中的有毒重金属高达数百万吨。以铬为例,铬是一种用途非常广泛的重金属,据统计我国约有10%的产品与铬有关。工业废水中主要是Cr6+的化合物,常以铬酸根离子[(CrO4)2-]存在。Cr6+的毒性比Cr3+要高100倍,是强致突变物质,可诱发肺癌和鼻咽癌。我国规定生活饮用水中六价铬的浓度应低于0.05mg/L,地面水中铬的最高容许浓度为0.5mg/L(Cr3+)和0.05mg/L(Cr6+),工业废水中Cr6+及其化合物最高容许排放标准为0.5mg/L。
重金属的传统脱除方法有很多,例如化学沉淀法,需要投加大量化学药剂,并以沉淀物的形式沉淀出来,存在二次污染问题;电化学法耗电量大,废水处理量小,出水水质差,不适合处理低浓度废水。吸附法是利用吸附剂吸附废水中重金属的一种方法,被认为是去除痕量重金属有效的方法。常用的吸附剂有活性炭、沸石、硅藻土等,其中碳材料比表面积大、吸附性能良好、来源广、成本低,表现出良好的处理效果。本发明以自然界中广泛存在且廉价的木质纤维素类生物质为起始原料,在温和条件下,经溶剂热法合成亚微球形功能碳材料,之后用于污水中重金属离子的脱除。所合成功能碳材料不仅具有优良的吸附性能,而且能够利用表面存在的官能团将高价态重金属离子还原,降低重金属离子的毒性,是很有发展潜力的重金属废水处理碳材料。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的现状与不足,提供一种制备简单、吸附容量大、成本低、易分离且可重复利用的碳材料去除废水中重金属的方法,以木质纤维素类生物质为原料,通过溶剂热方法在温和条件下制备具有强吸附性和还原活性的亚微功能碳材料,用于处理废水中存在的单一或多种重金属离子。
一种功能碳材料的合成方法,将生物质清洗、干燥并磨碎,收集尺寸小于0.22μm的生物质粉末;在水热反应釜内将生物质粉末与有机溶剂和12-烷基磺酸钠混合,生物质与有机溶剂的质量比为1:6~100,生物质与12-烷基磺酸钠的质量比为1:1~5;密封加热到120~180℃,反应1~10h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH5.0以上,干燥后获得功能碳材料。
进一步地,所述生物质为葡萄糖、壳聚糖、纤维素、甲壳素、核桃壳或蟹壳。
进一步地,所述有机溶剂为[BMIM]Cl、二甲基亚砜或γ-戊内酯。
上述方法合成的功能碳材料在重金属污水处理中的应用,包括以下步骤:
第一步,将功能碳材料添加到重金属废水中,重金属离子与功能碳材料的质量浓度比1:1~10;调节pH至2~10,在15~35℃振荡吸附1~7h,固、液分离回收功能碳材料,干燥后备用。
第二步,重复使用回收的功能碳材料,按照第一步操作继续下一批次的重金属脱除。
进一步地,上述重金属离子为Cr6+、Mn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+或Hg2+
进一步地,上述功能碳材料重复使用次数为2~10次。
本发明的有益效果是:制备功能碳材料的原料属于废弃生物质,通过该工艺可变废为宝。溶剂热反应操作简单、高效,功能碳材料产率可达80%。所制备功能碳材料不仅能够强吸附重金属离子,而且起到还原催化剂的作用,协同促进重金属离子的脱除,重金属离子去除率可达98.5%,重复使用10次后重金属离子去除率仍可达80%。本发明通过溶剂热反应,获得具有还原性基团的亚微功能碳材料,用于重金属污水的处理,获得明显的去除效果。
附图说明
附图1是亚微功能碳材料的SEM谱图。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体技术方案和附图详细叙述本发明的具体实施方式。
实施例一
将核桃壳洗净除杂,粉碎后的粉末尺寸小于0.22μm。然后将5g粉末置于水热反应釜中,同时加入30g[BMIM]Cl、30g氨基磺酸和1g十二烷基磺酸钠,密封后加热到120℃,反应1h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH>5,干燥后获得碳材料4.1g。
量取Cr6+废水,调节Cr(VI)浓度为10mg/L,碳材料加入量为1g/L,调节pH至8,在15℃振荡吸附1h,固、液分离并回收功能碳材料,测定吸附后溶液中的Cr6+浓度,Cr6+去除率为35%。
实施例二
将核桃壳洗净除杂,粉碎后的粉末尺寸小于0.22μm。然后将4g粉末置于水热反应釜中,同时加入40g[BMIM]Cl、30g氨基磺酸和2g十二烷基磺酸钠,密封后加热到150℃,反应5h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH>5,干燥后获得碳材料3.9g。
量取Cr6+废水,调节Cr6+浓度为100mg/L,碳材料加入量为5g/L,调节pH至2,在35℃振荡吸附7h,固、液分离并回收功能碳材料,测定吸附后溶液中的Cr6+浓度,Cr6+去除率为95%。
实施例三
将蟹壳洗净除杂,粉碎后的粉末尺寸小于0.22μm。然后将5g粉末置于水热反应釜中,同时加入100g二甲基亚砜、30g氨基磺酸和5g十二烷基磺酸钠,密封后加热到150℃,反应5h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH>5,干燥后获得碳材料3.5g。
量取Cr6+废水,调节Cr6+浓度为100mg/L,碳材料加入量为5g/L,调节pH至2,在35℃振荡吸附7h,固、液分离并回收功能碳材料,测定吸附后溶液中的Cr6+浓度,Cr6+去除率为98.5%。
实施例四
将壳聚糖1g粉末置于水热反应釜中,同时加入30gγ-戊内酯、30g氨基磺酸和2g十二烷基磺酸钠,密封后加热到150℃,反应5h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH>5,干燥后获得碳材料0.81g。
量取Cr6+废水,调节Cr6+浓度为100mg/L,碳材料加入量为5g/L,调节pH至2,在35℃振荡吸附7h,固、液分离并回收功能碳材料,测定吸附后溶液中的Cr6+浓度,Cr6+去除率为98.3%。
实施例五
将甲壳素5g粉末置于水热反应釜中,同时加入50gγ-戊内酯、30g氨基磺酸和1g十二烷基磺酸钠,密封后加热到150℃,反应5h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH>5,干燥后获得碳材料4.27g。
量取Cr6+废水,调节Cr6+浓度为100mg/L,碳材料加入量为5g/L,调节pH至2,在35℃振荡吸附7h,固、液分离并回收功能碳材料,测定吸附后溶液中的Cr6+浓度,Cr6+去除率为94.9%。
实施例六
将葡萄糖4g粉末置于水热反应釜中,同时加入40g[BMIM]Cl、30g氨基磺酸和1g十二烷基磺酸钠,密封后加热到150℃,反应5h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH>5,干燥后获得碳材料3.5g。
分别量取含有MnCl2、PbCl2、CdCl2、HgCl2的废水,调节金属离子浓度为50mg/L,碳材料加入量为5g/L,调节pH至2,在25℃振荡吸附7h,固、液分离并回收功能碳材料,测定吸附后溶液中的金属离子浓度,Mn2+去除率为98.2%,Pb2+去除率为98.1%,Cd2+去除率为98.5%,Hg2+去除率为98.5%,98.3%。
实施例七
将葡萄糖4g粉末置于水热反应釜中,同时加入40g[BMIM]Cl、30g氨基磺酸和1g十二烷基磺酸钠,密封后加热到150℃,反应5h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH>5,干燥后获得碳材料3.5g。
量取Cr6+废水,调节Cr6+浓度为100mg/L,碳材料加入量为5g/L,调节pH至2,在35℃振荡吸附7h,固、液分离并回收功能碳材料。将回收功能碳材料重复用于上述Cr6+废水的处理,重复使用次数为10次。Cr6+去除率依次为97.8%、95.4%、93.3%、91.9%、89.6%、85.3%、83.3%、81.9%、82.3%、79.9%。

Claims (6)

1.一种功能碳材料的合成方法,其特征在于,将生物质清洗、干燥并磨碎,收集尺寸小于0.22μm的生物质粉末;在水热反应釜内将生物质粉末与有机溶剂和12-烷基磺酸钠混合,生物质与有机溶剂的质量比为1:6~100,生物质与12-烷基磺酸钠的质量比为1:1~5;密封加热到120~180℃,反应1~10h后,收集碳材料产物并洗涤至pH5.0以上,干燥后获得功能碳材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种功能碳材料的合成方法,其特征在于,所述生物质为葡萄糖、壳聚糖、纤维素、甲壳素、核桃壳或蟹壳。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种功能碳材料的合成方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶剂为[BMIM]Cl、二甲基亚砜或γ-戊内酯。
4.根据权利要求1-3任一所述方法合成的功能碳材料在重金属污水处理中的应用,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
第一步,将功能碳材料添加到重金属废水中,重金属离子与功能碳材料的质量浓度比1:1~10;调节pH至2~10,在15~35℃振荡吸附1~7h,固、液分离回收功能碳材料,干燥后备用;
第二步,重复使用回收的功能碳材料,按照第一步操作继续下一批次的重金属脱除。
5.根据权利要求4所述的功能碳材料在重金属污水处理中的应用,其特征在于,所述重金属离子为Cr6+、Mn2+、Pb2+、Cd2+或Hg2+
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的功能碳材料在重金属污水处理中的应用,其特征在于,功能碳材料重复使用次数为2~10次。
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CN107651687A (zh) * 2017-11-16 2018-02-02 湘潭大学 一种富含吡啶氮元素的炭材料的制备方法及其应用
CN108187614A (zh) * 2017-12-26 2018-06-22 华中科技大学 一种用于烟气脱汞的生物质多孔炭吸附剂制备方法及产品
CN110066201A (zh) * 2019-05-08 2019-07-30 湖南农业大学 一种改良板结植烟土壤的调理剂及其制备方法
CN111744476A (zh) * 2020-07-08 2020-10-09 昆明理工大学 一种赤泥碳基催化剂的制备方法及应用
CN112108117A (zh) * 2020-09-21 2020-12-22 中国科学院新疆理化技术研究所 同时去除多种放射性金属炭基复合材料的制备方法及测试装置

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN107651687A (zh) * 2017-11-16 2018-02-02 湘潭大学 一种富含吡啶氮元素的炭材料的制备方法及其应用
CN108187614A (zh) * 2017-12-26 2018-06-22 华中科技大学 一种用于烟气脱汞的生物质多孔炭吸附剂制备方法及产品
CN110066201A (zh) * 2019-05-08 2019-07-30 湖南农业大学 一种改良板结植烟土壤的调理剂及其制备方法
CN110066201B (zh) * 2019-05-08 2021-11-12 湖南农业大学 一种改良板结植烟土壤的调理剂及其制备方法
CN111744476A (zh) * 2020-07-08 2020-10-09 昆明理工大学 一种赤泥碳基催化剂的制备方法及应用
CN112108117A (zh) * 2020-09-21 2020-12-22 中国科学院新疆理化技术研究所 同时去除多种放射性金属炭基复合材料的制备方法及测试装置
CN112108117B (zh) * 2020-09-21 2022-08-30 中国科学院新疆理化技术研究所 同时去除多种放射性金属炭基复合材料的制备方法及测试装置

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