CN107027974B - Threonine production process - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a threonine production process, which comprises the steps of filtering fermentation liquor by a ceramic membrane to generate a filtrate and a retentate, filtering threonine to enter the next procedure, evaporating, concentrating and centrifugally separating the filtrate to obtain wet threonine and a primary mother liquor, and evaporating and concentrating the primary mother liquor to obtain the wet threonine and a secondary mother liquor, and is characterized in that: the trapped liquid containing thalli obtained by ceramic membrane filtration and the secondary mother liquid obtained after the primary mother liquid is evaporated and concentrated enter a feed-grade low-content finished product production line. The beneficial effects are as follows: the method has the advantages that the threonine with the content of 65% is produced while the threonine with the content of 98.5% is normally produced, the total extraction yield of the threonine and the nitrogen is increased from 70-75% to more than 85%, the requirement of the feed market for low-end products can be met, particularly, the waste liquid after the threonine with the content of 98.5% is produced into the feed directly, the economic benefit is greatly improved, the zero discharge of waste liquid is realized, and the problem of the prior art is solved, so that a new way for treating the amino acid waste liquid is developed.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a production method of threonine, namely a production process of threonine.
Background
Threonine, also known as: L-Threonine (L-Threonine) (β -hydroxy- α -aminobutyric acid) abbreviation: thr, one letter symbol: t, statutory numbering: CAS 72-19-5, structural formula: CH3CH (OH) CH (NH2) COOH, molecular formula: C4H9NO3, molecular weight: 119.12. threonine is the most common, nonexistent conditional amino acid in animals and humans and has important roles in the growth, development and metabolism of humans and animals. In recent years, there has been an increasing market demand for threonine in the fields of medicines, foods, and copper values. However, the existing threonine extraction process has many disadvantages and needs to be improved.
The existing threonine process flow is as follows: filtering the acid solution by a ceramic membrane to generate a filtrate and a retentate, allowing the thalli to enter a compound fertilizer system along with the retentate, allowing threonine to enter the next process along with the filtrate, evaporating, concentrating and centrifugally separating the filtrate to obtain wet threonine and primary mother liquor, and evaporating and concentrating the primary mother liquor to obtain wet threonine and secondary mother liquor. Drying the wet product to obtain a finished product of threonine; and discharging the secondary mother liquor into a compound fertilizer system. The above extraction process has the following disadvantages: the amount of waste water and waste liquid is large, the environmental pressure is large, and the water resource waste is serious; the waste liquid contains mycoprotein and a large amount of threonine, the mycoprotein and the threonine are lost through a compound fertilizer system, the waste of effective components is serious, and the extraction yield is only 70-75%. The existing process can only extract high-purity threonine products with the content of 98.5 percent, the lowest-content threonine products for feed are in the largest demand in the market, and the existing process can not meet the market demand.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a threonine production process which comprehensively utilizes waste water and waste liquid, remarkably improves the product yield, recovers feed-grade products while maintaining the yield of high-purity products, meets the market demand, reduces the environmental pressure, avoids resource waste, saves energy, reduces consumption, improves the benefit, has simple process and low cost.
The above purpose is realized by the following technical scheme: a process for preparing threonine comprises filtering fermentation liquid with ceramic membrane to obtain filtrate and retentate, evaporating the filtrate for concentration and centrifuging to obtain wet threonine and primary mother liquid, evaporating the primary mother liquid for concentration to obtain wet threonine and secondary mother liquid; drying the wet threonine to obtain a finished product of threonine; the method is characterized in that: trapped fluid containing thalli obtained by ceramic membrane filtration and secondary mother liquor are combined into mixed liquor, and the mixed liquor enters a feed-grade low-content finished product production line.
And (3) synthesizing the trapped solution and the secondary mother solution into a mixed solution according to the weight ratio of 2: 1, carrying out triple-effect evaporation and concentration on the mixed solution, and carrying out spray granulation on the obtained concentrated solution to obtain the threonine with the content of 65%.
The vacuum degree of the mixed solution for triple effect evaporation concentration is-0.85 to-0.09 MPa; first effect temperature: 75-85 ℃, double-effect temperature: 45-50 ℃.
The air inlet temperature of the spray dryer for spraying granulation is as follows: 145-155 ℃; air outlet temperature of the spray dryer: 85-95 ℃, bag pressure difference: less than or equal to 1 MPa; frequency conversion of the atomizer: 20-25 HZ; bed pressure difference of the granulation bed: 8 to 10 KPa; bed pressure difference of cooling bed: 5 to 7 KPa; air outlet temperature of the fluidized bed: 60-65 ℃; product moisture content: less than 4.0 percent; the particle size of the product is as follows: 12-40 meshes, and the qualification rate is more than or equal to 90 percent; and (3) temperature of a finished product: is less than 40 ℃.
Adding grass powder into the mixed solution of the trapped fluid and the secondary mother liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the grass powder to the mixed solution is 100: 55-60, carrying out evaporation concentration by a single-effect evaporator at 38-42 ℃, concentrating until the content of dry substances is 19-21%, and carrying out spray drying on the concentrated solution by a spray drying tower at 68-72 ℃ to obtain a powdery finished product.
The manufacturing method of the grass powder comprises the following steps: 20-30 parts of soybean straw powder, 10-12 parts of alfalfa powder, 3-5 parts of rhizoma atractylodis powder, 4-6 parts of gardenia powder, 10-12 parts of dandelion, 3-4 parts of nutmeg powder, 12-16 parts of caragana microphylla powder, 3-5 parts of licorice powder, 2-3 parts of isatis root powder, 5-8 parts of sea buckthorn powder and 3-5 parts of rhizoma acori graminei powder.
Adding grass powder and stone powder into the mixed solution of the trapped fluid and the secondary mother liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the trapped fluid to the grass powder to the stone powder is 100: 55-60: 2-5; the grass meal is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of soybean straw powder, 10-12 parts of alfalfa powder, 3-5 parts of rhizoma atractylodis powder, 4-6 parts of gardenia powder, 10-12 parts of dandelion, 3-4 parts of nutmeg powder, 12-16 parts of caragana microphylla powder, 3-5 parts of licorice powder, 2-3 parts of isatis root powder, 5-8 parts of sea buckthorn powder and 3-5 parts of rhizoma acori graminei powder; the stone powder is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of zeolite powder, 8-10 parts of coarse whiting powder, 320-330 meshes and 5-6 parts of medical stone powder, 330-350 meshes; mixing, evaporating and concentrating at 38-42 deg.C with single-effect evaporator to dry matter content of 19-21%, and spray drying the concentrated solution at 68-72 deg.C with spray drying tower to obtain powdered product.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the method has the advantages that the threonine with the content of 65% is produced while the threonine with the content of 98.5% is normally produced, the total extraction yield of the threonine and the nitrogen is increased from 70-75% to more than 85%, the requirement of the feed market for low-end products can be met, particularly, the waste liquid after the threonine with the content of 98.5% is produced into the feed directly, the economic benefit is greatly improved, the zero discharge of waste liquid is realized, and the problem of the prior art is solved, so that a new way for treating the amino acid waste liquid is developed.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a process flow diagram of a first embodiment;
figure 2 is a prior art process flow diagram.
Detailed Description
The first embodiment: FIG. 1 illustrates a threonine production process, in which the following process steps can be seen:
1. the fermentation liquor is filtered by a ceramic membrane to generate a filtrate and a trapped fluid, the thalli enter a forage-grade low-content product production line along with the trapped fluid, and the threonine enters the next working procedure along with the filtration. The membrane filtration temperature is 60-70 ℃, and the pressure is 2.0-3.0 MPa.
2. And (3) allowing the filtered solution to enter a three-effect evaporator for evaporation concentration, wherein the evaporation temperature is as follows: the primary effect is 70-73 ℃, the secondary effect is 66-70 ℃, and the tertiary effect is 48-52 ℃; vacuum degree; -0.088 to-0.089 MPa; and (4) concentrating end point: the solid-liquid ratio is 50-56%; steam pressure: 0.35 to 0.5 MPa.
3. The evaporation concentrated solution enters centrifugal separation to obtain wet threonine and primary mother liquor, and the primary mother liquor enters single-effect evaporation concentration; the evaporation temperature is 51-56 ℃, the vacuum degree is-0.085 to-0.089 MPa, and the steam pressure is 0.3-0.45 MPa; wet threonine and secondary mother liquor are obtained.
4. Carrying out flash evaporation drying on the wet threonine, and drying to obtain a finished product threonine; the secondary mother liquor enters a forage-grade low-content finished product system production line.
5. Mixing the trapped liquid and the secondary mother liquid in a ratio of 2: 1, carrying out triple effect evaporation and concentration on the mixed liquid, and carrying out spray granulation on the concentrated liquid.
6. Parameters of the triple effect evaporator: the vacuum degree is-0.85 to-0.09 MPa; first effect temperature: 75-85 ℃, double-effect temperature: 45-50 ℃;
7. air inlet temperature of the spray dryer: 145-155 ℃; air outlet temperature of the spray dryer: 85-95 ℃; bag pressure difference: less than or equal to 1MPa (determined according to the air outlet temperature); frequency conversion of the atomizer: 20-25 HZ; bed pressure difference of the granulation bed: 8-10 KPa; bed pressure difference of cooling bed: 5 to 7 KPa; air outlet temperature of the fluidized bed: 60-65 ℃;
8. product moisture content: less than 4.0 percent; the particle size of the product is as follows: 12 to 40 meshes (the qualification rate is more than or equal to 90 percent); and (3) temperature of a finished product: is less than 40 ℃.
The prior art can be seen by combining fig. 2:
1. filtering the acid solution by a ceramic membrane to generate a filtrate and a trapped fluid, and allowing the thalli to enter a compound fertilizer system along with the trapped fluid; threonine enters the next working procedure along with the filtrate.
2. The filtered clear liquid enters a triple-effect evaporator for evaporation and concentration,
3. evaporating and concentrating, performing centrifugal separation to obtain wet threonine and primary mother liquor, and performing single-effect evaporation and concentration on the primary mother liquor: wet threonine and secondary mother liquor are obtained.
4. Carrying out flash evaporation drying on the wet threonine, and drying to obtain a finished product threonine; and discharging the secondary mother liquor into a compound fertilizer system.
Compared with the prior art, the trapped liquid and the secondary mother liquid of the prior art are both sent to a compound fertilizer workshop to produce the compound fertilizer. The new process is sent to a low-threonine production workshop for further extracting threonine. In addition to producing threonine with a content of 98.5%, threonine with a content of 65% was produced. The threonine yield is improved to more than 85 percent from 70 to 75 percent. The price of the compound fertilizer per ton is 800 yuan/ton, the price of 65 percent threonine is 6000 yuan/ton, and the added value of the product is greatly improved. The price of the 65% threonine converted pure product is 9230 yuan/ton; the market price of 98.5 percent threonine is 11000 yuan/ton, the price of a pure product is 11168 yuan/ton, the low-content threonine is easily favored by customers, the market prospect is wider, and the competitiveness of enterprises is expected to be enhanced. In the process of producing 65% threonine, condensed water generated by evaporation is extracted for self-use or recycled to other processes through an evaporation concentration process, zero emission is realized, the water-saving effect and the environmental benefit are very prominent, and the method is very favorable for the development of enterprises.
The second embodiment: adding grass powder into the mixed solution of the trapped liquid and the secondary mother liquid, wherein the weight ratio of the mixed solution to the grass powder is 100: 55-60.
Various grass powders can be added, such as crop straws, pasture and the like. In order to increase the nutritional value and the medicinal function of the product, the following herbal materials are adopted: 20-30 parts of soybean straw powder, 10-12 parts of alfalfa powder, 3-5 parts of rhizoma atractylodis powder, 4-6 parts of gardenia powder, 10-12 parts of dandelion, 3-4 parts of nutmeg powder, 12-16 parts of caragana microphylla powder, 3-5 parts of licorice powder, 2-3 parts of isatis root powder, 5-8 parts of sea buckthorn powder and 3-5 parts of rhizoma acori graminei powder, and the mixture is crushed to have the particle size of 0.6-1.5 mm.
Adding grass meal into the mixed solution, performing evaporation concentration at 38-42 ℃ by using a single-effect two-stage evaporator until the dry matter content is 19-21%, and performing spray drying on the concentrated solution at 68-72 ℃ by using a spray drying tower to obtain a powdery finished product with the water content of less than 10%.
According to the relevant data, the protein content of the soybean straw is 10% -12%, and hundred jin of straw can replace 3 kg of grains. The amino acid content of alfalfa herb plant of Leguminosae is 5.7 times of that of corn, and is called the king of pasture. The rhizoma atractylodis is the dried rhizome of a perennial herb rhizoma atractylodis lanceae or rhizoma atractylodis macrocephalae of the compositae, belongs to a traditional Chinese medicine for eliminating dampness by aroma, and has the functions of strengthening stomach, promoting digestion and enhancing immunity for livestock and poultry through experiments. Gardenia jasminoides is a dicotyledonous plant medicinal material of Rubiaceae and has the effects of clearing heat and removing toxicity. Taraxacum Compositae perennial herb contains various healthy nutritional ingredients such as taraxanol, taraxacin, choline, organic acid, inulin, protein, fat, carbohydrate, trace elements and vitamins, and has effects of promoting urination, relieving diarrhea, eliminating jaundice, and promoting bile flow. Nutmeg is a common Chinese medicinal material and has the effects of relieving diarrhea, eliminating dampness, expelling parasites and the like. The caragana microphylla is a feeding plant for larch shrubs in caragana of Leguminosae, is a good feeding plant, has high nutritional value, and has stem and leaf containing 22.9% of crude protein, 4.9% of crude fat and 27.8% of crude fiber; the seeds contain 27.4% of crude protein, 12.8% of crude fat and 31.6% of nitrogen-free extract. The liquorice is a Chinese herbal medicine for clearing away heat and toxic materials and tonifying the stomach and the abdomen. The isatis root is a Chinese medicinal material for relieving internal heat, removing toxic material and preventing diseases. The sea buckthorn is deciduous shrub, has high nutritive value and medicinal value, and is said to be a war horse which is alive or dying in the ancient times. Acorus tatarinowii Schott is rhizome of plant of Araceae, and has effects of eliminating dampness and promoting appetite.
Since 2010, waste liquid treatment experiments and livestock and poultry feeding experiments are carried out for a plurality of times, and experimental results show that the time and the energy consumption of the evaporation drying process after grass meal is added are obviously shortened, the evaporation concentration process can be even omitted, and spray drying is directly carried out. In addition, the added grass meal generates obvious curing effect through processes of soaking, heating and the like, the nutritional indexes of the produced feed are greatly increased, and the feed is prepared into a compound feed with conventional feed, so that the weight increment of livestock and poultry is accelerated, the fattening period is shortened, epidemic diseases are reduced, the cost is reduced, and the feed is deeply welcomed by experimental users.
Third embodiment: adding grass powder and stone powder into the mixed liquid of the trapped liquid and the secondary mother liquid, wherein the weight ratio of the trapped liquid to the grass powder to the stone powder is 100: 55-60: 2-5. The preparation method of the grass powder comprises the following steps: 20-30 parts of soybean straw powder, 10-12 parts of alfalfa powder, 3-5 parts of rhizoma atractylodis powder, 4-6 parts of gardenia powder, 10-12 parts of dandelion, 3-4 parts of nutmeg powder, 12-16 parts of caragana microphylla powder, 3-5 parts of licorice powder, 2-3 parts of isatis root powder, 5-8 parts of sea buckthorn powder and 3-5 parts of rhizoma acori graminei powder, and the mixture is crushed to have the particle size of 0.6-1.5 mm. The preparation method of the stone powder comprises the following steps: 10-15 parts of zeolite powder, and crushing to 200-mesh and 250-mesh; 8-10 parts of coarse whiting powder, 320-330 meshes, 95% of whiteness requirement, 99% of calcium carbonate content, and purity and no impurities; 5-6 parts of medical stone powder, and crushing to 330 meshes and 350 meshes. Evaporating and concentrating at 38-42 deg.C by single-effect two-stage evaporator to dry content of 19-21%, and spray drying the concentrated solution at 68-72 deg.C by spray drying tower to obtain powdered product with water content below 10%.
The data show that: the zeolite is a natural stone mainly containing calcium and sodium, and has a general chemical formula of AmBpO2 p. nH2O and a structural formula of A (x/q) [ (AlO2) x (SiO2) y ] n (H2O). Zeolites have properties such as adsorptivity, ion exchange property, catalysis, acid resistance and heat resistance, and thus are widely used as adsorbents, ion exchangers and catalysts, and also can be used in the fields of drying and purification of gases, sewage treatment and the like. The zeolite has nutritive value, and 5% of zeolite powder is added into the feed, so that the growth of livestock is accelerated, the livestock is strong in body, fresh in meat and high in laying rate. In this example, the addition of zeolite to the waste liquid from the production of amino acids increases the nutrition of the feed obtained and also shows a good thickening and adsorption effect on dry substances such as amino acids, and the concentration and drying process is thus shortened.
The heavy calcium powder, namely the heavy calcium carbonate, can increase the calcium content in the feed and improve the feed quality. It also has good thickening and adsorption effects on dry substances such as amino acids, and the concentration and drying process is shortened.
The medical stone is natural medical stone, is rich in various nutrient elements and trace elements, has strong adsorption effect, and has improved taste and nutritive value by previous experiments of adding the medical stone into wheaten food, so that the medical stone is added into the amino acid waste liquid, and the treatment process and the product obtain satisfactory effects.
Experiments in 2015 show that the time and energy consumption of the waste liquid evaporation drying process after the grass meal and the stone powder are added are obviously shortened, and even the evaporation concentration process can be omitted to directly carry out spray drying. The feed additive can also be prepared by heating and concentrating the materials to a degree of not dripping water and naturally airing, and is particularly suitable for decentralized processing by residents and farmers around a factory area. The nutrition index of the produced feed is greatly increased, and the feed is prepared into a compound feed with the conventional feed, so that the weight gain of livestock and poultry is accelerated, the fattening period is shortened, epidemic diseases are reduced, the cost is reduced, and the feed is deeply welcomed by experimental users.
Claims (3)
1. A process for preparing threonine comprises filtering fermentation liquid with ceramic membrane to obtain filtrate and retentate, evaporating the filtrate for concentration and centrifuging to obtain wet threonine and primary mother liquid, evaporating the primary mother liquid for concentration to obtain wet threonine and secondary mother liquid; drying the wet threonine to obtain a finished product of threonine; the method is characterized in that: trapped fluid containing thalli obtained by ceramic membrane filtration and secondary mother liquor are combined into mixed liquor to enter a feed-grade low-content finished product production line;
the trapped fluid and the secondary mother liquor are synthesized into mixed liquor according to the weight ratio of 2: 1, the mixed liquor is subjected to triple effect evaporation concentration, and the obtained concentrated liquor is subjected to spray granulation to obtain threonine with the content of 65%;
the vacuum degree of the mixed solution for triple effect evaporation concentration is-0.85 to-0.09 MPa; first effect temperature: 75-85 ℃, double-effect temperature: 45-50 ℃;
the air inlet temperature of the spray dryer for spraying granulation is as follows: 145-155 ℃; air outlet temperature of the spray dryer: 85-95 ℃, bag pressure difference: less than or equal to 1 MPa; frequency conversion of the atomizer: 20-25 HZ; bed pressure difference of the granulation bed: 8-10 KPa; bed pressure difference of cooling bed: 5 to 7 KPa; air outlet temperature of the fluidized bed: 60-65 ℃; product moisture content: less than 4.0 percent; the particle size of the product is as follows: 12-40 meshes, and the qualification rate is more than or equal to 90 percent; and (3) temperature of a finished product: is less than 40 ℃.
2. A process for preparing threonine comprises filtering fermentation liquid with ceramic membrane to obtain filtrate and retentate, evaporating the filtrate for concentration and centrifuging to obtain wet threonine and primary mother liquid, evaporating the primary mother liquid for concentration to obtain wet threonine and secondary mother liquid; drying the wet threonine to obtain a finished product of threonine; the method is characterized in that: trapped fluid containing thalli obtained by ceramic membrane filtration and secondary mother liquor are combined into mixed liquor to enter a feed-grade low-content finished product production line; the method is characterized in that: adding grass powder into the mixed solution of the trapped fluid and the secondary mother liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the grass powder to the mixed solution is 100: 55-60, carrying out evaporation concentration by a single-effect evaporator at 38-42 ℃, concentrating until the content of dry substances is 19-21%, and carrying out spray drying on the concentrated solution by a spray drying tower at 68-72 ℃ to obtain a powdery finished product;
the manufacturing method of the grass powder comprises the following steps: 20-30 parts of soybean straw powder, 10-12 parts of alfalfa powder, 3-5 parts of rhizoma atractylodis powder, 4-6 parts of gardenia powder, 10-12 parts of dandelion, 3-4 parts of nutmeg powder, 12-16 parts of caragana microphylla powder, 3-5 parts of licorice powder, 2-3 parts of isatis root powder, 5-8 parts of sea buckthorn powder and 3-5 parts of rhizoma acori graminei powder.
3. A process for preparing threonine comprises filtering fermentation liquid with ceramic membrane to obtain filtrate and retentate, evaporating the filtrate for concentration and centrifuging to obtain wet threonine and primary mother liquid, evaporating the primary mother liquid for concentration to obtain wet threonine and secondary mother liquid; drying the wet threonine to obtain a finished product of threonine; the method is characterized in that: trapped fluid containing thalli obtained by ceramic membrane filtration and secondary mother liquor are combined into mixed liquor to enter a feed-grade low-content finished product production line; the method is characterized in that: adding grass powder and stone powder into the mixed solution of the trapped fluid and the secondary mother liquor, wherein the weight ratio of the trapped fluid to the grass powder to the stone powder is 100: 55-60: 2-5; the grass meal is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 20-30 parts of soybean straw powder, 10-12 parts of alfalfa powder, 3-5 parts of rhizoma atractylodis powder, 4-6 parts of gardenia powder, 10-12 parts of dandelion, 3-4 parts of nutmeg powder, 12-16 parts of caragana microphylla powder, 3-5 parts of licorice powder, 2-3 parts of isatis root powder, 5-8 parts of sea buckthorn powder and 3-5 parts of rhizoma acori graminei powder; the stone powder is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of zeolite powder, 8-10 parts of coarse whiting powder, 320-330 meshes and 5-6 parts of medical stone powder, 330-350 meshes; mixing, evaporating and concentrating at 38-42 deg.C with single-effect evaporator to dry matter content of 19-21%, and spray drying the concentrated solution at 68-72 deg.C with spray drying tower to obtain powdered product.
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| CN110604934A (en) * | 2018-06-15 | 2019-12-24 | 内蒙古兆沣生物科技有限公司 | Method for processing threonine mother liquor by roller scraper dryer |
| CN111066960A (en) * | 2018-10-22 | 2020-04-28 | 通辽市海邻生物科技有限公司 | Method for increasing essential amino acids of meal energy feed |
| CN111758840A (en) * | 2020-07-10 | 2020-10-13 | 廊坊梅花生物技术开发有限公司 | Feed using threonine mother liquor as raw material and preparation method thereof |
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| CN102351723A (en) * | 2011-08-30 | 2012-02-15 | 无锡荣丰生物工程有限公司 | Triple-effect internal circulation continuous evaporative crystallization process of threonine |
| CN102578385A (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2012-07-18 | 通辽梅花生物科技有限公司 | Preparation method of feed with low content of L-threonine |
| CN102805227A (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2012-12-05 | 王道雨 | Feed for feeding cows |
| JP2016506406A (en) * | 2012-12-20 | 2016-03-03 | ヒルズ・ペット・ニュートリシャン・インコーポレーテッド | Methods for improving hair condition in non-human animals |
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| CN102805227A (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2012-12-05 | 王道雨 | Feed for feeding cows |
| CN102351723A (en) * | 2011-08-30 | 2012-02-15 | 无锡荣丰生物工程有限公司 | Triple-effect internal circulation continuous evaporative crystallization process of threonine |
| CN102578385A (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2012-07-18 | 通辽梅花生物科技有限公司 | Preparation method of feed with low content of L-threonine |
| JP2016506406A (en) * | 2012-12-20 | 2016-03-03 | ヒルズ・ペット・ニュートリシャン・インコーポレーテッド | Methods for improving hair condition in non-human animals |
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