CN106950705A - A kind of implementation method of ring focusing hot spot and its realize device - Google Patents
A kind of implementation method of ring focusing hot spot and its realize device Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of implementation method of ring focusing hot spot, including laser beam is expanded to the laser beam that linear polarization is converted to after collimation；Linearly polarized laser light beam after collimator and extender is subjected to laser beam phase-modulation using the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type；The back aperture plane that linearly polarized light after phase-modulation is passed through into 4F imaging system images to focusing objective len；Object lens are focused on to the incident ray polarized laser beam of phase-modulation, azimuthal separation between multiple focuses on circumference, focus are produced in focal plane region equal；When radius of a circle narrows down to a wavelength X, ring-shaped light spot is produced, when radius of a circle r changes, the size of ring-shaped light spot continuously diminishes, until forming solid hot spot；When calculating several phase-modulation figures, every corresponding position movement is varied less, and the phase diagram for updating spatial light modulator causes ring-shaped light spot continuous moving.The present invention realizes that non-vortex plane linearly polarized light focuses on the ring-shaped light spot for producing dynamic, position and accurate size control.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the implementation method and its realization dress of optical field, more particularly to a kind of ring focusing hot spot
Put, laser beam is focused on by high-NA objective produces special shape, and generation position on focal plane is controllable, size can change
The ring focusing hot spot of change.
Background technology
Laser beam is focused on by high-NA objective, its light spot shape, position, phase distribution, intensity distribution, polarization point
The distribution of amplitudes of cloth and incoming laser beam, polarization state, phase-modulation and object lens numerical aperture it is all relevant.Due to laser warp
The hot spot that object lens focus on generation is relevant with many application fields, therefore, and how research is divided by changing the amplitude of incoming laser beam
Cloth, phase distribution, polarisation distribution realize that the Laser Focusing hot spot required for various applications turns into a very important research neck
Domain.In fields such as laser direct-write photoetchings, Laser Focusing hot spot interacts to realize by light and material.Interaction
Region it is smaller, its resolution capability, information density or processing fineness etc. are higher.However, the size of single hot spot is by diffraction
The limitation of the limit, can only focus on about half wavelength or so.
On the other hand, laser beam focuses on the ring-shaped light spot to be formed and circular solids hot spot by object lens in capture microsize
Different effects can be individually played in terms of particle.In terms of particulate manipulation, the size of ring-shaped light spot directly determines controllable
The size of particle.Because ring-shaped light spot is on optical axis, want to capture off-axis particulate, it is necessary to transverse shifting particulate and laser light
The relative position of spot, otherwise mobile laser beam, otherwise mobile example platform.Mobile laser beam is inconvenient, and mobile example platform is then
Need the good sample stage of positioning precision and control system.Existing optical optical tweezers system is capturing various sizes of particulate or captured
Lack flexibility in terms of off-axis particulate.
The size of ring focusing spot size, has substantial connection with the topological charge of vortex beams.Research shows, generally topological
Big with becoming, ring focusing spot size also becomes big.And topological charge is when being only integer, focusing on ring-shaped light spot, to be only circle symmetrical
's.Therefore, want to obtain the minimum symmetrical ring-shaped light spot of circle of diameter, topological charge is 1 seemingly best selection.But whether produce
The size of raw ring-shaped light spot and ring-shaped light spot, it is relevant also with the polarization state of incident beam.Numerical simulation study shows：Topology
When lotus is 1, radial polarized light beam, which is focused on, will not produce ring-shaped light spot.Only topological charge focuses on for 2 radial polarisation vortex beams
Ring-shaped light spot could be produced.And although the focal beam spot of linear polarization vortex beams is ring-shaped light spot, but not rounded is symmetrically annular
Hot spot.Focused on for angular polarization light beam, even if topology is 0 non-vortex angular polarization light beam, can also produce the symmetrical annular of circle
Hot spot.
For circular polarization vortex beams, only when topological charge is integer, the symmetrical ring-shaped light spot of circle could be produced.Although
Linearly polarized light beam, is the light beam being most commonly encountered, and it is fairly simple to produce linearly polarized light method.But also have no idea to make
The linearly polarized light beam that must be vortexed, which is focused on, produces the symmetrical ring-shaped light spot of circle.And the size of ring-shaped light spot can only pass through the whole of topological charge
Numerical value change could change, and this change is discontinuous.
The content of the invention
It is above-mentioned in order to overcome.The present invention proposes a kind of implementation method of ring focusing hot spot and its realizes device, utilizes
The dynamic phase modulation function of pure phase spatial light modulator, realizes that non-vortex plane linearly polarized light is focused on and produces dynamic, position
Put the symmetrical ring-shaped light spot of circle with size energy precise control.
To achieve the above object, the present invention is realized according to following technical scheme：
A kind of implementation method of ring focusing hot spot, comprises the following steps：
Step S1：The laser beam of random polarization is expanded to the laser beam that linear polarization is converted to after collimation；
Step S2：Linearly polarized laser light beam after collimator and extender is carried out using the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type
Laser beam phase-modulation；
Step S3：Linearly polarized light after phase-modulation is put down by the back aperture of 4F imaging system images to focusing objective len
Face；
Step S4：Object lens are focused on to the incident ray polarized laser beam of phase-modulation, will be produced in focal plane region multiple
Azimuthal separation is equal between focus on circumference, and each focus；
Step S5：When radius of a circle narrows down to a wavelength X, ring-shaped light spot is produced, radius of a circle r is in 0 ＜ r ＜ λ scopes
During interior change, the size of ring-shaped light spot continuously diminishes, until forming a solid hot spot, by changing the home position of circumference,
Ring-shaped light spot position is set laterally to occur arbitrary mobile；
Step S6：When calculating several phase-modulation figures, every corresponding position movement is varied less, and continuous dynamic is more
The phase diagram of new spatial light modulator causes ring-shaped light spot continuous moving.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the laser beam phase-modulation of the step S2 comprises the following steps：
Step S201：The circular back aperture plane of object lens is divided into M area identical fan-shaped.Wherein each fan section
The summit in domain is the center of incident back aperture plane, and fan-shaped radius is the radius R of object lens back aperture plane, each fan-shaped circle
Heart angle isWherein M is even number；
Step S202：It is determined that horizontal multifocal number N, then each sector region that step S201 is divided is further divided into
The sub- sector region of N number of area equation, wherein the summit or the center of back aperture plane of every sub- sector region, the fan per height
The radius in shape region is the radius R of circular back aperture plane, and the corresponding central angle of every sub- sector region for the π of Δ δ=2/
(MN)；
Step S203：M × N number of sub- sector region is subjected to following phase-modulation, n-th of son fan of m-th of sector region
The phase modulation values in shape region are in coordinate x0, y0The phase ψ of pointmn(x0, y0) be：
Wherein m is the positive integer less than or equal to M, and wherein N.A. is the numerical aperture of object lens, and λ is wavelength, ntFor focal area
The refractive index in domain, x0, y0For the rectangular co-ordinate in back aperture plane, Δ xnWith Δ ynObtained respectively by lower two formula：
Wherein, xc, ycIt is the center of circle in x0, y0Coordinate value in rectangular coordinate system, r is the radius of circumference.By ψmn(x0, y0) paint
The gray-scale map for representing 0 to 2 π is made；
Step S204：On the reflecting surface that the gray-scale map of drafting is loaded into the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the horizontal multifocal number N in the step S202 is adjusted in certain limit, each focus
Equidistantly distributed is on a circumference, when reduced radius, and spacing reduces between adjacent focal spots, until linking together, and is formed
One ring-shaped light spot.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the equidistant focus on circumference is connected into after a smooth circumferential ring, is entered
One step reduces radius, to obtain the circle symmetric focused ring-shaped light spot of different radii.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the center of circle of the ring-shaped light spot is by changing xc, ycNumerical value and change, ring-shaped light spot
Arbitrarily move position.
In above-mentioned technical proposal, the polarization direction that each is put on the ring-shaped light spot and the laser beam for inciding object lens
Linear polarization is consistent.
The present invention a kind of device that ring focusing hot spot is realized according to above-mentioned implementation method, including laser, expand and
Colimated light system, the linear polarization polarizer, cube beamsplitter, pure phase spatial light modulator, 4F Fourier transformations imaging system, thing
The simple lens of mirror, mirror, charge-coupled imaging device and computer display；
The laser beam for the random polarization that the laser is sent, is expanded and colimated light system is expanded and collimated through described
Into plane wave, linearly polarized light is converted into through the linear polarization polarizer, after the cube beamsplitter reflects the linearly polarized light
The reflecting surface of vertical incidence spatial light modulator, is reflected into pure phase spatial light modulator；
The computer loads beam phase and modulates figure to pure phase spatial light modulator, the phase space light modulation
Device carries out phase-modulation to incident light, and the light reflected from the pure phase spatial light modulator first passes through cube light splitting
Mirror, and by the 4F Fourier transformations imaging system, the cube beamsplitter reflects ring-shaped light spot in focal plane of lens
Light is by being re-reflected into tube lens after object lens, the 4F Fourier transformations imaging system is by the linearly polarized laser after phase-modulation
Light beam is imaged onto on the metapore path position of the object lens, and is modulated the laser beam phase of incident object lens；
Laser beam after phase-modulation after object lens focusing in focal plane by forming between N number of grade on circumference
Away from focus, when radius of a circle r is less than a wavelength, the symmetrical ring-shaped light spot of circle in focal plane by placing mirror surface by hot spot
The object lens are reflected into, the tube lens is then reflected into by the cube beamsplitter, the Charged Couple is shone
Image device, is finally imaged on computers, is shown by computer display.
The present invention compared with prior art, has the advantages that：
The implementation method of the present invention realizes the non-vortex plane linearly polarized light of hot spot and focuses on dynamic generation, position and size
Can precise control.
Brief description of the drawings
In order to illustrate more clearly about the embodiment of the present invention or technical scheme of the prior art, below will be to embodiment or existing
The accompanying drawing to be used needed for having technology description is briefly described, it should be apparent that, drawings in the following description are only this
Some embodiments of invention, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, can be with
Other accompanying drawings are obtained according to these accompanying drawings.
Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the phase-modulation subregion of the metapore path position of the object lens of the present invention；
Fig. 2 calculates schematic diagram for the focus position coordinates on focal plane of the present invention；
Fig. 3 realizes schematic device for the ring focusing hot spot of the present invention；
Fig. 4 is the simulation results of the present invention；
Wherein, 101- sector regions, 102- sector regions, 301- lasers, 302- beam-expanding collimation systems, 303- linear polarizations
The polarizer, 304- cube beamsplitters, the pure phase spatial light modulator of 305- reflection-types, 306- computers, 307-4F Fourier becomes
Change imaging system, 308- cube beamsplitters, 309- object lens, the equidistant focuses of 310-, 311- tube lenses, 312- Charged Couples into
As device, 313- computer displays.
Embodiment
To make the purpose, technical scheme and advantage of the embodiment of the present invention clearer, below in conjunction with the embodiment of the present invention
In accompanying drawing, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment is
A part of embodiment of the present invention, rather than whole embodiments.
A kind of implementation method of ring focusing hot spot of the present invention, comprises the following steps：
Step S1：The laser beam of random polarization is expanded to the laser beam that linear polarization is converted to after collimation；
Step S2：Linearly polarized laser light beam after collimator and extender is carried out using the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type
Laser beam phase-modulation；
Step S3：Linearly polarized light after phase-modulation is put down by the back aperture of 4F imaging system images to focusing objective len
Face；
Step S4：Object lens are focused on to the incident ray polarized laser beam of phase-modulation, will be produced in focal plane region multiple
Azimuthal separation is equal between focus on circumference, and each focus；
Step S5：When radius of a circle narrows down to a wavelength X, ring-shaped light spot is produced, radius of a circle r is in 0 ＜ r ＜ λ scopes
During interior change, the size of ring-shaped light spot continuously diminishes, until forming a solid hot spot, by changing the home position of circumference,
Ring-shaped light spot position is set laterally to occur arbitrary mobile；
Step S6：When calculating several phase-modulation figures, every corresponding position movement is varied less, and continuous dynamic is more
The phase diagram of new spatial light modulator causes ring-shaped light spot continuous moving.
Wherein, the phase-modulation of laser beam is become by 4F Fourier using the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type
Change the phase-modulation that imaging system is transferred to object lens back aperture plane.After the pure phase spatial light modulator and object lens of reflection-type
Aperture plane is the object plane and image plane of 4F Fourier transformation imaging systems.
The laser beam phase-modulation of the step S2 comprises the following steps：
Step S201：The circular back aperture plane of object lens is divided into M area identical fan-shaped.Wherein each fan section
The summit in domain is the center of incident back aperture plane, and fan-shaped radius is the radius R of object lens back aperture plane, each fan-shaped circle
Heart angle isWherein M is even number；
Step S202：It is determined that horizontal multifocal number N, then each sector region that step S201 is divided is further divided into
The sub- sector region of N number of area equation, wherein the summit or the center of back aperture plane of every sub- sector region, the fan per height
The radius in shape region is the radius R of circular back aperture plane, and the corresponding central angle of every sub- sector region for the π of Δ δ=2/
(MN)；
Step S203：The sub- sector region of M × N number of is subjected to following phase-modulation, m-th sector region
The phase modulation values of n-th of sub- sector region are in coordinate x0, y0The phase ψ of pointmn(x0, y0) be：
Wherein m is the positive integer less than or equal to M, and n is the positive integer less than or equal to N, and N.A. is the numerical aperture of object lens, λ
For wavelength, ntFor the refractive index of focus area, x0, y0For the rectangular co-ordinate in back aperture plane, such as Fig. 1 is object lens of the invention
Metapore path position phase-modulation subregion schematic diagram；By the fanned partition of back aperture plane, and cause additional different phases
After the modulation of position, incoming laser beam can focus on the diverse location on focal plane.Multiple focuses are transversely formed in focal plane.Tool
Body, the back aperture plane of object lens is first divided into M sector region 101, then each sector region is divided into N number of sub- fan
Shape region 102.
Wherein, Δ xnWith Δ ynObtained respectively by lower two formula：
Wherein, xc, ycIt is the center of circle in x0, y0Coordinate value in rectangular coordinate system, r is the radius of circumference, as shown in Figure 2.Figure
2 calculate schematic diagram for the focus position coordinates on focal plane of the present invention；The center of circle as shown is positioned at (xc, yc), radius is r
Circumference on equally distributed 12 focal positions coordinates calculate.
By ψmn(x0, y0) it is depicted as representing 0 to 2 π gray-scale map；
Step S204：On the reflecting surface that the gray-scale map of drafting is loaded into the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type.
Horizontal multifocal number N in step S202 is adjusted in certain limit, and each focus equidistantly distributed is in a circle
Zhou Shang, when reduced radius, spacing reduces between adjacent focal spots, until linking together, and forms a ring-shaped light spot.
Equidistant focus on circumference is connected into after a smooth circumferential ring, further reduces radius, to obtain
The circle symmetric focused ring-shaped light spot of different radii.
The center of circle of ring-shaped light spot is by changing xc, ycNumerical value and change, the position of ring-shaped light spot is arbitrarily moved.
The polarization direction that each is put on ring-shaped light spot is consistent with the laser beam linear polarization for inciding object lens.
A kind of device that ring focusing hot spot is realized according to above-mentioned implementation method of the present invention, as shown in figure 3, including laser
Device, expand and colimated light system, the linear polarization polarizer, cube beamsplitter, pure phase spatial light modulator, 4F Fourier transformations imaging
System, object lens, tube lens, charge-coupled imaging device and computer display；
The laser beam for the random polarization that the laser 301 is sent, is expanded and colimated light system 302 is expanded through described
Be collimated into plane wave, be converted into linearly polarized light through the linear polarization polarizer 303, the cube beamsplitter 304 is by the line
The reflecting surface of vertical incidence spatial light modulator, is reflected into pure phase spatial light modulator 305 after polarised light reflection；
The computer 306 loads beam phase and modulates figure to pure phase spatial light modulator 305, the phase space
Optical modulator 305 carries out phase-modulation to incident light, and the light reflected from the pure phase spatial light modulator 305 is first passed through
The cube beamsplitter 304, and by the 4F Fourier transformations imaging system 307, the cube beamsplitter is flat by object lens Jiao
The light that ring-shaped light spot reflects on face is by being re-reflected into tube lens after object lens, the 4F Fourier transformations imaging system is by phase
Linearly polarized laser light beam after modulation is imaged onto on the metapore path position of the object lens 309, and makes the laser beam phase of incident object lens
Modulated position；
Laser beam after phase-modulation forms N number of be located on circumference after being focused on by the object lens 309 in focal plane
Equidistant focus 310, when radius of a circle r is less than a wavelength, the symmetrical ring-shaped light spot of circle in focal plane by placing speculum
Hot spot is reflected into the object lens 309 by face, is then reflected into the simple lens 311 of the mirror by the cube beamsplitter 308, is gone out
The charge-coupled imaging device 312 is mapped to, is finally imaged on computer 313, is shown by computer display.
By changing radius r size, or circle center (xc, yc) position can be obtained by different phase-modulation figures,
Spatial light modulator is loaded into, the change of ring-shaped light spot size and the movement of position is realized.
Fig. 4 be the present invention simulation results, from top to bottom, from left to right count, before five width subgraphs represent annular
Hot spot is in focal plane during center, the change of spot diameter, behind four width be the horizontal stroke for representing ring-shaped light spot in focal plane
Moved to position, as can see from Figure 4 while the ring-shaped light spot of precise control size and location.
Specifically, a specific embodiment of the invention is：Using numerical aperture of objective as N.A.=0.9, incident laser ripple
A length of 633nm, ntExemplified by=1.33, object lens back aperture plane is first divided into 60 big sector regions, i.e. M=60.Again will
Each sector region is divided into 12 sub- sector regions again, and focus quantity is 12.
According to formulaWith
Program calculation produces the center of circle in xc=0, yc12 equidistant focus phase-modulations on=0, radius r=0.3 λ=190nm circumference
Value.Obtain a width phase-modulation figure.The gray value of gray-scale map is normalized to the consecutive variations numerical value between 0 to 1,0 to 2 π of correspondence
Phase modulation values.
The phase diagram of drafting is saved as the BMP format charts of 1080x1920 pixels, and this gray-scale map is loaded into pure phase reflection
Type spatial light modulator.
Using aperture, spatial light modulator, 4F systems and object lens are tuned into coaxially, and by tube lens, Charged Couple into
As device is regulated so that on computers it is observed that clearly ring-shaped light spot.
Draw the phase-modulation figures different with loading so that object lens, which are focused on, produces radius difference, and the different circle in position is symmetrical
Ring-shaped light spot.
Although above with general explanation and specific embodiment, the present invention is described in detail, at this
On the basis of invention, it can be made some modifications or improvements, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Therefore,
These modifications or improvements, belong to the scope of protection of present invention without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of implementation method of ring focusing hot spot, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：
Step S1：The laser beam of random polarization is expanded to the laser beam that linear polarization is converted to after collimation；
Step S2：Linearly polarized laser light beam after collimator and extender is subjected to laser using the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type
Beam phase is modulated；
Step S3：The back aperture plane that linearly polarized light after phase-modulation is passed through into 4F imaging system images to focusing objective len；
Step S4：Object lens are focused on to the incident ray polarized laser beam of phase-modulation, and multiple be located at will be produced in focal plane region
Azimuthal separation is equal between focus on circumference, and each focus.
Step S5：When radius of a circle narrows down to a wavelength X, ring-shaped light spot is produced, radius of a circle r becomes in the range of 0 ＜ r ＜ λ
During change, the size of ring-shaped light spot continuously diminishes, and until forming a solid hot spot, by changing the home position of circumference, makes ring
Shape facula position laterally occurs arbitrary mobile；
Step S6：When calculating several phase-modulation figures, every corresponding position movement is varied less, and continuous dynamic updates empty
Between the phase diagram of optical modulator cause ring-shaped light spot continuous moving.
2. the implementation method of a kind of ring focusing hot spot according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the step S2's swashs
The modulation of light beam phase comprises the following steps：
Step S201：The circular back aperture plane of object lens is divided into M area identical fan-shaped.Wherein each sector region
Summit is the center of incident back aperture plane, and fan-shaped radius is the radius R of object lens back aperture plane, each fan-shaped central angle
ForWherein M is even number；
Step S202：It is determined that horizontal multifocal number N, then each sector region that step S201 is divided is further divided into N number of
The sub- sector region of area equation, wherein the summit or the center of back aperture plane of every sub- sector region, fan-shaped per height
The radius in region is the radius R of circular back aperture plane, and the corresponding central angle of every sub- sector region is π/(MN) of Δ δ=2；
Step S203：M × N number of sub- sector region is subjected to following phase-modulation, n-th of sub- fan section of m-th of sector region
The phase modulation values in domain are in coordinate x0, y0The phase ψ of pointmn(x0, y0) be：
Wherein m is the positive integer less than or equal to M, and wherein N.A. is the numerical aperture of object lens, and λ is wavelength, ntFor focus area
Refractive index, x0, y0For the rectangular co-ordinate in back aperture plane, Δ xnWith Δ ynObtained respectively by lower two formula：
Wherein, xc, ycIt is the center of circle in x0, y0Coordinate value in rectangular coordinate system, r is the radius of circumference.By ψmn(x0, y0) be depicted as
Represent 0 to 2 π gray-scale map；
Step S204：On the reflecting surface that the gray-scale map of drafting is loaded into the pure phase spatial light modulator of reflection-type.
3. the implementation method of a kind of ring focusing hot spot according to claim 2, it is characterised in that in the step S202
Horizontal multifocal number N certain limit adjust, each focus equidistantly distributed is on a circumference, when reduced radius,
Spacing reduces between adjacent focal spots, until linking together, and forms a ring-shaped light spot.
4. the implementation method of a kind of ring focusing hot spot according to claim 3, it is characterised in that described to be located on circumference
Equidistant focus connect into after a smooth circumferential ring, further reduce radius, symmetrically gathered with the circle for obtaining different radii
Burnt ring-shaped light spot.
5. the implementation method of a kind of ring focusing hot spot according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the ring-shaped light spot
The center of circle is by changing xc, ycNumerical value and change, the position of ring-shaped light spot is arbitrarily moved.
6. the implementation method of a kind of ring focusing hot spot according to claim 2, it is characterised in that on the ring-shaped light spot
The polarization direction of each point is consistent with the laser beam linear polarization for inciding object lens.
7. a kind of implementation method according to any one of claim 1-6 realizes the device of ring focusing hot spot, it is characterised in that：Bag
Include laser, expand and colimated light system, the linear polarization polarizer, cube beamsplitter, pure phase spatial light modulator, 4F Fourier change
Change imaging system, object lens, tube lens, charge-coupled imaging device and computer display；
The laser beam for the random polarization that the laser is sent, through it is described expand and colimated light system expanded and be collimated into it is flat
Face ripple, linearly polarized light is converted into through the linear polarization polarizer, and the cube beamsplitter is vertical after the linearly polarized light is reflected
The reflecting surface of incident spatial light modulator, is reflected into pure phase spatial light modulator；
The computer loads beam phase and modulates figure to pure phase spatial light modulator, the phase spatial light modulator pair
Incident light carries out phase-modulation, and the light reflected from the pure phase spatial light modulator first passes through the cube beamsplitter,
And by the 4F Fourier transformations imaging system, the cube beamsplitter leads to the light that ring-shaped light spot in focal plane of lens reflects
Cross and tube lens is re-reflected into after object lens, the 4F Fourier transformations imaging system is by the linearly polarized laser light beam after phase-modulation
It is imaged onto on the metapore path position of the object lens, and is modulated the laser beam phase of incident object lens；
Laser beam after phase-modulation forms N number of equidistant Jiao on circumference after being focused on by the object lens in focal plane
Point, when radius of a circle r is less than a wavelength, the symmetrical ring-shaped light spot of circle is reflected hot spot by placing mirror surface in focal plane
Into the object lens, the tube lens is then reflected into by the cube beamsplitter, the CCI charge-coupled image is shone
Device, is finally imaged on computers, is shown by computer display.
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