CN106830963A - 一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN106830963A
CN106830963A CN201710197454.6A CN201710197454A CN106830963A CN 106830963 A CN106830963 A CN 106830963A CN 201710197454 A CN201710197454 A CN 201710197454A CN 106830963 A CN106830963 A CN 106830963A
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马洋洋
王明存
殷武雄
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Shaanxi Tian Ce new material Science and Technology Ltd.
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料及其制备方法,属于纤维增强复合材料制备技术领域。本发明采用短切碳纤维作为增韧纤维,以碳化硅前驱体为主要粘结剂和碳化硅来源,加以填料充分混合均匀,然后使用低温加压固化(先4~10MPa、100~300℃真空压制,然后于4~10Mpa、500~600℃真空压制,除去小分子,保证胚体致密性)、中高温烧结(800~1600℃下烧结)的方法制备得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。该方法具有操作简便,烧结温度低的特点,制成的材料具有高比强度、高耐热、耐氧化性能,多种粉体的加入可满足不同使用要求。

Description

一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明属于纤维增强复合材料制备技术领域,具体涉及一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
碳化硅/碳纤维复合材料具有密度低、比强度高、比模量大,耐高温、耐腐蚀等优点。在航空航天、石油工业、核工业等领域有着良好的应用前景。
现阶段连续碳纤维增加碳化硅复合材料的研究最多,关于短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的研究较少。中国发明专利(公开号CN103204693A)公开了一种利用放电等离子烧结制备碳化硅/碳纤维复合材料的方法,中国发明专利(公开号201110156256.8)公开了一种碳化硅/碳纤维复合材料热压烧结的方法。两种方法以热压法为主,热压法烧结温度过高,能耗大。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术存在的缺陷,本发明的目的在于提供一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料及其制备方法,该方法操作简单,烧结温度低,适合工业化大规模生产;经该方法制得的复合材料具有高比强度、高耐热、耐氧化性能。
本发明是通过以下技术方案来实现:
本发明公开的一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)以质量份数计,取20~50份碳化硅前躯体,20~40份短切碳纤维及30~40份填料,充分混合后,加溶剂混匀制得浆料;
2)将浆料分散均匀后倒入模具中,在4~10MPa、100~300℃的条件下真空压制1~3h,制得固化样,将固化样继续在4~10Mpa、450~600℃的条件下真空压制1~2h,制得胚体;
3)在氮气或惰性气体保护下,将胚体于800~1600℃下烧结处理1~4h,随炉冷却,制得短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
所述碳化硅前躯体的结构如下:
其中,m:n=2~20。
在所述碳化硅前驱体中还含有能够增加材料功能性的B、N、Al或Zr元素。
所述短切碳纤维为聚丙烯腈碳纤维、沥青基碳纤维或石墨纤维的一种或几种。
所述短切碳纤维的长度为0.3~3mm,直径为5~9μm。
所述填料为平均粒径为0.5~1μm的陶瓷微粉。
所述陶瓷微粉为碳化硅微粉、氮化硼微粉或氮化铝微粉中的一种或几种。
所述溶剂为正己烷、石油醚或甲苯。
步骤3)中,在氮气惰性气体保护下,将胚体自室温起,以3~20℃/min的升温速率升温至800~1600℃进行烧结处理。
本发明还公开了采用上述方法制得的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下有益的技术效果:
本发明公开的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,采用短切碳纤维作为增韧纤维,以碳化硅前驱体为主要粘结剂和碳化硅来源,加以填料充分混合均匀,然后使用低温加压固化(先4~10MPa、100~300℃真空压制,然后于4~10Mpa、500~600℃真空压制,除去小分子,保证胚体致密性)、中高温烧结(800~1600℃下烧结)的方法制备得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。该方法具有操作简便,烧结温度低的特点,制成的材料具有高比强度、高耐热、耐氧化性能,多种粉体的加入可满足不同使用要求。
附图说明
图1为实施例1制得的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料断面的扫描电镜照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体的实施例对本发明做进一步的详细说明,所述是对本发明的解释而不是限定。
本发明公开的一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)首先将碳化硅前驱体(20~50wt%)、短切碳纤维(20~40wt%)、填料(30~40wt%)进行混合,用溶剂(正己烷、石油醚、甲苯)调配成较稠的泥浆状浆料。
(2)对浆料进行分散、均匀化处理0.5~2h。
(3)将均匀处理后的浆料倒入模具中,置于真空压机中,在4~10MPa、100~300℃条件下真空压制,得到固化样。
(4)将固化样在真空压机中,在4~10MPa,500~600℃的条件下,继续真空压制2~4h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
(5)在氮气或者惰性气体条件下烧结,升温速率3~20℃/min,烧结温度800~1600℃,保温时间1~4h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
本发明所用的碳化硅前躯体采用中国发明专利(公开号CN102093564B)碳化硅陶瓷前驱体热固性碳化硅前驱体树脂的制备方法合成,具有如下结构:
其中,m:n=2~20。
步骤(1)所述的碳化硅前驱体可含B、N、Al、Zr等元素,增加材料的功能性。
步骤(1)所述的纤维为聚丙烯腈碳纤维、沥青基碳纤维或石墨纤维的一种或几种,长度为0.3~3mm,直径为5~9μm,优选为6.9μm。
步骤(1)所述的填料为碳化硅微粉、氮化硼微粉、氮化铝微粉中的一种或几种任意比例的混合物,平均粒径为0.5~1μm。
实施例1
一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按100份质量份数计,分别称取聚丙烯腈碳纤维20份,碳化硅前驱体50份(m:n=3),碳化硅粉30份,加少量石油醚调节粘度,分散、均匀化处理1h,形成均一的浆料。
2)将浆料倒入模具中,模具置于压机下4MPa进行压制,250℃下真空固化处理120min;将固化物继续在真空压机中,于4MPa、500℃下真空压制2h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
3)在N2条件下烧结,自室温起,以10℃/min的升温速率升温至1000℃,保温时间1h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
参见图1,为本实施例制得的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料断面5000倍扫描电镜照片,从图中可以看出,纤维均匀分散在复合材料内,材料内部孔隙率较小。
实施例2
一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按100份质量份数计,分别称取沥青基碳纤维30份,碳化硅前驱体50份(m:n=5),氮化铝粉20份,加少量正己烷调节粘度,分散、均匀化处理1h,形成均一的浆料。
2)将浆料倒入模具中,模具置于压机下6MPa进行压制,250℃下真空固化处理2h,将固化物继续在真空压机中,于6MPa、450℃真空压制3h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
3)在N2条件下烧结,自室温起,以10℃/min的升温速率升温至1200℃,保温时间1h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
实施例3
一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按100份质量份数计,分别称取石墨纤维40份,碳化硅前驱体30份(m:n=6),氮化硅粉30份,加少量石油醚调节粘度,分散、均匀化处理1h,形成均一的浆料。
2)将浆料倒入模具中,模具置于压机下8MPa进行压制,250℃下真空固化处理2h,将固化物继续在真空压机中,于8MPa、500℃真空压制2h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
3)在N2条件下烧结,自室温起,以3℃/min的升温速率升温至1400℃,保温时间2h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
实施例4
一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按100份质量份数计,分别称取聚丙烯腈碳纤维30份,碳化硅前驱体40份(m:n=9),氮化硼粉30份,加少量甲苯调节粘度,分散、均匀化处理1h,形成均一的浆料。
2)将浆料倒入模具中,模具置于压机下10MPa进行压制,250℃保温2h固化;将固化物继续在真空压机中,于10MPa、450℃真空压制1h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
3)在N2条件下烧结,自室温起,以3℃/min的升温速率升温至1600℃,保温时间1h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
实施例5
一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按100份质量份数计,分别称取聚丙烯腈碳纤维10份、石墨纤维20份,碳化硅前驱体40份(m:n=2),碳化硅微粉15份、氮化硼微粉15份,加少量正己烷调节粘度,分散、均匀化处理1h,形成均一的浆料。
2)将浆料倒入模具中,模具置于压机下6MPa进行压制,100℃保温3h固化;将固化物继续在真空压机中,于10MPa、450℃真空压制1h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
3)在氩气条件下烧结,自室温起,以5℃/min的升温速率升温至1600℃,保温时间1h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
实施例6
一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按100份质量份数计,分别称取沥青基碳纤维20份、石墨纤维20份,碳化硅前驱体20份(m:n=2),氮化铝微粉30份、氮化硼微粉10份,加少量石油醚调节粘度,分散、均匀化处理1h,形成均一的浆料。
2)将浆料倒入模具中,模具置于压机下4MPa进行压制,300℃保温1h固化;将固化物继续在真空压机中,于4MPa、600℃真空压制1h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
3)在氩气条件下烧结,自室温起,以8℃/min的升温速率升温至800℃,保温时间4h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
实施例7
一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
1)按100份质量份数计,分别称取聚丙烯腈碳纤维30份、沥青基碳纤维10份、石墨纤维10份,碳化硅前驱体20份(m:n=20),氮化铝微粉10份、氮化硼微粉20份,加少量甲苯调节粘度,分散、均匀化处理1h,形成均一的浆料。
2)将浆料倒入模具中,模具置于压机下10MPa进行压制,200℃保温2h固化;将固化物继续在真空压机中,于8MPa、500℃真空压制1h,除去小分子,并使胚体进一步致密。
3)在氩气条件下烧结,自室温起,以10℃/min的升温速率升温至1200℃,保温时间2h,随炉冷却,得到短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
对本发明实施例1~3制得的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料进行密度、强度及800℃空气条件失重测试,数据结果如表1所示:
表1短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料部分实施例测试结果
实施例 强度/MPa 800℃空气条件失重/%
1 1.87 77 20%
2 1.80 102 16%
3 1.95 90 8%
从表1中可以看出,本发明制得的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料具有高比强度、高耐热、耐氧化性能。

Claims (10)

1.一种短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
1)以质量份数计,取20~50份碳化硅前躯体,20~40份短切碳纤维及30~40份填料,充分混合后,加溶剂混匀制得浆料;
2)将浆料分散均匀后倒入模具中,在4~10MPa、100~300℃的条件下真空压制1~3h,制得固化样,将固化样继续在4~10Mpa、450~600℃的条件下真空压制1~2h,制得胚体;
3)在氮气或惰性气体保护下,将胚体于800~1600℃下烧结处理1~4h,随炉冷却,制得短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
2.根据权利要求1所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述碳化硅前躯体的结构如下:
其中,m:n=2~20。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,在所述碳化硅前驱体中还含有能够增加材料功能性的B、N、Al或Zr元素。
4.根据权利要求1所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述短切碳纤维为聚丙烯腈碳纤维、沥青基碳纤维或石墨纤维的一种或几种。
5.根据权利要求1或4所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述短切碳纤维的长度为0.3~3mm,直径为5~9μm。
6.根据权利要求1所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述填料为平均粒径为0.5~1μm的陶瓷微粉。
7.根据权利要求5所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述陶瓷微粉为碳化硅微粉、氮化硼微粉或氮化铝微粉中的一种或几种。
8.根据权利要求1所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,所述溶剂为正己烷、石油醚或甲苯。
9.根据权利要求1所述的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中,在氮气惰性气体保护下,将胚体自室温起,以3~20℃/min的升温速率升温至800~1600℃进行烧结处理。
10.采用权利要求1~8中任意一项所述的方法制得的短切碳纤维/碳化硅复合材料。
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