CN106824206A - 钙铝石负载钙铁化合物的生物质焦油催化剂及制备与应用 - Google Patents
钙铝石负载钙铁化合物的生物质焦油催化剂及制备与应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种钙铝石负载钙铁化合物的生物质焦油催化剂,及其制备方法与应用。所述催化剂以钙铝石(Ca12Al14O33)作为载体,同时负载钙和铁的化合物,其主要化学成本发明分包括CaO、钙铝石和具有焦油催化活性的铁化合物。本发明新型催化剂与传统的生物质焦油催化剂相比具有以下有益效果:(1)焦油催化剂的铁活性成分相比Ni基催化剂具有环保、廉价的优点;(2)催化剂含有CaO,有利于制得含高浓度H2的生物质气化合成气;(3)Ca12Al14O33载体有利于减少催化剂积碳,并能提高催化剂的强度和吸收CO2的活性;(4)采用溶胶凝胶法制备,催化剂的各种活性组分分布均匀。
Description
(一)技术领域
本发明涉及一种钙铝石负载钙铁化合物的生物质焦油催化剂,及其制备方法与应用。
(二)背景技术
生物质能是一种可再生能源,具有储量丰富,来源广泛,S、N污染物低和CO2净零排放等优点,其本质是储存的太阳能。根据世界自然基金会的预计,全球生物质能潜在可利用量达350EJ/年(约合82.12亿吨标准油)。根据我国《可再生能源中长期发展规划》统计,我国生物质资源可转换为能源的潜力约5亿吨标准煤,随着造林面积的扩大和经济社会的发展,我国生物质资源转换为能源的潜力可达10亿吨标准煤。充分合理利用生物质能对解决化石能源枯竭和保护环境具有重要意义。
生物质气化是一种具有良好前途的生物质能热化学利用技术。生物质与气化剂(H2O、O2、空气、CO2或者其混合物)在气化炉的高温条件下发生一系列复杂化学反应,生成以H2、CO、CH4、CO2以及其他碳氢化合物为主要组分的具有一定热值的合成燃料气。合成燃料气既可以直接利用燃气装置进行发电、供热,又可以进一步合成为其他化学品如液体燃料。但是,生物质气化过程中不可避免地会产生焦油物质,这些物质以含苯环的高分子碳氢化合物为主要成分。焦油在温度降低时会发生冷凝,与飞灰粘附在一起会导致合成气输送管道堵塞、合成燃料气利用设备腐蚀和故障,并且焦油产生还导致生物质能利用效率降低。因此,生物质气化技术往往都配套焦油脱除和分解装置。
目前,生物质气化焦油脱除的主要方法是催化分解。焦油经过催化分解后转化为小分子的可燃气体,不但防止管道堵塞和设备故障,而且提高了合成气的产量和生物质能的利用效率。生物质焦油催化剂包括白云石、橄榄石、分子筛、活性碳和金属催化剂。目前,Ni基金属催化剂是应用最为广泛的生物质焦油催化剂,但Ni基金属催化剂易积碳和发生H2S中毒而导致失活,并且具有一定的环境毒性,价格也比较昂贵。此外,常用的催化剂虽然能将生物质焦油分解,但无法获得含高浓度H2的合成气,合成气难以直接应用于氢燃料电池和氢气轮机等先进高效的燃料利用装置。
Fe基金属催化剂具有廉价、环境友好的优点,具有良好的焦油催化分解活性。同时,向生物质气化炉中添加大量的CaO吸收剂,可以通过碳酸化反应吸收合成气中的CO2,促进水煤气变换反应、水煤气反应以及烃类重整反应向生成H2的方向进行,从而显著提高合成气中H2的浓度。另外,钙铝石材料(Ca12Al14O33)的惰性以及储存氧自由基的特点,能够增加催化剂强度、防止催化剂积碳并改善CaO吸收CO2的循环反应活性。因此,可用Ca12Al14O33同时负载铁基催化剂和CaO,制备获得新型生物质焦油催化剂。该催化剂具有良好的强度和抗积碳性能,不但可以分解焦油,而且能够制得含高浓度H2的合成燃料气。
(三)发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种经济环保的新型生物质焦油催化剂及其制备与应用,用于改善催化剂的抗积碳性能,并制得含高浓度H2的合成燃料气。该催化剂由钙铝石(Ca12Al14O33)同时负载钙和铁的化合物,基于溶胶-凝胶法制备。
本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种钙铝石负载钙铁化合物的新型生物质焦油催化剂,所述催化剂以钙铝石(Ca12Al14O33)作为载体,同时负载钙和铁的化合物,其主要化学成本发明分包括CaO、钙铝石和具有焦油催化活性的铁化合物。
所述具有焦油催化活性的铁化合物中Fe元素与CaO的重量比为2%~30%,CaO与Ca12Al14O33重量比为25%~900%。
本发明还涉及一种制备所述的催化剂的方法,所述方法包括(1)CaO预处理、(2)载入铁活性成分、(3)载入催化剂载体3个步骤。
具体的,所述步骤(1)为:将CaO前驱物进行煅烧预处理,得到纯CaO;所述CaO前驱体为下列之一:石灰石、白云石、纯CaCO3、醋酸钙[Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O]、熟石灰[Ca(OH)2]。
所述步骤(2)为:将CaO与铁前驱体混合溶解于有机酸溶液,经过加热、搅拌,待溶液蒸发完全和干燥后再将样品进行高温煅烧处理;所述的铁前驱体为Fe(NO3)3·9H2O或Fe(CH3COO)2,所述有机酸为丙酸或柠檬酸。
所述步骤(3)为:步骤(2)所得样品与铝前驱体的有机醇溶液混合,经过加热、搅拌直至溶液蒸发完全,然后向固体粉末中添加蒸馏水并成型,最后再次进行高温煅烧,得到所述催化剂;所述铝前驱体为Al(NO3)3·9H2O,所述有机醇为乙醇或2-丙醇。
具体的,所述方法如下:
(1)CaO预处理。将钙前驱体高温煅烧后得到产物CaO,将煅烧产物研磨为粉末并密闭保存。
(2)载入铁活性组分。将预处理所得的CaO与铁前驱体混合溶解于有机酸溶液,加热、搅拌,待溶液蒸发完全和干燥后将样品进行高温煅烧,所得固体研磨为粉末。
(3)添加催化剂载体。将步骤(2)制备得到的样品与铝前驱体的有机醇溶液混合,加热、搅拌直至溶液蒸发完全,向固体粉末中添加蒸馏水并成型,然后再次进行高温煅烧,得到所述催化剂。
本发明还涉及所述的催化剂在强化焦油催化脱除和制备含高浓度H2合成燃料气中的应用。
本发明新型催化剂是利用钙铝石(Ca12Al14O33)作为载体同时负载铁化合物和CaO,与传统的生物质焦油催化剂相比具有以下有益效果:(1)焦油催化剂的铁活性成分相比Ni基催化剂具有环保、廉价的优点;(2)催化剂含有CaO,有利于制得含高浓度H2的生物质气化合成气;(3)Ca12Al14O33载体有利于减少催化剂积碳,并能提高催化剂的强度和吸收CO2的活性;(4)采用溶胶凝胶法制备,催化剂的各种活性组分分布均匀。
(四)附图说明
图1为本发明新型催化剂及制备过程示意图;
图2为新型催化剂化学活性成分的XRD分析示意图;
图3为新型吸收剂多循环吸收CO2活性的TGA分析;
图4新型催化剂的SEM-EDS分析结果;
图5为新型催化在循环反应前后的微观形貌。
(五)具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行进一步描述,但本发明的保护范围并不仅限于此:
一种钙铝石(Ca12Al14O33)同时负载钙和铁的化合物新型焦油催化剂及其溶胶-凝胶法制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)CaO预处理。将一定量的钙前驱体置于马弗炉内,在500~1000℃煅烧2~10h,高温煅烧过程中钙前驱体发生分解反应并得到CaO。将所得CaO研磨、密封保存;
(2)载入铁活性组分。将预处理所得的CaO与一定化学计量比的铁前驱体分别溶于过量的有机酸溶液中,得到溶胶。将溶胶在110℃~150℃下搅拌1~24h,得到凝胶。然后将凝胶在100℃~200℃下加热一定时间得到干凝胶。再将干凝胶在500℃~1000℃煅烧2~10h,将其中的铁前驱体煅烧分解为活性铁催化成分,研磨得到的固体;
(3)添加催化剂载体:将步骤(2)制备得到的样品与一定化学计量比的铝前驱体溶解于有机醇与蒸馏水的混合溶液,在70℃~85℃下搅拌2~24h,再将残余溶液在100℃~200℃下干燥,然后向所得固体样品中加入适量蒸馏水并成型,最后将样品在850℃~1000℃煅烧2~10h,煅烧过程中铝前驱体受热分解,分解产物与部分CaO通过化学反应生成Ca12Al14O33。最终得到钙铝石负载钙铁化合物的新型催化剂。
实施例1:
图1为新型催化剂制备的具体过程和方法示意图,具体包括以下步骤:
第一步:CaO的制备
将一定量的Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O粉末在850℃下煅烧2小时。Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O在高温下发生分解反应(1),生成CaO固体。将所得的CaO研磨为粉末,密封保存。
Ca(CH3COO)2·H2O=CaO+CO2+CH3COCH3+H2O (1)
第二步:载入铁活性组分。
取2gCaO与1.443g Fe(NO3)3·9H2O,使Fe原子与CaO的重量比为1:10。将CaO与Fe(NO3)3·9H2O混合,溶解于393.7ml的丙酸中,得到棕红色的溶胶;将盛有溶胶的烧杯置于电磁加热搅拌器,在120℃条件下以250r/min的转速搅拌2h 45min,得到棕褐色的凝胶;再将凝胶在120℃条件下干燥20min,得到干凝胶;最后将干凝胶从常温以2℃/min的升温速率升至750℃,恒温4h,干凝胶中的Fe(NO3)3分解得到Fe2O3化合物(反应2)。将所得固体研磨为粉末密闭保存。
4Fe(NO3)3=2Fe2O3+12NO2+3O2 (2)
第三步:添加催化剂载体
将第二步所得的粉末与2.168g Al(NO3)3·9H2O溶于9.9ml 2-丙醇和58.2ml蒸馏水的混合溶液。将溶液置于电磁搅拌器,在75℃条件下以220r/min的转速搅拌2h 15min,然后将残余溶液在75℃条件下继续干燥直至溶剂蒸发完全,得到龟裂状的固体。将所得固体研磨为粉末并添加蒸馏水,形成直径为3~4mm的球状颗粒;再将球状颗粒放入马弗炉中煅烧,从常温以5℃/min的升温速率升至500℃,并恒温1h,使固体中的Al(NO3)3分解生成Al2O3(公式3)。然后将球状颗粒继续以5℃/min的升温速率升至1000℃,并恒温1h,使球形颗粒中生成钙铝石(公式4),最终得到球状的催化剂颗粒。
Al(NO3)3=2Al2O3+12NO2+3O2 (3)
7Al2O3+12CaO=Ca12Al14O33 (4)
实施例2:
为了验证催化剂的强度,进行了催化剂压裂强度的测试。测试方法为:将4颗催化剂球形颗粒分别放在4cm×4cm的正方形的四个角,在颗粒上方放置平整结实的圆形木板,并保持木板与正方形的中心重合。在木板上逐渐添加砝码,直至砝码重力将四颗球形催化剂同时压裂。砝码重力除以正方形的面积即为催化剂颗粒的压裂强度。对新制得的和经过多个碳酸化-煅烧循环反应(碳酸化反应温度:720℃,时间50min;煅烧反应温度:850℃,时间10min;反应气氛:15%CO2+85%N2)的球形催化剂分别进行了压裂强度测试。新鲜催化剂的强度为65KPa,多循环反应后的催化剂强度为72KPa,相比普通催化剂有明显提高。
实施例3:
为了明确所得催化剂的化学成分,进行了XRD分析。XRD分析仪器的型号为X'PertPro,测量范围为10-90°(2θ)。图2给出了所制得催化剂的XRD图。结果表明所得催化剂的化学成分包含Fe2O3、CaO和Ca12Al14O33。图2结果表明本发明所述新型催化剂的载体为Ca12Al14O33,并同时负载了铁化合物和钙化合物。
实施例4:
为了分析新型催化剂吸收CO2的能力,利用热重分析仪(TGA)进行了催化剂循环碳酸化(捕集CO2)-煅烧(CaO再生)的试验。TGA分析仪器的型号为Diamond。碳酸化反应的条件为:反应温度:720℃,时间50min。煅烧反应的条件为:反应温度:850℃,时间5min。碳酸化和煅烧反应的反应气氛相同,为15%CO2+85%N2。试验过程中升温或降温速率为15℃/min。循环反应的次数为10次。图3给出了催化剂循环吸收CO2的TGA结果。由图可见,催化剂在多循环碳酸化反应中,随着循环次数的增加,每mg催化剂在碳酸化结束时的重量逐渐增加,CO2的吸收量由第一次循环的0.099mg/mg提高到第10次循环的0.143mg/mg,CO2捕集量提高了44%。TGA结果说明催化剂循环捕集CO2的活性良好,在10次循环反应中没有出现活性降低。
实施例5:
为了分析新型催化剂各化学成分的分布情况,图4给出了催化剂金属元素的扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)分析结果。由图可见,新型催化剂呈现珊瑚状形貌,Ca、Fe、Al元素在催化剂中分布均匀,说明利用溶胶-凝胶法使各化学活性成分在催化剂中均匀分布。
实施例6:
为了分析新型催化剂在多循环利用过程的颗粒形貌变化,图5给出了新型催化剂在反应前和经过10次循环碳酸化反应后的SEM结果。由图可见,新型催化剂在经历多循环碳酸化实验后,催化剂的孔隙率没有发生恶化,孔隙机构在多循环反应后更加丰富,有利于催化剂在长时间循环利用中保持良好的CO2吸收活性。
Claims (7)
1.一种钙铝石负载钙铁化合物的新型生物质焦油催化剂,所述催化剂以钙铝石作为载体,同时负载钙和铁的化合物,其主要化学成分包括CaO、钙铝石和具有焦油催化活性的铁化合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于所述具有焦油催化活性的铁化合物中Fe元素与CaO的重量比为2%~30%,CaO与Ca12Al14O33重量比为25%~900%。
3.一种制备如权利要求1或2所述的催化剂的方法,其特征在于所述方法包括(1)CaO预处理、(2)载入铁活性成分、(3)载入催化剂载体三个步骤。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于所述步骤(1)为:将CaO前驱物进行煅烧预处理,得到纯CaO;所述CaO前驱体为下列之一:石灰石、白云石、纯CaCO3、醋酸钙、熟石灰。
5.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于所述步骤(2)为:将CaO与铁前驱体混合溶解于有机酸溶液,经过加热、搅拌,待溶液蒸发完全和干燥后再将样品进行高温煅烧处理;所述的铁前驱体为Fe(NO3)3·9H2O或Fe(CH3COO)2,所述有机酸为丙酸或柠檬酸。
6.如权利要求3所述的方法,其特征在于所述步骤(3)为:步骤(2)所得样品与铝前驱体的有机醇溶液混合,经过加热、搅拌直至溶液蒸发完全,然后向固体粉末中添加蒸馏水并成型,最后再次进行高温煅烧,得到所述催化剂;所述铝前驱体为Al(NO3)3·9H2O,所述有机醇为乙醇或2-丙醇。
7.权利要求1或2所述的催化剂在强化焦油催化脱除和制备含高浓度H2合成燃料气中的应用。
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