CN106795914A - 生产一种具有腔室的静压流体轴承的方法 - Google Patents

生产一种具有腔室的静压流体轴承的方法 Download PDF

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CN106795914A
CN106795914A CN201580055800.6A CN201580055800A CN106795914A CN 106795914 A CN106795914 A CN 106795914A CN 201580055800 A CN201580055800 A CN 201580055800A CN 106795914 A CN106795914 A CN 106795914A
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stator
described method
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克里斯蒂安·杰弗洛伊
福隆 约翰-菲茨杰拉德·勒
帕斯卡尔·雷德拉尔
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Safran Aircraft Engines SAS
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    • F16ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16CSHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
    • F16C32/00Bearings not otherwise provided for
    • F16C32/06Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02KJET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K9/00Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof
    • F02K9/42Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof using liquid or gaseous propellants
    • F02K9/44Feeding propellants
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    • F02KJET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F02K9/00Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof
    • F02K9/42Rocket-engine plants, i.e. plants carrying both fuel and oxidant therefor; Control thereof using liquid or gaseous propellants
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    • F16C32/064Bearings not otherwise provided for with moving member supported by a fluid cushion formed, at least to a large extent, otherwise than by movement of the shaft, e.g. hydrostatic air-cushion bearings supported by a liquid cushion, e.g. oil cushion the liquid being supplied under pressure
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    • F16C32/0681Construction or mounting aspects of hydrostatic bearings, for exclusively rotary movement, related to the direction of load
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    • F16C33/02Parts of sliding-contact bearings
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    • F16C33/06Sliding surface mainly made of metal
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    • F16C33/20Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/203Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining
    • F16C33/206Multilayer structures, e.g. sleeves comprising a plastic lining with three layers
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F16C33/00Parts of bearings; Special methods for making bearings or parts thereof
    • F16C33/02Parts of sliding-contact bearings
    • F16C33/04Brasses; Bushes; Linings
    • F16C33/20Sliding surface consisting mainly of plastics
    • F16C33/208Methods of manufacture, e.g. shaping, applying coatings
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05DINDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00Components
    • F05D2240/50Bearings
    • F05D2240/53Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic bearings
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    • F16C2202/10Porosity
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    • F16C2208/00Plastics; Synthetic resins, e.g. rubbers
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种方法,其包括在定子(36)主体(4)的内表面上沉积一种包括金属材料的涂层,使所述涂层浸渍有自润滑复合材料(20),在涂层(10)的厚度中加工内部腔室(28),以及加工通向腔室的孔(34)。

Description

生产一种具有腔室的静压流体轴承的方法
背景技术
本说明书涉及具有支撑旋转轴的腔室的静压流体轴承的领域,特别地在用于将流体置于压力下的火箭发动机涡轮泵中。
如法国专利申请号2 809 782所述,这种轴承包括其中接收有转子的环形定子,例如构成涡轮泵轴的转子。在其环形内表面中,定子具有经由通向其外表面的孔进给有流体的腔室。因此,通过被悬挂在定子中,转子在经由腔室中的孔被引入的压力下被保持在薄层流体上。
更准确地,法国专利申请2 809 782涉及一种具有圆柱形定子的静压流体轴承,所述圆柱形定子在其内表面上包括环,所述环通过组装具有与流体插入孔协作的孔的金属板构成,以及包括在孔周围布置的腔室的自润滑复合材料层。
这种轴承在其内表面上具有复合材料层,所述复合材料层的厚度能够使其磨损而在轴-轴承接触时没有对轴或轴承造成不可挽回损害风险,因此也可以没有帮助下具有瞬态阶段。
制造这种轴承的方法,如法国专利申请2 809 782所述以及如下参考附图1到3简要提出的,包括如下步骤:在具有对应于定子内表面进展的尺寸的平面金属板2表面上组装自润滑复合材料3的层,在组件1的复合材料层的厚度中加工腔室5,使组件1弯曲成开口环6的形式,将该组件以开口环6的形式插入在定子4的内表面上,并且通过定子及被插入到腔室5内的组件的厚度加工孔7。
该方法有效和可靠。然而,其需要使用一种接收复合材料的平面金属板。需要基于圆柱形表面的展开非常准确地计算板的长度。此外,在将其放置在定子中适当位置之前将板弯曲成开口环的形状是很难实施并且影响腔室形状的步骤。还应该注意到的是,这些孔的加工通过夹芯板,所述夹芯板包括定子的基材,板的材料以及复合材料。这三种材料具有不同硬度,因此加工相对复杂。
发明目的和概述
因此需要一种制造静压流体轴承的方法,所述静压流体轴承具有一种带有圆柱形内表面的定子,所述定子包括诸多腔室,所述方法基本克服了上述缺点。
因此,在一个方面,本发明提供了一种制造静压流体轴承的方法,所述静压流体轴承包括具有圆柱形内表面的定子,所述定子包括诸多腔室,所述方法包括:
·在定子主体的内表面上沉积金属材料的涂层;
·用自润滑复合材料浸渍所述涂层;
·在涂层厚度中加工内部腔室,并加工通向该腔室的孔。
因此,对于本发明,金属材料直接沉积在定子内表面上,并且在其已经涂敷有该表面同时其浸渍有自润滑复合材料。这避免了求助于需要切掉到正确尺寸并弯曲的平面板,同时也可以具有一种具有明显厚度的复合材料涂层。金属涂层有效地粘附到定子主体内表面,并且通过由浸渍被致使穿透其厚度,复合材料本身被固定到金属涂层。因此,由浸渍有自润滑复合材料并占据与金属涂层相同的明显厚度的金属涂层所形成的自润滑复合涂层被有效地固定到定子主体的内表面。此外,腔室被加工在自润滑复合涂层中并且形状可非常准确,不受在它们已被加工后所实施的诸如弯曲的操作所影响。腔室可在一种具有五轴铣刀轴和弯头的车削加工中心上加工,特别地具有精密数控的超高速(UHS)类型的弯头。此外,由于省略了弯曲中间板,与上述现有技术相比简化了孔的加工。
可选地,金属材料包括铜。
可选地,自润滑复合材料包括聚四氟乙烯。
可选地,在浸渍涂层后并且特别地在加工内部腔室时,被涂敷内表面的孔受到重镗。
对于本发明,当涂层在表面上适当位置时,可实施修整由定子主体内表面所形成孔的该步骤,并且具有很大准确性。可用刀具或通过再次研磨定子主体的内表面实施该重镗。此外,可在与加工该腔室的相同操作中实施再次研磨,而没有拆卸。可选地,可在该操作中通过去毛刺工具实施对腔室边缘的自动去毛刺。
可选地,涂层通过金属材料的热喷涂粒子沉积在定子的内表面上。
该技术被发现特别地适合于实施本发明的方法。首先它使用很灵活,特别地因为它可以改变涂层的厚度。具体地,对于该技术,使用相对于表面移动的喷枪,金属材料被喷涂到定子的内表面上。为了增加涂层的厚度,其足以以在喷枪和定子之间的相对速度作用,或与喷枪一起实施一个或多个额外通道。
此外,令人惊讶的,发明人已经观察到的是,该技术用于增强用复合材料对涂层的浸渍,因为使用该技术获得的涂层具有一定量的孔隙度,其孔隙度体积分数可能在1%到10%之间。
可选地,涂层沉积在与空气相比更少氧化的环境中,特别地在具有惰性气体的封闭罩壳中。
这可以避免在涂层和被涂敷表面之间接口的氧化。例如,该惰性气体可以是氮气。
可选地,沉积涂层,使得涂层的至少一个内层在圆柱形内表面上,以及涂层的至少一个顶层在所述内层上,顶层具有与内层的孔隙相比更大的孔隙。
内层用于在涂层和被涂敷表面之间提供粘合。因此对它们有利的是具有小孔隙度,例如约1%或更少的孔隙比例。相比之下,对顶层有利的是具有更大的孔隙度,从而增强它们被自润滑材料的浸渍。
可选地,涂层的沉积在热处理之后,该热处理先于浸渍涂层。
该热处理用于缓解在涂层中或在涂层和定子主体内表面之间的压力并且用于使涂层在被浸渍之前更均匀。该热处理可以是淬火。
可选地,通过施加复合材料到该涂层并将其挤压到涂层上,浸渍该涂层。
可选地,通过以浆料形式施加包括自润滑组分的自润滑复合材料到涂层,浸渍该涂层。
附图简要说明
从经由非限制性示例并参照附图给出的本发明实施方式的以下描述,本发明的其它特征和优点显而易见,其中:
·如上所述的图1到3示出了现有技术的方法;
·图4是在将涂层沉积在其内表面上之前,定子主体的局部等距视图;
·图5示出了通过喷涂沉积的涂层;
·图6示出了在涂层上施加自润滑复合材料;
·图7示出了被挤压在涂层上的复合材料;
·图8示出了加工腔室和加工通向腔室的孔的阶段;以及
·图9是定子的局部等距视图。
具体实施方式
与参照图1到3描述的现有技术方法相似,本发明的方法适用于定子主体4。该主体如图4所示。它包括具有限定中心孔4’的圆柱形内表面4A的环形圆柱形主体。例如,主体4可由硬质合金制成,特别地具有大于300的布氏硬度数(HB),甚至330HB,例如以Inconel 718名称已知的合金。
图5示出了沉积在主体4的圆柱形内表面上的涂层10。具体地,通过使用一种其头部指向表面4A的喷枪12喷涂来实施该沉积。
在图5中,主体4由支撑件14保持,该支撑件14具有夹持到主体上的卡爪14’。主体4和喷枪12彼此相对地活动。例如,喷枪12可平行于主体4的内表面的轴线A而平移移动T,而支撑件14可在该轴线以上旋转移动R。这些运动都由电子控制单元(ECU)16控制,从而被同步,并且同时也考虑了喷枪的输送速率,以获得涂层10的所需厚度。
该沉积涂层的装置可被布置在罩壳18内侧,在该罩壳18中的气氛不是氧化性的,或者实际上与环境空气相比更少氧化性。特别地,罩壳可填充有惰性气体,诸如氮。
用于形成涂层10的金属材料可以是铝、铜、不锈钢、镍、或事实上基于这些材料的合金,特别地铝和镍的合金。该材料可有利地是铜。
可通过热喷涂来喷涂金属材料。例如,这可以是高速氧燃料(HVOF)喷涂或超音速火焰喷涂或等离子喷涂,其中通过气体等离子体熔化和加速材料粒子,或者它可包括动态冷喷涂,其中粒子以粉末状态被加速和喷射在主体4的表面4A上。
用于喷涂的金属材料粒子可(例如)具有在5微米(μm)到40μm范围中的等效直径,特别地当所使用的喷涂技术是动态冷喷涂时。
为了获得所需的涂层厚度,涂层可作为多个叠加层沉积,例如喷枪12的多个连续通过。在这种情况下,孔隙度根据层变化是有利的,因此孔隙度在远离主体4的壁4A时增加。例如,与主体4的表面4A接触的内层中孔隙的体积分数可以为约1%,而最接近轴线A的顶层体积分数可以是约10%。
一旦已经制成了涂层10,其被浸渍有自润滑复合材料。
为此,一种自润滑复合材料20的层最初施加到涂层10,如图6所示。该材料可以浆料的形式施加,例如,使用一种相对于定子4可移动的涂抹器22。例如,定子由图5的支撑件14或由类似支撑件支撑,并且它可旋转移动R,而涂抹器22可平移移动T。
此后,复合材料20被挤压在涂层10上。这在图7中示出,其中可以看出的是,当定子主体4由类似于图4的卡爪的卡爪14’承载时,可膨胀芯轴24插入到主体的中心孔4’中。芯轴具有从能够使芯轴插入在孔4’中的静止结构开始的扇区24A,并且适用于径向向外地移动以展开芯轴24。该膨胀施加压力在复合材料20层上,并且往往导致其穿透涂层10的孔隙。此外,可以作为多个连续阶段实施挤压,在所述多个连续阶段中芯轴24和定子主体有角度地彼此相对移动,因此在一个阶段中扇区24A之间间隙所占据的区域被以后阶段中的扇区所覆盖。
在施加热处理(特别地淬火)到涂层之前可先进行施加复合材料到涂层10。
在实施挤压的同时,复合材料浆料因此被硬化。在挤压过程中,材料被径向地约束。为了避免压受挤压的复合材料从定子轴向地逃离,可以使用约束环26或等效物,该约束环26或等效物被挤压在定子主体的轴向端部并轴向地覆盖涂层10和复合材料20层。
自润滑复合材料可包括聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)。对于到涂层的施加,该材料例如可以浆料的形式施加。
图8示出了在浸渍步骤之后的加工步骤。在加工步骤中,通过使用安装在数控UHS弯头等上的切割机30,在涂层10的厚度中加工内部腔室28。在此加工过程中,定子主体继续由卡爪14’等保持。腔室28的深度小于浸渍有复合材料的涂层10的厚度,该深度和该厚度被径向地测量。例如,腔室的深度在0.3毫米(mm)到0.6毫米的范围中,而涂层的厚度在0.8毫米到2毫米的范围中。
图8还示出了一种钻孔工具32,该钻孔工具32安装在五轴铣削主轴头部并用于钻出用于进给流体到腔室的孔34。这些进给孔,特别地每个腔室的一个孔,被径向地定向,并且它们穿过定子4的壁。这些孔34使轴承的腔室28在压力下进给有流体,以实施针对静压轴承的旋转轴支撑机构。可选地,腔室可具有一些其它数量的进给孔。它们也可具有一个或多个用于实施其它功能的其它孔,诸如例如通过传感器测量压力。
可在相同工作站并且并行地实施通过使用锋利工具加工腔室和对这些腔室钻孔的操作。也可以在相同工作站中实施定子孔4’的表面的最终重镗。与加工腔室28同时或在该加工后,并且可能在加工孔34后,可实施在浸渍有自润滑复合材料的涂层10上实施的该最后重镗。
图9示出了通过本发明获得的静压流体轴承定子36。定子包括主体4,其内表面4A涂敷在金属涂层10中,自润滑复合材料浸渍到该金属涂层中。金属涂层直接地粘附到定子主体的原始表面,而没有插入任何单独的接口板,与法国专利申请号2 809 782所公开的不同。定子34也在被涂敷内表面中具有腔室28,所述腔室28具有同样被覆盖在浸渍金属涂层中的底部,并且其环形壁被孔34所穿透,孔34用于为腔室进给流体。
自润滑复合涂层,即浸渍有自润滑复合材料的金属涂层,可具有如在0.8毫米到2毫米范围中的相当大厚度。因此可以实施安装操作,诸如轴承的最终重镗或同轴再加工,诸如使两个轴承配对或对准。
仍然由于轴承定子内表面上的自润滑复合涂层的相当大厚度,通过增加轴承接触的公差使在开始和停止涡轮泵(特别地低温涡轮泵)同时的瞬态阶段更容易,因此考虑到当面对这种接触时它们的耐久性,也使这种轴承更好地承受故障。

Claims (11)

1.一种制造静压流体轴承的方法,所述静压流体轴承包括具有圆柱形内表面的定子(36),所述定子包括诸多腔室,所述方法的特征在于,它包括:
·在定子(36)的主体(4)内表面(4A)上沉积金属材料涂层(10);
·使所述涂层(10)浸渍有自润滑复合材料(20);
·在涂层(10)的厚度中加工诸多内部腔室(28),并且加工通向诸多腔室的孔(34)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中,金属材料包括铜。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中,自润滑复合材料包括聚四氟乙烯。
4.根据权利要求1到3任一所述的方法,其中,在浸渍涂层(10)后并且特别地在加工内部腔室(29)时,涂层内表面受到重镗。
5.根据权利要求1到4任一所述的方法,其中,通过热喷涂金属材料的粒子在定子内表面(4A)上,沉积涂层(10)。
6.根据权利要求1到5任一所述的方法,其中,在与空气相比更少氧化性的环境中沉积涂层(10),特别地在存在惰性气体的封闭罩壳(18)中。
7.根据权利要求1到6任一所述的方法,其中,沉积涂层(10),使得涂层的至少一个内层在圆柱形内表面(4A)上,以及涂层的至少一个顶层在所述内层上,顶层具有与内层的孔隙相比更大的孔隙。
8.根据权利要求1到7任一所述的方法,其中,涂层的沉积在热处理之后,该热处理先于浸渍涂层。
9.根据权利要求1到8任一所述的方法,其中,通过施加复合材料(20)到涂层并将且挤压在涂层上,浸渍涂层(10)。
10.根据权利要求1到9任一所述的方法,其中,通过以浆料形式施加自润滑复合材料(20)到涂层,浸渍涂层(10)。
11.根据权利要求1到10任一所述的方法,其中,涂层具有在0.8毫米到2毫米范围中的厚度,并且腔室具有在0.3毫米到0.6毫米范围中的深度。
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